2/12/2021 Datatypes.

ipynb - Colaboratory

Datatypes in Python
What we will learn?

Comments in python
Docstrings
Variables in python
Built-in datatypes
Sequences in python
Sets datatype
Mapping types
Literals & constants in python
Determining the datatype of a variable
Identi ers & reserved words

Let us run our very rst program in python

#Program to add two new numbers

a=5
b=7
c=a+b
print("Sum=",c)

Sum= 12

Comments in python
Comments are descriptions that help programmers better understand the intent and functionality
of the program.

They are completely ignored by the Python interpreter.

It makes the program more readable which helps us remember why certain blocks of code were
written. There are two types of comments in python:

1. Single line comments

2. Multi line comments

1. Single line comments:

In Python, we use the hash symbol # to write a single-line comment.

Example:
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a=10 #store 10 into variable a

2. Multi line comments:

There is no unique way to write multiline comments in Python. Python interpreter ignores the
string literals that are not assigned to a variable. We can add a multiline string triple (single or
double) quotes in code, and place comment inside it:

''' This is a multi line

comment '''
print('hello')

hello

""" This is a multi line

comment """
print('hello')

hello

Docstring
Python documentation strings (or docstrings) provide a convenient way of associating
documentation with Python modules, functions, classes, and methods.

It’s speci ed in source code that is used, like a comment, to document a speci c segment of code.
It should describe what the function does.

Declaring Docstrings: The docstrings are declared using ”’triple single quotes”’ or “””triple double
quotes””” just below the class, method or function declaration. All functions should have a
docstring.

Accessing Docstrings: The docstrings can be accessed using the __ doc __ method of the object or
using the help function. The below examples demonstrates how to declare and access a docstring.

def square(n):
'''Takes in a number n, returns the square of n'''
return n**2
print("Using __doc__:")
print(square.__doc__)

print("Using help:")
help(square)

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Using __doc__:
Takes in a number n, returns the square of n
Using help:
Help on function square in module __main__:

square(n)
Takes in a number n, returns the square of n

Variables
Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space. The declaration
happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to assign
values to variables.

The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable/identi er and the operand to
the right of the = operator is the value stored in the variable. In Python, variables are a symbolic
name that is a reference or pointer to an object. The variables are used to denote objects by that
name.

Le's understand thiw with example:

a=50

In the above image, the variable a refers to an integer object.

Suppose we assign the integer value 50 to a new variable b.

b = a

The variable b refers to the same object that a points to because Python does not create another
object.

Let's assign the new value to b. Now both variables will refer to the different objects.
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b=100

Assigning values:

a=1
b=1.1
msg='Python'
print(a)
print(b)
print(msg)

1
1.1
Python

Multiple assignments:

a,b,c=1,1.1,'Python'
print(c)

Python

Same value to multiple variables:

a=b=c=1
print(c)

Built-in datatypes

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Data types are the classi cation or categorization of data items. Python supports the following
built-in data types.

1. None:

It represents the null object in Python. A None is returned by functions that don't explicitly
return a value.

2. Numeric:

Numeric value can be integer, oating number or even complex numbers. These values are
de ned as int, oat and complex class in Python.

int: It contains positive or negative whole numbers (without fraction or decimal). In Python
there is no limit to how long an integer value can be.

oat: It is a real number with oating point representation. It is speci ed by a decimal point.

complex: It is speci ed as (real part) + (imaginary part)j.

For example – 2+3j

Converting datatype explicitly

1. oat to int

a=10.57
print(int(a))

10

2. int to oat

a=10
print(float(a))

10.0

3. int or oat to complex

print(complex(a))
b=-15
print(complex(a,b))

(10+0j)
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(10-15j)

type(): built-in function that prints type of object

a=1.0
b=2
c=complex(a+b)
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
print(type(type(a)))

<class 'float'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'complex'>
<class 'type'>

3. bool datatype:

Data type with one of the two built-in values, True or False. Python internally represents True
as 1 and False as 0.

A blank string "" is also represented as False.

