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Physics Investegatory Project Class 12 - Aryaveer Pratap Singh 1

The document is a student's investigatory project report on studying the working of an AC generator. It includes sections on the aim of the project, introduction, principles, construction, theory of operation, circuit diagram, expression for induced EMF, results, and applications. The student completed the project under the guidance of a teacher and acknowledges the help received.

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297 views14 pages

Physics Investegatory Project Class 12 - Aryaveer Pratap Singh 1

The document is a student's investigatory project report on studying the working of an AC generator. It includes sections on the aim of the project, introduction, principles, construction, theory of operation, circuit diagram, expression for induced EMF, results, and applications. The student completed the project under the guidance of a teacher and acknowledges the help received.

Uploaded by

tyagi39
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMISTRY

Investigatory Project

TOPIC:
To Study the Working of A.C. Generator

Aryaveer Pratap Singh


Class: XII-A
Roll No:
Certificate

This is to certify that Aryaveer Pratap Singh


a student of class Xll - A has successfully
completed the project entitled:
Working of an A.C. Generator
under the guidance of Ms. Ragini Srivastava
during the year 2023-24.
The project is found worthy of acceptance
as final project for the subject Physics of
class XII.

Signature of Signature of
Subject Teacher Examiner
Acknowledgment
I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness and deep
sense of gratitude to my physics teacher Ms. Ragini
Srivastava who has been my able guide and
remarkable source whose unflagging zeal has
catalyzed me to strive for greater heights during the
span of this project.
I also thank the lab assistant Mr. Kudan without
whose help this project would not have come to a
successful end.
I am thankful to my beloved Principal-cum-director
ma’am Ms. Shalini Nambiar under whose able
administration Seth Anandram Jaipuria School is
making a steady progress and my regards to her for
extending us all the immaculate facilities for the
successful completion of this project and fulfilling
our ambition of reaching the goal.
I am extremely grateful to my beloved parents for
their blessings and an infinite support to achieve the
goal of successful completion of this project.
Index
1.Certificate of Excellence
2.Acknowledgement
3.Aim of project
4.Introduction
5.Principle of A.C. Generator
6.Construction of A.C. Generator
7. Theory
8.Circuit Diagram
9.Working of A.C. Generator
10.Expression for Instantaneous e.m.f
produced
11.Results
12.Application of A.C. Generator
13.Bibliography
Aim
To study the working of an A.C. Generator

Introduction
A.C. Generator means Alternating current
generator. It is a device which is used to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

A.C. generator forces electric current to flow


through an external circuit. The source of
mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine
steam engine, water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind
turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other
source of mechanical energy.
Principle of A.C. Generator
It is based on the principle of electro magnetic
induction, i.e., whenever amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the
coil. The direction of current induced is given by
Fleming's right-hand rule.

Construction of A.C.
Generator
The A.C. Generator consists of four main parts:

(1) THE COIL (ARMATURE):


A rectangular coil ABCD consist of a large number
of turns of copper bound over a soft iron core is
called armature. The soft iron core is used to
increase the magnetic flux.

(2) MAGNETIC FIELD:


It is usually a permanent sponge magnet having
concave poles. The armature is rotated of a magnet
so that axis of the armature is perpendicular to
magnetic field lines.

(3) SLIP RINGS:


Slip rings are the magnetic rings which are
connected in the terminal of the armature. These
rings are rotated with the coil and these are used to
draw the current from the generator.

(4) BRUSHES:
The brushes B1 & B2 are just touching the slip rings.
They are not rotating with the coil and these brushes
leads to the output of load resistance.
Theory
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a current
flow through the field coil of the rotor.

2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation


through the use of slip rings and brushes.

3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the


slip rings to provide the continuous connection
between the field coil and external circuit.

4. The armature is contained within the windings of


the stator and is connected to the output.

5. Each time the rotor makes one complete


revolution, one complete cycle of AC is developed.

6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into


the slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC
generator is dependent on the field strength and
speed of the rotor.

8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed;


therefore, the generated voltage depends on field
excitation, or strength.

Circuit Diagram
Working of an A.C. Generator
The coil is rotated in anti-clock wise direction. In the first
half rotation the arm AB is moving outward and CD is
moving inward. So, the e.m.f. is induced in the arm AB
from A to B. And in the arm CD from C to D. After half
rotation (in the second half). The arm CD is moving
outward and AB is moving inward. In this time current is
induced in arm CD from D to C. And in arm AB from B to
A. In the second half rotation the current direction is
changing so in this generator AC is produced.
Expression for Instantaneous
e.m.f produced

Let position of the coil at any time (t). It makes an angle


θ with vertical. If ω is uniform angular speed of the coil.

Then θ =ωt

B be the strength of magnetic field n be the number of


turns in the coil and (A) area of the coil then magnetic
flux with the coil in this position is given by:

Φ = nBA Cosθ = nBA Cos ωt.


Result
Hence, maximum value of instantaneous e.m.f. in a
A.C. Generator is given by:

Application of A.C. Generator

1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind


generators, high speed gas turbine generators.

2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems,


automotive starter generators.

3. An ac generator, or ‘alternator’, is used to produce


ac voltages for transmission via the grid system or,
locally, as portable generators.
4. All of our household appliances runs on ac
current. Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines, oven,
lights, fan etc.

5. The main advantage of AC is ease of power


distribution. It is more efficient to use high voltage
to distribute power, but it is not safe to have high
voltage at home. It is easy to step up (and step down)
AC voltage using a transformer.

Bibliography
 NCERT textbook for class XII Physics Part I
 Comprehensive Practical Physics class XII
 www.google.com
 www.wikipidea.com

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