Lesson

USING HAND TOOLS

1
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

LO 1. Prepare hand tools; and

LO 2. Use appropriate hand tools and test equipment.

What’s New

Definition of Terms

Accidental - occurring unexpectedly, unintentionally, or by chance.

Alternating current - an electric current that is continually varying in value and reversing its
direction of flow at regular interval.

Anode – a positive electrode of semiconductor device.

Capacitance - a property that exists whenever two conductors are separated by insulating
material, permitting the storage of electricity.

Capacitor – a component designed intentionally to have a definite amount of capacitance.

Circuit - an arrangement of one or more complete paths of electron flow.

Conductor - a wire, cable, or other body or medium that is suitable for carrying electric current.

Current - the rate of transfer of electricity from one point to another.

Desoldering - a process of unsoldering unwanted parts or components in the circuit with the
support of soldering tool.

Dielectric material - a material that serves as insulator because it has poor electric conductivity.

Direct current - an electric current that flows in one direction Discrete components-separated or
individual components.

Electronics - a branch of science and technology that deals with the controlled flow of electrons.

Flammable - tending to burn quickly Hazards - risks; dangers Malfunction - not in normal
functionality.

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 Ohmmeter - an instrument that measures the amount of resistance in certain component or
circuits.

Resistance - the opposition that a component or material offers to the flow current.

Resistor – a component designed intentionally to have a definite amount of resistance.

Soldering - a process of joining two metals caused by heat.

Soldering technique - a right process in which the solder (lead) is being applied in a connection or
in the printed circuit board.

Splicing – connecting two lengths of conductor.

Technician - a person skilled in mechanical or industrial techniques or in a particular technical

field.

Tool kit - a small bag or box equipped with hand tools.

Troubleshooting - identifying and repairing faults in equipment.

Voltage - the electrical pressure that existed between two points and capable of producing a flow
of current when a close circuit is connected between the points.

Voltmeter – an instrument that measures the amount of electromotive force in a component or

circuit.

Acronyms

PCB – Printed Circuit Board

PPE – Personal Protective Equipment

VOM – Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter

What I Need to Know

Basic Hand Tools

Driving Tools

Screwdrivers are hand tools specifically designed to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove screws.

A screwdriver comprises a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply force by rotating
the tip, and some way to position and support the screwdriver, the tip of which is shaped in to fit a
particular type of screw. a. Slotted Screwdriver is used to drive or fasten negative slotted screws.

1. Phillips Screwdriver – used to drive or fasten positive slotted screws. It is a screwdriver that
could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings.

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 2. Flat-head / Slotted Screwdriver – is a screwdriver with a wedge-shaped flat tip, used to tighten
or loosen screws that have a straight, linear notch in their heads.

3. Jeweler's Screwdriver Set – is a set of small screw drivers composed of slotted and Phillips
screwdrivers.

Soldering Tools

1. Soldering Iron – is a device for applying heat to melt solder in attaching two metal parts. A
soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. For electrical work,
wires are usually soldered to printed circuit boards, other wires, or small terminals. A low-power
iron (20-30 Watts) is suitable for this work.

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 2. Soldering Tool Stand – is a place where the soldering iron is placed during usage. This will keep
the soldering iron away from flammable materials. The stand often comes with a sponge used in
cleaning the tip of the soldering iron.

3. Desoldering tool is used in removing soldered wires and components on printed circuit boards
for troubleshooting and repair purposes.

Splicing Tools

1. Long Nose is used for holding, bending, and stretching the lead of electronic component or
connecting wires.

2. Side Cutter is a wire-cutting pliers, though they are not used to grab or turn anything, but are
used to cut wires.

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 3. Wire Stripper is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or wire cutters. The addition of a
center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting the wire.

Boring Tools

1. 12V Mini-Drill – is used to bore or drill holes in the printed circuit board (PCB) with sizes from
1/32” -1/16”.

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 2. Portable Electric Drill is used for boring hole(s) in plastic or metal chassis with the used of drill
bits having sizes from 1/6” to approximately 1/4”.

3. Metal Files These are hand tools having a series of sharp, parallel ridges or teeth. Most files
have a narrow, pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.