Example:

a=5>7
print(a)

False

print(True+True)
print(True-False)
a=(10>5)+(9>5)
print(a)

2
1
2

Sequences in python
It is a group of elements or items. It allows to store multiple values in an organized and e cient
fashion. There are several sequence types in Python –

1. String datatype

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A string is a collection of one or more characters put in a single quote, double-quote or triple
quote. In python there is no character data type, a character is a string of length one. It is
represented by str class.

String1 = 'Welcome to the python class'

print("String with the use of Single Quotes: ")
print(String1)

# Creating a String
# with double Quotes
String1 = "I'm a Programmer"
print("\nString with the use of Double Quotes: ")
print(String1)
print(type(String1))

# Creating a String
# with triple Quotes
String1 = '''I'm learning Python'''
print("\nString with the use of Triple Quotes: ")
print(String1)
print(type(String1))

# Creating String with triple

# Quotes allows multiple lines
String1 = '''Python
is
fun'''
print("\nCreating a multiline String: ")
print(String1)

String with the use of Single Quotes:

Welcome to the python class

String with the use of Double Quotes:

I'm a Programmer
<class 'str'>

String with the use of Triple Quotes:

I'm learning Python
<class 'str'>

Creating a multiline String:

Python
is
fun

Accessing string:

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Individual characters of a String can be accessed by using the method of Indexing. Indexing allows
negative address references to access characters from the back of the String.

s1="Hello"
s2='hello'
s3='''This is 'core python' book'''
s4="welcome"
print(s1)
print(s2[1])
print(s3[5:7])
print(s4[3:])
print(s4[-1])
print(s1*2)
#to retrieve all characters of string we can use for loop
for i in s1:
print(i)

Hello
e
is
come
e
HelloHello
H
e
l
l
o

2. List datatype

Lists are just like dynamic sized arrays, declared in other languages (vector in C++ and
ArrayList in Java).

Lists need not be homogeneous always which makes it a most powerful tool in Python.

A single list may contain DataTypes like Integers, Strings, as well as Objects. Lists are
mutable, and hence, they can be altered even after their creation.

It is created by placing all the items (elements) inside square brackets [], separated by
commas.

list=[1,2.3,"abc",1+2j]
print(list)
print(list[0])
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print(list[2:4])
print(list[-1])
print(list*2)
print(type(list))

[1, 2.3, 'abc', (1+2j)]

1
['abc', (1+2j)]
(1+2j)
[1, 2.3, 'abc', (1+2j), 1, 2.3, 'abc', (1+2j)]
<class 'list'>

thislist = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]

thislist.sort()
print(thislist) #ascending sort
thislist.sort(reverse = True) #descending sort
print(thislist)

['banana', 'kiwi', 'mango', 'orange', 'pineapple']

['pineapple', 'orange', 'mango', 'kiwi', 'banana']

3. tuple datatype

Tuples like list are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.

Tuples are written with round brackets.

tup1 = (12, 34.56);

tup2 = ('abc', 'xyz');

# Following action is not valid for tuples

# tup1[0] = 100;

# So let's create a new tuple as follows

tup3 = tup1 + tup2;
print(tup3);

(12, 34.56, 'abc', 'xyz')

4. range datatype

The range() type returns an immutable sequence of numbers between the given start integer
to the stop integer.

range() takes mainly three arguments having the same use in both de nitions:

start - integer starting from which the sequence of integers is to be returned

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stop - integer before which the sequence of integers is to be returned.The range of integers
ends at stop - 1.

step (Optional) - integer value which determines the increment between each integer in the
sequence. Default value is 1.

Python does not unpack the result of the range() function. We can use argument-unpacking
operator i.e. *.

My_list = [*range(10)]

# Print the list

print(My_list)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Create a list of even number between the given numbers using range()

My_list = [*range(2,14,2)]

print(My_list)

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]

Sets datatype
A Set is an unordered collection data type that is iterable, mutable and has no duplicate elements.

Sets can also be used to perform mathematical set operations like union, intersection, symmetric
difference, etc.

