MEG 504

Automobile
Engineering
Course Lecturer: Dr. Abayomi T. LAYENI

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 Course Content
Mechanics of Vehicles
Vehicle Components and Design
Traction, Engine and Transmission
Fuel System
Clutches and Gear Boxes
Suspension System
Body and Chassis

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  Parts, assemblies, and systems
 Frame, body, and chassis
 Engine
 Computer system
 Fuel system
 Electrical system
 Cooling and lubrication systems
(Continued)

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  Exhaust and emission control systems
 Drive train systems
 Suspension, steering, and brake systems
 Accessory and safety systems
 Hybrid vehicles

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 Derived from Derived from the
the Greek word French word
autos, which mobile, which
means self. means moving.

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 Part
The smallest removable item on a car
Not normally disassembled
Electrical or electronic parts are often
called components

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 Assembly
Set of fitted parts designed to complete
a function
 the engine is an assembly that converts
fuel into usable power to move the vehicle
Technicians take assemblies apart and
put them back together during
maintenance, service, and repair
operations

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 System
Group of related parts and assemblies
that performs a specific job
the steering system is comprised of the
steering wheel, gears, swivel joints, and
other parts
allows the driver to turn the wheels when
maneuvering the vehicle

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 Major Vehicle Systems

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 Body
Made of steel, aluminum, fiberglass,
plastic, or composite materials
Forms the outside of the vehicle
Serves as an attractive covering for the
chassis

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 Chassis
Consists of the vehicle’s frame and
everything attached to it except the
body
Includes the tires, wheels, engine,
transmission, drive axle assembly, and
frame

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 Frame
Strong metal structure that provides a
mounting place for other parts of the
vehicle
Body-over-frame construction
 chassis parts and body bolt to the frame
Unibody (unitized) construction
 sheet metal body panels are welded
together to form the body and frame

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 Unibody Construction

The frame is an integral part of the body

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 Body-over-Frame
Construction

The body bolts to a thick steel frame

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 Body Types
Automobiles are available in several
body types, including:
sedan
hardtop
convertible
hatchback
station wagon
minivan
sport-utility vehicle
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 Sedan

Uses center body pillars, or “B” pillars,

between the front and rear doors. A
hardtop does not use “B” pillars.
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 Convertible

Uses a vinyl or cloth top that can be

raised and lowered
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 Hatchback

The large rear door allows easy access

when hauling items
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 Station Wagon

Provides a large rear interior compartment

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 Minivan

Has a higher roofline for more

headroom and cargo space
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 Sport-Utility Vehicle

Provides the comfort of a passenger car, the

interior space of a station wagon, and the
durability of a truck
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 Automobile Body Parts

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 Engine
Provides the energy to propel the
vehicle and operate the other systems
Most engines burn gasoline or diesel
fuel
The fuel burns to produce heat
The heat causes gas expansion,
creating pressure
The pressure moves the internal engine
parts to produce power
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 Automotive Engine

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 Engine Locations

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 Basic Engine Parts

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 Four-Stroke Cycle
Four separate piston strokes are
needed to produce one cycle:
intake stroke
compression stroke
power stroke
exhaust stroke
The piston must slide down, up, down,
and up again to complete one cycle

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 Intake Stroke

Draws the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder

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 Compression Stroke

Compresses the air-fuel mixture

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 Power Stroke

Produces the energy to operate the engine

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 Exhaust Stroke

Removes the burned gases from the

combustion chamber
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 Automotive Engines
 Multi-cylinder engines are used
 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 cylinders may be used
 Additional cylinders smooth engine
operation and increase power output
because there is less time between
power strokes

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 Engine Components

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 Computer System
Uses electronic and electrical devices to
monitor and control various systems
The systems controlled include:
fuel system
ignition system
drive train system
safety system
security system

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 Computer System
Components
Sensors
input devices that can produce or modify
electrical signals with changes in a
condition, such as motion, temperature, or
pressure
Control module
computer that uses signals from input
devices (sensors) to control various output
devices

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 Computer System
Components
Actuators
output devices that can move parts when
energized by the control module
examples include electric motors and
solenoids

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 Computerized Door
Locks

The doors are locked as soon as the

vehicle starts moving in drive or reverse
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 Fuel System
Provides the correct mixture of air and
fuel for efficient combustion
Alters the air-fuel ratio with changes in
operating conditions, such as engine
temperature, speed, and load
Fuel system types:
gasoline injection system
diesel injection system
carburetor system

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 Gasoline Injection
System
Uses a control module, sensors, and
electrically operated fuel injectors to
meter fuel into the engine
An electric fuel pump forces fuel into
the engine
The control module monitors sensor
values and opens the injectors for the
correct amount of time to deliver the
desired quantity of fuel

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 Gasoline Injection
System

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 Diesel Injection
System
Forces fuel directly into the combustion
chambers
High pressure produced during
compression heats the air enough to
ignite the fuel
When fuel is injected into the cylinder,
the heated air causes the fuel to ignite
and burn

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 Diesel Injection
System

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 Carburetor Fuel
System
Uses vacuum to draw fuel into the
engine
A mechanical or electric fuel pump
delivers fuel to the carburetor
A throttle valve controls airflow and
engine power output