• Flat File is parallel in width and tapered in thickness; they are used for flat surfaces and
edges.
• Half Round File is tapered in width and thickness, coming to a point, and is narrower than
a standard half round and used for filing inside of rings.
• Round File - is also called rat-tail file which is gradually tapered and used for many tasks
that require a round tool, such as enlarging round holes or cutting a scalloped edge.

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Cutting Tools

1. Utility Knife is a common tool used in cutting various trades and crafts for a variety of purposes.

2. Hacksaw is used for cutting metals. Some have pistol grips which keep the hacksaw firm and
easy to grip. The small hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle that fits around
a narrow, rigid blade.

Auxiliary Tools

1. Magnifying Glass is a convex lens which is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The
lens is usually mounted on a frame with a handle. Roger Bacon is the original inventor of the
magnifying glass. A magnifying glass works by creating a magnified virtual image of an object
behind the lens. Some magnifying glasses are foldable with built-in light.

2. Paint Brush – made of bristles set in handle, use for cleaning dirty parts of a circuit or an object.

Electronic equipment

Aside from hand tools, equipment is also needed for more accurate and quality output. In this connection,
three of the most used equipment are presented here for you to be familiar with their uses and the proper
way of maintaining them.

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Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. It is an equipment that combines three functions: as a voltmeter that measures
both ac and dc voltages; an ohmmeter that measures resistance; and milliammeter that measures small
amount of dc current. As safety precautions in the maintenance of this instrument, the following should
be observed:

• Always rest the function switch at 250V AC if an OFF position is not available in the instrument.
• For current and voltage measurements, always set the function switch in the correct setting which
is a little higher than the expected current or voltage present in the circuit.
• Place the instrument in a cool dry place, away from any magnetic devices, and free from
vibrations.

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Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray oscilloscope, or scope) is a
piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional
graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or of some
other voltage (horizontal axis).

Signal Generator. A signal generator is a device which produces simple wave forms. Such devices contain
an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is capable of creating a repetitive waveform. These are typically used
in simple electronics repair and design where they are used to stimulate a circuit under test. Oscilloscope
and signal generator should be given regular checkup for at least once a week by connecting them in the
power line. This will help prevent their components from having moisture that might cause trouble in
their circuits.

Common Faults in Using Hand Tools

Pliers:

• Do not increase the handle length of pliers to gain more leverage. Use a larger pair of pliers or
bolt cutters if necessary.
• Do not substitute pliers for a wrench when turning bolts and nuts. Pliers cannot grip these items
properly and might cause a slip and create an accident.
• Never use pliers as a hammer on the handle. Such abuse is likely to result in cracks or breaks.
• Cut hardened wires only with pliers designed for that purpose.
• Always cut the wires in right angle. Never rock from side to side or bend wire back and forth
against the cutting edges.

Screwdrivers:

• Never use screwdrivers as a pry bar, chisel, and punch stirrer or scraper.
• Never use screwdrivers with broken or worn-out handles. Screwdrivers of these kinds should have
tags to indicate that it is defective.
• Never use pliers on a screwdriver for extra leverage. Only use wrench or screwdrivers specifically
designed for purpose.

Utility Knives/ Blades:

• Do not use dull blades because they require more force, thus are more likely to slip. Replace the
blade when it starts to “tear” instead of cut.

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 • Never leave a knife unattended with the blade exposed.
• Don’t bend or apply side loads to blades by using them to open cans or loosen tight cover of
containers. Blades are brittle and can snap easily.

Using Tools Based on Their Functions and Operation

Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment
(PPE) that are appropriate for the task and which conforms with your local safety regulations and policies.
Your skill in using tools and equipment will make your work less difficult and ensure that tasks are
performed properly and safely

• Hand Tool - screwdrivers, needle-nose pliers

• Diagnostic Tools - Analog or digital Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter, power supply Safety check
• Do not use flammable cleaners or water on electrical equipment.
• Make sure designated walkways are kept clear of any obstructions.
• Always wear protective clothing and use the appropriate safety equipment.
• Make sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety procedures when
carrying out the following tasks.

Proper Use of Hand Tools

• Use the proper type and size of screwdriver by matching it to the screw.
• Phillips and Flat Head are the most common types.
• Do not over tighten screws because the threads may become stripped.

