Overview of operating system

Chapter1
Overview of operating system

Operating system software

• Microsoft windows
• Linux
• Unix
• Ubuntu
• Windows 7,10,8
• Windows xp
Various linuxos
• Debian
• Gentoo
• Ubuntu
• Linux mint

What is operating system?

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and softwareresources and provides
common services for computer programs.
Operating System is collection of set of programs which manage all the resources of the computer system
A O.s that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.

Charactristics of o.s
1.Scheduling
2.Memory management
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3.security
4. Interact with different software
5.Device management
6.File Management
Advantages:
1. Os provides a GUI interface for the user in the form of menu icons and buttons .
2. Os also allow us to sharing the resources with other users
3. It helps user to understand the functions of a computer
4. It is very easy to use.
5. It can be easily updated
Disadvantages
1.If the o.s is currupted than it will be affected entire system and the computer system will not work .
2.Only same task run at a time. 1000-10 task will be run
List any four functions or operations of operating system.
Process Management
A process is a program in execution. A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory,
files, and I/O devices, to accomplish its task.
Managing the programs that are running.

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management.

✦Process creation and deletion.

✦process suspension and resumption.
✦Provision of mechanisms for:
•process synchronization
•process communication
Main-Memory Management
Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. It is a repository of quickly
accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its contents in the case of system failure.
Managing and rationing the memory between processes and data
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with memory management:
♦Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.
♦Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available.
♦Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.
File Management
A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly, files represent programs
(both source and object forms) and data.
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The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management:
✦File creation and deletion.
✦Directory creation and deletion.
✦Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
✦Mapping files onto secondary storage.
✦File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
I/O System Management
Managing the input and output

The I/O system consists of:

✦A buffer-caching system
✦A general device-driver interface
✦Drivers for specific hardware devices
Secondary-Storage Management
Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile and too small to accommodate all data and programs
permanently, the computer system must provide secondary storage to back up main memory.
Managing the permanent Storage of data on disks or other media

Most modern computer systems use disks as the principle on-line storage medium, for both programs and data.

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk management:
✦Free space management
✦Storage allocation
✦Disk scheduling
Networking (Distributed Systems)
♦Adistributed system is a collection processors that do not share memory or a clock. Each processor has
its own local memory.
♦The processors in the system are connected through a communication network.
♦Communication takes place using a protocol.
♦A distributed system provides user access to various system resources.
♦Access to a shared resource allows:
✦Computation speed-up

6. Security and Protection – Securing the system against possible unauthorized access to data orany other entity.
Protecting the parts of the system against damage.

List and draw a neat labelled diagram of four components of a computer system.
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A computer system can be divided into four components:

1) The hardware.
2) The operating system
3) Application programs
4) The users

Computer System Components

1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application
programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs – Define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
Operating System views system point of view
Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources.
Control program – controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices .
Kernel – The one program running at all times (all else being application programs).
Components of OS: OS has two parts. (1)Kernel.(2)Shell.
(1)Kernel is an active part of an OS i.e., it is the part of OS running at all times. It is a programs which
can interact with the hardware. Ex: Device driver, dll files, system files etc.
(2) Shell is called as the command interpreter. It is a set of programs used to interact with the application
programs. It is responsible for execution of instructions given to OS (called commands).
Operating systems can be explored from two viewpoints: the user and the system.
User View: From the user’s point view, the OS is designed for one user to monopolize its resources, to
maximize the work that the user is performing and for ease of use.
System View: From the computer's point of view, an operating system is a control program that manages the
execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. It is concerned with the
operation and control of I/O devices.

List different types of operating systems

Different types of operating systems:
• Mainframe systems
• Multiprocessor systems
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• Distributed systems
• Real time systems

1.Mainframe Systems

Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control from one
job to another. First rudimentary
operating system. Resident monitor
initial control in monitor
control transfers to job
when job completes control transfers pack to monitor

Explain 2.batch operating system.

A batch operating system normally reads a stream of separate jobs (from a card reader. For example), each with
its own control cards that predefine to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. The batch os will work to
submit similar kinds of job together .In this os user do not interact directly with our computer system .
 A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instruction necessary to allow them to
be processed without intervention. Often jobs of a similar nature can be bundled together to further
increase economy.
 Common input devices were card readers and tape drives. The basic physical layout of the memory of
batch job computer is shown in fig.
 The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control from one job to the next. The job was submitted
to the computer operator in form of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.

Advantages –it is useful when we working with large files which can take more time to execute

Disadvantage :-once the job is submitted the user did not have any interaction with it.

Example of batch os :bank statements

.
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Explain 3 .Multiprogramming operating system.

 In this the operating system picks up and begins to execute one of the jobs from memory.
 Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches to another job (CPU and OS always busy).
 Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job Pool).
 If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then the system chooses which one to run through the
process of CPU Scheduling.
 In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when CPU sits idle and does not do any work.
 In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on processing.

Time Sharing Systems are very similar to Multiprogramming batch systems. In fact time sharing systems are an
extension of multiprogramming systems.

In Time sharing systems the prime focus is on minimizing the response time, while in multiprogramming the
prime focus is to maximize the CPU usage.

Example download software ,transfer data ,google chrome etc

Explain 4.time sharing or multitasking operating system.

 A time sharing system allows many users to share the computer resources simultaneously.
 The time sharing os works with time sharing concepts.
 Here the cpu will provide a same time peroied to each and every process to complete its task as soon as
possible wheather is it a long process or short processs.
 Since each action or command in a time shared system tends to be short, only a little CPU time is needed
for each user.
 As the system switches rapidly from one user to the next, each user is given the impression that the entire
computer system is dedicated to his use, even though it is being shared among many users.
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 The time sharing systems were developed to provide an interactive use of the computer system.