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 Carburetor Fuel
System

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 Electrical System
Consists of several subsystems:
ignition system
starting system
charging system
lighting system
Each subsystem is designed to perform
a specific function

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 Ignition System
Needed on gasoline engines to ignite
the air-fuel mixture
Produces an extremely high voltage
surge, which operates the spark plugs
An electric arc jumps across the tip of
each spark plug at the correct time,
causing the air-fuel mixture to burn

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 Ignition System

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 Starting System
An electric starting motor rotates the
engine until it “fires” and runs on its own
power
When the key is turned to the start
position, current flows from the battery
through the starting system circuit
The starting motor turns, and the
starting motor pinion gear engages a
gear on the flywheel, turning the
crankshaft
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 Starting System

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 Charging System
Replaces electrical energy drawn from
the battery by forcing electric current
back into it
When the engine is running, the
alternator produces electricity to
recharge the battery and operate other
electrical devices
The voltage regulator controls system
voltage
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 Charging System

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 Lighting System
Consists of the components that
operate a vehicle’s interior and exterior
lights
Components may include:
fuses
wires
switches
relays
control modules
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 Cooling System
Maintains a constant engine operating
temperature
Removes excess combustion heat to
prevent engine damage
Minimizes engine warm-up time
Coolant is pumped through the engine,
where it absorbs heat
Coolant then flows to the radiator,
where heat is released to the outside air

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 Cooling
System

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 Lubrication System
Reduces friction and wear between
internal engine parts by circulating
filtered oil to high-friction points in the
engine
Helps cool the engine by carrying heat
away from internal engine parts

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 Lubrication System

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 Exhaust System
Quiets the noise produced by engine
operation
Routes engine exhaust gases to the
rear of the vehicle body

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 Exhaust System

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 Emission Control
Systems
Reduce the amount of toxic substances
produced by an engine
prevent fuel vapors from entering the
atmosphere
remove unburned and partially burned fuel
from the engine exhaust

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 Drive Train Systems

Rear-wheel-drive Front-wheel-drive
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 Clutch
Allows the driver to engage or
disengage the engine and manual
transmission or transaxle
Clutch pedal released
clutch locks the flywheel and the
transmission input shaft together
power flows to the transmission
Clutch pedal depressed
clutch disengages power flow

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 Transmission
Uses various gear combinations (ratios)
to multiply engine speed and torque to
accommodate driving conditions
Low gear ratios allow the vehicle to
accelerate quickly
High gear ratios permit lower engine
speed, providing good fuel economy

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 Manual Transmission

Uses gears and shafts to achieve

various gear ratios
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 Automatic
Transmission
Does not have to be shifted by the
driver
Uses an internal hydraulic system and,
in most cases, electronic controls to
shift gears
Internal clutches or bands control
gearsets to provide various gear ratios
Input shaft is connected to the engine
crankshaft through a torque converter
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 Automatic
Transmission

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 Drive Shaft
Transfers power from the transmission
to the rear axle assembly
Universal joints allow the rear
suspension to move up and down
without damaging the drive shaft

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 Drive Shaft

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 Rear Axle Assembly
Contains a differential and two axles
Differential
set of gears and shafts that transmits
power from the drive shaft to the axles
Axles
steel shafts that connect the differential
and drive wheels

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 Transaxle
Used with front-wheel-drive vehicles
Both manual and automatic transaxles
are available

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 Transaxle

Consists of a transmission and a differential in a

single housing
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 Front Drive Axles

Connect the transaxle differential to the

hubs and wheels of the vehicle
Equipped with constant-velocity joints
constant-velocity joints allow the front
wheels to be turned to the left or right and
to move up and down

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 Suspension System
Allows the vehicle’s wheels and tires to
move up and down with little effect on
body movement
Prevents excessive body lean when
cornering quickly
Various springs, bars, swivel joints, and
arms make up the system

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 Steering System
Allows the driver to control vehicle
direction by turning the wheels right
or left
Uses a series of gears, swivel joints,
and rods

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 Suspension and
Steering Systems

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 Brake System
Produces friction to slow or stop the
vehicle
When the driver presses the brake
pedal, fluid pressure actuates a brake
mechanism at each wheel
Mechanisms force friction material
against metal discs or drums to slow
wheel rotation

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 Complete Brake
System

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 Wheel Brake Assembly

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 Accessory Systems
Common accessory systems include:
air conditioner
sound system
power seats
power windows
rear window defogger

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 Safety Systems

Common safety systems include:

seat belts
air bags
security systems

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 Safety Systems

This vehicle is equipped with front and side-

impact air bags
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 Hybrid Vehicles
Use two methods of propulsion:
internal combustion engine
large electric motor-generator

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 Hybrid Power Train

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 Hybrid Vehicle Parts
Motor-generator
High voltage cables
Hybrid control module
Hybrid battery pack
Internal combustion engine

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 Hybrid Vehicle Operation

Regenerative braking:
during braking, the rotational force of the
vehicle’s drive axles spins the motor-
generator’s armature, causing the motor-
generator to produce electrical energy to
recharge the battery

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