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 What I Have Learned

Self-Check 1.1
Direction: On a separate piece of paper, classify the different kinds of hand tools according to their
specification.

Hand tools Classification

1. Desoldering Tool

2 W ire Splicer

3. Side Cutter

4 Long Nose Pliers

5 Mini Drill

6 Magnifying Glass

7 Soldering Stand

8 Screwdriver

9 Soldering Iron

10. Portable Electric Drill

Self-Check 1.2
Direction: Answer briefly the questions below.

1. Why is a low-power soldering iron suitable for electronic work?

2. What are the advantages of using a magnifying glass that is foldable with built-in light?

3. Why is it best to use the right size of Phillips-type screwdriver?

4. Why is it best to use the right size of drill bit in boring holes?

5. Why do you think is it best for a soldering iron to have its soldering stand?

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Self-check 2.1
Direction: Match Column A with Column B

A B

______1. Cut the insulation without cutting the wire i. Magnifying glass

______2. Drill holes in the printed circuit board a. Screwdriver

______3. Tighten, loosen or remove screws b. Long nose

______4. Remove soldered wires c. Wire stripper

______5. Hold, bend, stretch the lead of electronic component or d. 12 V Mini-drill

connecting wires
e. Desoldering tool
______6. Cut metals
f. Paint brush
______7. Clean dirty parts of an object
g. Hacksaw
______8. Produce a magnified image of an object
h. Signal generator

Task-sheet 2.1
Direction: Prepare an actual laboratory activity regarding soldering techniques.

Suggested Activity:

Construct a figure or image using #18 solid copper wire applying proper soldering techniques.

Procedure in using a soldering iron

1. Preparing the soldering iron

a. Place the soldering iron on the stand before plugging it.

b. Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to attain its operating temperature of about
4000C.

c. Wipe the tip of the soldering iron on the wet damp sponge

d. Melt a little solder (soldering lead – 60/40) on the tip of the iron.

e. Wipe again the tip of the soldering iron on the wet damp sponge.

2. Soldering technique

a. Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle.

b. Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be soldered.

c. Apply a small amount of solder onto the joint.

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 d. Remove the solder, then the soldering iron, while keeping the joint in still position.

e. Inspect the joint closely. It should look shiny and with a volcano shape.

Lesson
PERFORM MENSURATION AND
2 CALCULATIONS

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

LO 1. select measuring instruments;

LO 2. carry out measurements and calculations; and

LO 3. maintain measuring instruments.

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 What’s New

Definition of Terms

Amperage (Amps) - a unit of measurement of electrical current flow.

Ampere - basic unit of current.

Centimeter - hundredth of a meter Inch - a portion of a foot, which is an English unit of linear
measurement.

Current - the flow of electrons moving in a given direction Electronic measuring instrument – portable
instruments used to measure electrical quantities such as current, voltage, and resistance.

Megger - an instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of conductors or wire. It gives
measurement in ohms or meg-ohms.

Millimeter - one-thousandth of a meter.

Multi-tester - an electrical measuring instrument used to measure the voltage, the resistance or the
current of a circuit. It is connected either through parallel or series with the circuit depending on what to
measure.

Ohm - the unit of measurement used to express resistance.

Ohmmeter - an electronic instrument used to measure resistance of a component or the entire circuit.

Ohmmeter scale - section of the ohmmeter where the value of the resistance is being indicated.

Range multiplier - a portion in the ohmmeter where the actual reading is multiplied by the range value.

Resistance - the opposition to the flow of electrons.

Resistor - an electronic component that is used to offer opposition to current in an electrical circuit.

Resistor color coding - a scheme to determine the value of resistors by color bands printed on their bodies
as code.

Test Probes - connectors connected to terminals of the VOM and component’s terminals or test points in
a circuit to be tested. They are oftentimes red and black in color.

Tolerance - the fourth color in the 3-band color coding that indicates the percentage of deviation from its
color-coded value.

Volt - basic unit of voltage.

Voltage - an electrical pressure that pushes current to flow within a load through a conductor.

Voltmeter - an instrument specially designed for measuring voltage.

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Wire Gauge - used to measure the diameter of magnetic wire.