Sets are written with curly brackets.

s1={1,2,3,4}
print(s1)
s2=set("Hello")
print(s2)
l=[1,2,2,3]
s3=set(l)
print(s3)
s4=set("WOrlD")
print(s4)

{1, 2, 3, 4}

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{'e', 'H', 'o', 'l'}

{1, 2, 3}
{'r', 'D', 'W', 'l', 'O'}

Indexing & slicng is not possible in sets as it is an unordered collection.

update() & remove() methods are use to add & delete elements respectively.

s3.update([5,6])
print(s3)
s3.remove(2)
print(s3)

{1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
{1, 3, 5, 6}

frozenset datatype
Frozen sets in Python are immutable objects that only support methods and operators that
produce a result without affecting the frozen set or sets to which they are applied.

fs=frozenset(s3)
print(fs)
#fs.remove(3)

frozenset({1, 3, 5, 6})

Mapping types
A map represents a group of elements in the form of key value pairs so that when the key is given,
we can retrieve the value associated with it.

Dictionary Data type

Python dictionary is an unordered collection of items. Each item of a dictionary has a key:value
pair.

Dictionaries are optimized to retrieve values when the key is known.

Creating dictionary:

Creating a dictionary is as simple as placing items inside curly braces {} separated by commas.

An item has a key and a corresponding value that is expressed as a pair (key: value).

While the values can be of any data type and can repeat, keys must be of immutable type and must
be unique.
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d={} #empty dictionary

print(d)
d={1:'MP',2:'AOA',3:'DBMS',4:'OS',5:'EM'}
print(d)
d[6]='PY' #d[key]=value
print(d)

{}
{1: 'MP', 2: 'AOA', 3: 'DBMS', 4: 'OS', 5: 'EM'}
{1: 'MP', 2: 'AOA', 3: 'DBMS', 4: 'OS', 5: 'EM', 6: 'PY'}

#Retrieve all keys

print(d.keys())
#Retrieve all values
print(d.values())

dict_keys([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
dict_values(['MP', 'AOA', 'DBMS', 'OS', 'EM', 'PY'])

#Retrieve value of given key

print(d[6])
#deleting key
del d[3]
print(d)

PY
{1: 'MP', 2: 'AOA', 4: 'OS', 5: 'EM', 6: 'PY'}

Literals in python
It is a constant value that is stored into a variale in a program. They can also be de ned as raw
value or data given in variables or constants.

The following are different types of literals in python:

1. Numeric literals

# Numeric literals
x = 24
y = 24.3
z = 2+3j
print(x, y, z)

24 24.3 (2+3j)

Here 24, 24.3, 2+3j are considered as literals.

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2. Boolean literals

There are only two boolean literals in Python. They are true and false.

2. String literals

A string literal can be created by writing a text(a group of Characters ) surrounded by the
single(”), double(“”), or triple quotes. By using triple quotes we can write multi-line strings or
display in the desired way.

# in single quote
s = 'Python'

# in double quotes
t = "Programmin"

# multi-line String
m = '''Python
Programming'''

print(s)
print(t)
print(m)

Python
Programmin
Python
Programming

Determining the datatype of a variable

type(): built-in function that prints type of object.

ch='A'
print(type(ch))

<class 'str'>

Python identi ers

An identi er is a name given to entities like class, functions, variables, etc. It helps to differentiate
one entity from another. Rules for writing identi ers:

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1. Identi ers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to Z) or digits

(0 to 9) or an underscore _.
2. Names like myClass, var_1 and print_this_to_screen, all are valid example.
3. An identi er cannot start with a digit. 1variable is invalid, but variable1 is a valid name.
4. Keywords cannot be used as identi ers. eg: for=1 is invalid
5. We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. in our identi er.
6. An identi er can be of any length.

Python keywords
Keywords are the reserved words in Python.

We cannot use a keyword as a variable name, function name or any other identi er. They are used
to de ne the syntax and structure of the Python language.

In Python, keywords are case sensitive.All the keywords except True, False and None are in
lowercase and they must be written as they are. The list of some keywords is given below.

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