Example:-

In above figure the user 5 is active but user 1, user 2, user 3, and user 4 are in waiting statewhereas user 6 is in
ready status. As soon as the time slice of user 5 is completed, thecontrol moves on to the next ready user i.e. user
6. In this state user 2, user 3, user 4, anduser 5 are in waiting state and user 1 is in ready state. The process
continues in the sameway and so on.
Example linux, unix

Advantages of Time Sharing System

 Each user can get CPU time.

 Efficient CPU utilization.
 Time sharing systems were developed to provide interactive use of a computersystem at a reasonable cost.
 A time shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and multi programming to provide each user with a
small portion of a time-Shared Computer
 If the process of a task is completed then the time between the other tasks increases.
 Consider p1 will take 2sec to execute other remaining time will share to all other process to increase the
process time of other.

Disadvantages of Time Sharing System:

 The time-shared systems are more complex than the multi-programming systems.

Explain 5 .Multiprocessor Operating System

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Multiprocessor Operating System refers to the use of two or more central processing units (CPU) within a
single computer system. These multiple CPUs are in a close communication sharing the computer bus, memory
and other peripheral devices. The basic organization of multiprocessing system is shown in fig.

Example winodows xp ,nt ect

Describe 6. Distributed Operating system.

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-timeapplications and multiple users.
Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly. The processors communicate with one
another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as
loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and
function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on. The advantages of distributed
systems are as follows –
 With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.
 Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
 If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
 Better service to the customers.
 Reduction of the load on the host computer.
 Reduction of delays in data processing.
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When many computers are interconnected to each other through a network for the purpose of sharing therir
task then it is called dos.

Advantages .if node is overused the dos shares all load to other node of network

Disadv, if the network is spread communication of all computers is broken

Describe 7.real time operating system in brief.

Rtos is very useful where we required a quick response for eg hospital report.

In this oscpu provides maximum efforts to its task with quik response quick response

Real time systems are used in environment where a large number of events, mostly external to thecomputer
system, must be accepted and processes in a short time or within certain deadlines. Suchapplications include
real-time simulations, flight control, industrial control, military applicationsetc.

A primary objective of real-time systems is to provide quick event response time and thus meet thescheduling
deadlines. User convenience and resource utilization are of secondary concern to realtimesystem designers.In
Real time systems, processor is allocated to the highest priority process among those that are ready to execute.
Higher priority processes preempt execution of the lower priority processes. Thisform is called as ‘priority –
based preemptive scheduling’.

The primary functions of the real time operating system are to:

1. Manage the processor and other system resources to meet the requirements of an application.

2. Synchronize with and respond to the system events.

3. Move the data efficiently among processes and to perform coordination among theseprocesses.

Advantages quick respose.

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Disadvantage :these os is very costly

Types of real time system:

1. Hard real time:-

Hard real time means strict about adherence to each task deadline. When an event occurs, it shouldbe serviced
within the predictable time at all times in a given hard real time system.

Example: -video transmission, each picture frame and audio must be transferred at fixed rate.

2. Soft real time:-

Soft real time means that only the precedence and sequence for the task operations are defined,interrupt
latencies and context switching latencies are small. There can be few deviations betweenexpected latencies of
the tasks and observed time constraints and a few deadline misses areaccepted.

Example: - Mobile phone, digital cameras and orchestra playing robots.

Difference multiprogramming and multitasking

BASIS FOR MULTIPROGRAMMING MULTITASKING

COMPARISON

Basic Enables multiple programs to A supplementary form of the

utilize CPU simultaneously. multiprogramming system also supports
user interaction.

Objective Improvement in CPU utilization. Minimize the response time.

Switching Occurs when the currently running Carried out each time after the time slice
process stops. of process is finished.

Complexity Simple Complex

Difference between Multi-programming OS and Time sharing OS

Multi-programming OS Time sharing OS

The process can be executed by a single In this process two or more users can uses a
processor processor on their own terminal
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It has no fixed time slice It has fixed time slice

In case of multi-programming before finishing a The execution power is taken off before finishing
task the execution power is not taken off of execution

Example: Mac OS Example: Windows NT

Explain Mobile OS

A mobile operating system is the software platform on top of which other programs can run on mobile
devices. The operating system is responsible for determining the functions and features available on your
device

The Android Operating System is a Linux-based OS developed by the Open Handset Alliance (OHA).

The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free software stack that includes an operating
system, middleware and also key applications for use on mobile devices, including smartphones.

Android OS Architecture

Android operating system comprise of different software components arranges in stack. Different
components of android operating system are –
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1. Linux kernel

2. Libraries

3. Android Run time

4. Application Framework

5. Applications

Linux kernel

1. Bottom layer of android operating system is Linux kernel.

2. Android is built on top of Linux 2.6 Kernel and few architectural changes made by Google.
3. Linux Kernel provides the basic system functionality such as process management, memory
management and device management
4. Linux kernel also provides array of device drivers which make our task easier while interfacing the
android with peripheral devices.

Libraries

1. On the top of Linux Kernel another layer called libraries is present.

2. It provides the different libraries useful for well functioning of android operating system.
3. Libraries are java libraries build specific for android operating system.

Android Runtime

1. It is third component of the android architecture and placed in second layer from bottom
2. It provides most important part of android called Dalvik Virtual Machine.
3. Dalvik Virtual Machine is similar to JVM but only difference is that it is designed and optimized for
Android.
4. Dalvik Virtual machine uses core functions of Linux such as memory management and
multithreading and enables each android app to run its own process.

Application framework

1. It is 2nd topmost component in android operating system stack

2. Android applications directly interacts with application framework.
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3. Application framework manages the basic functions of android device such as resource
management, voice call management etc

Applications

Applications created by third party users or developer will be installed on application layer.