Zero-ohm adjuster - part of the ohmmeter that is used in adjusting the pointer of the ohmmeter to zero
before resistance measurements or continuity tests are made.

What I Need to Know

Measuring Tools and Instruments

Measurement is the process or the result of determining the ratio of a physical quantity, such as a length,
time, temperature, etc., to a unit of measurement, such as the meter, second or degree Celsius. The
science of measurement is called metrology. The English word measurement originates from the Latin
mēnsūra and the verb metiri through the Middle French mesure.

Test Light- a pocket size tool used to test the line wire or circuit if there is current in it.

Micrometer- used to measure the diameter of wires/conductors in circular mils. It can measure
small and big sizes of wires and cables.

Wire Gauge- used in determining the size of wires/conductors. The gauge ranges from 0 to 60
AWG (American wire gauge)

Ruler/foot rule- a measuring tool used to measure length, width and thickness of short flat object
and in sketching straight lines.

The ruler is the instrument used to rule straight lines and the calibrated instrument used for
determining length called a measure. However, common usage calls both instruments rulers and
the special name straight edge is used for an unmarked rule.

Pull-Push Rule - a measuring tool used to measure the length of an object in centimeter and
inches.

Ammeter - an instrument used to measure the amount of electrical current intensity in a circuit.
The unit of measure is ampere (a). It is connected along or series to the circuit.

Voltmeter - an instrument used to measure electrical pressure or voltage of a circuit. The unit of
measure is volt (v). This is connected across or parallel to the circuit.

Clamp Ammeter (also called tong-tester)- It is used to measure current flowing in a conductor. It
is clamped or hanged in a conductor.

Volt-Ohmmeter (VOM) - otherwise called as Multi-tester; is used to measure the voltage,

resistance and current of a circuit. It is connected in parallel or series with the circuit depending
on what to measure.

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System of Measurement

A set of units which can be used to specify anything can be measured

Common units of measurement used in making layout and installation of electrical materials:

A. Linear measures

English system provides the creative way on how people can measure by themselves. For
example, people measure shorter distance on the ground with their feet. They measure long
distances by their palms which is equal to a yard.

• Inch
• Yard
• Miles

Metric system is a decimalized system of measurement. It exists in several variations with

different choices of base units. Metric units are widely used around the world for personal,
commercial and scientific purpose.

• Millimeter
• Centimeter
• Decimeter
• Meter

B. English units and each equivalent

• 12 inches = foot(ft)
• 1 foot = 3yard (yd)
• 1 yard = 36 inches

C. Metric units and each equivalent

• 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

• 10 centimeters = 1 decimeters(dm)
• 10 decimeters = 1 meters

D. English to metric equivalent

• 1 inch = 2.54 cm
• 1 foot = 30.48 cm
• 1 yard = 91.44 cm

E. The centimeter graduation

How to read the cm graduation:

1. First graduation is .5 mm
2. Second graduation is 1mm
3. Third graduation is 1.5mm
4. Fourth graduation is 2mm

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F. The inch graduation

How to read the inch graduation:

1. First graduation is 1/16

2. Second graduation is 18
3. Third graduation is 3/16
4. Fourth graduation is 1/4, then follow the given scale above.

The Multi-tester

Multi-tester or multimeter is sometimes called the VOM (voltmeter, ohmmeter, milliammeter). It is the
best instrument that can measure voltage, resistance and current. It is generally made of two types: the
analog and the digital.

A. Parts of A Multi Tester

Range Selector Knob (Selector switch) - makes it possible to select different functions and range
of the meter.

Pointer - The needle-shaped rod that moves over the scale of a meter. It is mechanically
connected to the moving coil.

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 Adjustment Screw - makes it possible to adjust the pointer to the zero position of the scale.

Scale - is a series of marking used for reading the value of a quantity.

Test Probe positive (red), negative (black) - used to connect the circuit to the electrical
components being tested.

Zero-Ohm Adjusting Knob is used to zero-in the pointer before measuring resistance.

B. Proper care and maintenance of the multi tester

• Read manual of instructions on how to operate the multi-tester.

