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IOQM - Lecture 2

The document discusses modulus and absolute value. Modulus gives the distance of a number from the origin. Properties and examples of modulus are provided. Solving modulus equations and inequalities is demonstrated. Quadratic, cubic, and quartic equations are defined. Roots and properties of polynomial equations are covered. The rational root theorem is stated.

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AYUSH BANERJEE
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37 views13 pages

IOQM - Lecture 2

The document discusses modulus and absolute value. Modulus gives the distance of a number from the origin. Properties and examples of modulus are provided. Solving modulus equations and inequalities is demonstrated. Quadratic, cubic, and quartic equations are defined. Roots and properties of polynomial equations are covered. The rational root theorem is stated.

Uploaded by

AYUSH BANERJEE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULUS (or Absolute value)

|𝑥| gives the absolute value of x

|𝑥| is distance of x from origin

|−5| = |5| =

|3 − 𝜋| =

|𝜋 − 3| =

|1 − √2| =

Note: If x is -ve then |𝑥| = −𝑥

𝑦 = |𝑥 − 5|
Properties:

Q1. Solve for x


i. |𝑥 | = 7

ii. |𝑥 | = −3

iii. |𝑥 − 4| = 7

iv. |3𝑥 − 5| = 7

v. |𝑥 − 1| + 2𝑥 = 5
vi. |2𝑥 − 3| + 5 = 3𝑥

vii. |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 4| = 7
MODULUS INEQUALITIES
If a is positive then
i. |𝑥| = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±𝑎
ii. |𝑥| < 𝑎 ⇒ −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎
iii. |𝑥| > 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 < −𝑎 or 𝑎 < 𝑥
iv. 𝑎 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 𝑏 ⇒
Q2. Solve
i. |𝑥| ≤ 3

ii. |𝑥 − 1| ≤ 3

iii. |3 − 7𝑥| < 5

iv. |𝑥| < 5

v. |𝑥| ≥ 4
1
vi. |𝑎| >
3

1
vii. |2𝑥 − 5| >
3

viii. |𝑥| ≤ −5

ix. 2 ≤ |𝑥| < 5

LINEAR EQUATION: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 (𝑎 ≠ 0)

Roots are values of x which satisfy the equation

Ex:
QUADRATIC EQUATION: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 (𝑎 ≠ 0)

Let 𝛼, 𝛽 be it roots then

𝒃
Sum of roots = 𝑺 = 𝜶 + 𝜷 = −𝒂
𝒄
Product of roots = 𝑷 = 𝜶𝜷 = 𝒂

Proof:
Q3. If 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 4 = 0 then find

i. 𝛼+𝛽

ii. 𝛼𝛽

iii. 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2

iv. 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3

v. |𝛼 − 𝛽|

Q3. If 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 4 = 0 then


vi. 3𝛼 2 − 7𝛼 + 5

1 1
vii. (3𝛼 2 +4)
+ (3𝛽2
+4)

1 1
+
(3𝛼 2 2
+ 4) (3𝛽 + 4)

Note: If 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then 𝑎𝛼 2 + 𝑏𝛼 + 𝑐 = 0 & 𝑎𝛽 2 + 𝑏𝛽 + 𝑐 = 0

Q4. If 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞 = 0 and 𝛾, 𝛿 are roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 then find

i. (3 − 𝛼)(3 − 𝛽)
(𝛼−𝛾)(𝛼−𝛿 )
ii. (𝛽−𝛾)(𝛽−𝛿 )

(𝛼 − 𝛾)(𝛼 − 𝛿)
=
(𝛽 − 𝛾)(𝛽 − 𝛿)

Q5. Let 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 = 0 and 𝑆𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 then find the value of

i. 𝑆2

ii. 2𝑆10 + 3𝑆9 − 7𝑆8


Q5. Let 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 = 0 and 𝑆𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 then find the value of

2𝑆7 +3𝑆6
iii.
𝑆5

Q5. Let 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 = 0 and 𝑆𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 then find the value of

NEWTON’S IDENTITY: If 𝛼, 𝛽 are roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and


𝑆𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 then 𝑎𝑆𝑛 + 𝑏𝑆𝑛−1 + 𝑐𝑆𝑛−2 = 0
CUBIC EQUATION (degree = 3)
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 Let the roots be 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾

Q6. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are roots of 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 then find k if


(𝛼 5 + 𝛽 5 + 𝛾 5 ) = 𝑘(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 )(𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 + 𝛾 3 )
Q7. If two roots of 4𝑥 3 + 20𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 6 = 0 are equal then find all the roots

QUARTIC EQUATION (degree = 4)

𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + ⅇ = 0 Let the roots be 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿

nth degree polynomial 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 = 0 with roots 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , 𝛼3 … , 𝛼𝑛 , then


RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM:
𝑝
If 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 = 0 has a rational root ⁄𝑞 then

Ex:

Q8. If a,b,c are odd integers, PT roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 cannot be rational

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