• In reading the amount of voltage, always start with the highest range to avoid reading voltage
higher than the tester setting.
• Be sure that the tester is set to the correct range setting: resistance range when measuring
the ohm, voltage range when measuring voltage and ammeter range when measuring the
value of electric current.
• Always check the condition of its battery. Worn out batteries will damage the internal setting
of the tester.
• When the tester is not in used or will be stored, set the selector switch to 1000V or to OFF
position.
• Never drop the tester.

Procedure on how to interpret resistance reading in an Ohmmeter

1. Know the value of individual calibration in the ohmmeter scale. An ohmmeter scale is nonlinear
which means the value of one line or calibration may not be true to other lines. It is therefore
proper to assign values to every line for proper and accurate interpretation as shown in the
illustration, the scale can be divided into eight areas where individual treatment has to be made.
Several mathematical computations will be involved to show the manner how values of individual
lines are resolved.

2. Identify the appropriate range multiplier to be used Range multiplier is from R X 1, R X 10, R X
100, R X 1K, and R X 10K.

3. Connect the metallic part of the test probes and take note if the pointer points at zero. If not,
adjust the zero-ohm adjustment to zero.

4. Make the necessary resistance measurements.

To read the resistance range of the multi-tester, the given table below will be used. The unit of
measurement to be used to determine its resistance is ohm.

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Electronic Measuring Instruments

Aside from hand tools, measuring instruments are also needed for more accurate and quality output. In
this connection, three of the most used instruments are presented here for you to be familiar with their
uses and the proper way of maintaining them.

Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. It is equipment that combines three functions: as a voltmeter that measures

both ac and dc voltages; an ohmmeter that measures resistance; and milliammeter that measures small
amount of dc current. As safety precautions in the maintenance of this instrument, the following should
be observed:

Volt - Ohm – Millimeter. Always rest the function switch at 250V AC, if an OFF position is not available in
the instrument. For current and voltage measurements, always set the function switch in the correct
setting which is a little higher than the expected current or voltage present in the circuit. Place the
instrument in a cool dry place, away from any magnetic devices, and free from vibrations.

Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray oscilloscope, or scope) is a

piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional
graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or of some
other voltage (horizontal axis).

Signal generator. A signal generator is a device which produces simple waveforms.

What I Have Learned

Self-check 1.1
Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. Write the letter only.

_______1. What is the value of a resistor with the following colors: Green - Black- orange - Gold?

A) 500 Ohms ± 5% C) 50K ohms ± 5%

B) 5K Ohms ± 5% D) 500 K Ohms ± 5%

_______2. What is the color of the tolerance representing ± 5%?

A) Gold B) Black C) Orange D) Silver

_______3. 5 in the second band of the resistor color coding means

A) Brown B) Green C) Red D) Yellow

_______4. Which component is a discrete type?

A) Power IC B) Regulator IC C) Resistor D) Digital IC

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_______5. Resistor is a component that resists the flow of _____________.

A) Current B) Capacitance C) Power D) Voltage

Task-sheet 1.1
Materials:

10 pieces - Carbon resistors, 1-watt, assorted values

1 pc - Resistor Tabulation form

Procedure:

1. Arrange the resistors on a piece of Styrofoam in random manner.

2. Identify the colors of the resistors one by one and record them in the resistor tabulation form.

3. Compute for the resistance value of each resistor by following the color-coding scheme.

4. Write the value of the resistance in the tabulation form.

5. Arrange the resistors in such a way that the value is in ascending manner.

Resistor Tabulation Form

1st band 2nd band 3rdband Coded Over-all

Tolerance
Color/value Color/value multiplier value Value

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 Lesson
PREPARE AND INTERPRET TECHNICAL
3 DRAWINGS

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

LO 1. Identify different kinds of technical drawings;

LO 2. Interpret technical drawing; and

LO 3. Prepare/ make changes on electrical/ electronic schematics and diagrams.

What’s New

Definition of Terms

AC voltage - a voltage in which the polarity alternates.

Ampere (I) - the unit of electrical current (coulombs per second).

Anode - the positive electrode or terminal of a device. The “P” material of a diode.

Bridge Rectifier - a circuit using four diodes to provide full-wave rectification. Converts AC voltage to a
pulsating DC voltage.

Calibration – used to adjust the correct value of a reading with comparison to a standard value.

Caution - indicates some precautionary measures against potential hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, may result to a minor or moderate injury.

Color Code - set of colors used to indicate value of a component DC Power Supply - Set of colors used to
indicate value of a component.

Danger - specifies hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result to a serious injury or even death.

Diode - a two terminal device that conducts in only one direction.

Full Wave Rectifier - the rectifier that makes use of the full ac wave in both positive and negative half
cycles.

Fuse - a device in the current path that melts or breaks when current protective exceeds a
predetermined maximum value.

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Half Wave Rectifier - a diode rectifier that converts AC to pulsating DC by eliminating either the negative
or positive alternation of each input AC cycle Leakage - small undesirable flow of current through an
insulator or dielectric.

Isometric - a kind of drawing which shows the object in 3 dimensional views.

Joule (J) - a metric unit of energy: watt per second. 1 KwHr = 2,655,000 ft-lb = 1.341 hp-hr = 3413 Btu =
3,600,000 joules.

Kilovolt-ampere (KVA) - a measurement of apparent electric power.

Kilowatt hour (KwHr) - a unit of electrical energy or work performed Ohm - the unit of electrical
resistance (volts/ampere) Orthographic - a drawing which shows the front top and side view of the
object.

Light Emitting Diode - a semiconductor diode that converts electric energy into electromagnetic
radiation at a visible and near infrared frequencies when its PN junction is forward bias.

Output - terminal at which a component, circuit or piece of equipment delivers current, voltage or
power.

Power Supply - electrical equipment used to deliver either AC or DC voltage.

Primary - first winding of a transformer winding that is connected to the source as opposed to
secondary which is a winding connected to a load.

PCB - insulating board containing conductive tracks for circuit connections.

Rectification - process that converts alternating current to direct current.

Rectifier - diode circuit that converts AC to pulsating DC.

Regulated Power Supply - power supply that maintains a constant output voltage under changing load
condition.

Rotary Switch - electromechanical device that has a rotating shaft connected to one terminal capable of
making, breaking a connection to one or more other terminals.

Schematic Diagram - illustration of an electrical or electronic circuit with the components represented
by their symbol.

Secondary - output winding of a transformer winding that is connected to a load.

Short Circuit - also called a short. Low resistance connection between two points in a circuit typically
causing excessive current.

Solder - metallic alloy used to join two metal surfaces.

Soldering Iron - tool with an internal heating element used to heat surfaces being soldered to the point
where the solder becomes molten.

Substrate - mechanical insulating support upon which a device is fabricated.

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Switch - electrical device having two states, ON (closed) or OFF (open).

Test - sequence of operations intended to verify the correct operation or malfunctioning of a piece of
equipment or system.

Transformer - inductor with two or more windings.

Troubleshooting - systematic approach to locate the cause of a fault in an electronic circuit or system.

Volt (E) - the unit of electric pressure or electromotive force which will produce a current of 1 ampere
through a resistance of 1-ohm Watts (W) and kilowatts (KW) - are units of electric power.

Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter - known as a multi-tester. A test equipment used to check AC, DC voltages,

current in a circuit and resistance of any components out of the circuit.

What I Need to Know

Common Electrical Symbols

Electrical Symbols are small drawings or pictograms used to represent various electrical devices
in a diagram or plan of an electrical circuit. These symbols are used in sketching schematic diagrams and
electrical plans for numerous types of electrical works. Practically any electrical fixture found in a house
has a symbol that coincides to said fixture on an electrical wiring diagram. These are very useful guide for
an electrician or electrical contractor, thus, making the wiring easier to install as well.

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Electrical Signs

Your power tool with its manual may contain "WARNING ICONS" (a picture symbol intended to
alert you to, and/or to instruct you how to avoid a potentially hazardous condition). Knowing and
understanding these symbols will help you operate your tool better and more safely.

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 Electrical signs and stickers alert students, workers, and visitors to electrical hazards in the area.
Alerting workers to high voltage areas, electrical hazards, power lines and other electrical equipment in
the area, can help prevent fires and injuries. Proper electrical signs can inform workers of the dangers in
the area.

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Electrical Wiring Diagram

The flow of current in a conductor or wire can be represented by diagram. There are two types of diagram:
pictorial diagram and schematic diagram.

A. Pictorial Diagram is a sketch of electrical circuit that shows the external appearance of each
component. It is much like a photograph of the circuit and uses simple images of parts.

B. Schematic Diagram is a sketch showing the components of the circuit using standard electrical
symbols. It shows the actual number of components and how the wiring is routed but not the
actual location.

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 C. Block Diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or functions are
represented by blocks connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks.

Types of Circuit

1. Series Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are arranged in a chain, so that the current has only
one path to take. The current is the same through each load. Example of this is the Christmas
lights. It consists of a number of bulbs that are connected side by side to meet the voltage
requirement which is 220 volts for alternating current.

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 2. Parallel Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are connected across the wires. The voltage across
each load on parallel circuit is the same. The advantage of using parallel circuit is that even if one
of the lamps fails, still the remaining lamps will function.

Electrical Plan

Electrical plan is a graphical presentation of electrical wiring connections to install in a particular

house or building. It indicates the position of electrical fixtures such as convenience outlets,
switches, lightings, door bells, and others to be installed

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 What I Have Learned

Self-check 1.1
Direction: Match the electronic and electrical symbols in Column A with the corresponding descriptions
in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each number.

Column A Column B

_______1. A. Wires not Connected

B. Volt Meter
_______2.

C. Ground
_______3.

D. Fuse
_______4.

E. Cell
_______5.

F. Switch

_______6.
G. Capacitor

_______7.

H. Diode
_______8.

I. Battery
_______9.

_______10. J. Resistor

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Self-check 1.2
Direction: Draw the schematic symbol and physical appearance of the following electronic components
and give the function(s) of each.

No. Name Type / Symbol

1 Circuit Breaker

2 Bell

3 Watt Meter

4 Speaker

5 Antenna

6 Ammeter

7 Fluorescent Lamp

8 Push Button

9 Diode

10 Battery

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 Lesson
PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL
4 HEALTH AND SAFETY

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

LO 1. identify health hazards and occupational risk; and

LO 2. observe occupational and safety practices.

What’s New

Definition of Terms

Ampere - unit of measurement for electric current.

Circuit - the path of electric current.

Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for current flow.

Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to connect from boxes to conduits or raceways to
the other boxes in the electrical system.

Corrugated plastic conduit (CPC) - commonly known as flexible non-metallic conduit or the “mold flex”.

Electronics Laboratory - a place where activities pertaining to electronics projects are done.

Electric shock - effect on animal body on sudden discharge of electricity.

Electrostatic discharge - releasing of the electrical charges produced by the human body to ground.

Gloves - covering of leather, cotton, silk, etc. for the hand usually with separated fingers.

Goggle - spectacles for protecting eyes from glare, dust, and other pollutants.

Hazard - something causing danger

Hot wire - a wire through which current flows.

Insulator - a plastic, rubber, or asbestos material used to cover electric wires.

Kilowatt - a unit of power.

Mask - covering for concealing the face.

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Maintenance - keeping up with an A1 operation.

Metallic Conduits - metal raceways that was classified into four; rigid steel conduit (RSC); intermediate
metallic conduit or tubing (IMC or IMT); electrical metallic conduit or tubing (EMC or EMT); and the
flexible metallic conduit (FMC).

Non-metallic conduits - plastic conduits or raceways designed to be a channel of wire that are classified
as; rigid non-metallic conduit or the PVC, the flexible nonmetallic or CPC, and the surface plastic
molding.

Occupational health - pertaining to wellness of an individual with reference to an activity or job in an

electronics lab.

Personal Protective Equipment - (PPE) equipment used to protect one’s body from hazards and danger
of the electronics trades Risk - exposure to something unpleasant.

Safety practices - set of rules or procedure intended for a safe execution of a certain activity or job in a
laboratory.

Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in ohms.

5S - five actions that start with letter S that helps in the arrangement of things in a laboratory
Systematize. Sort, Sweep, Self-discipline, and sanitize.

Systematize - arrange methodically things in a laboratory.

Standardize - to make things in same features or level in quality or achievement.

Sort - arrange things according to kinds, types, or classification.

Threshold limit value (TLV) - a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a
working lifetime without adverse health effects.

Injury - damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or
force, which may be physical or chemical.

Cuts - break in the skin inflicted by sharp objects.

Burns - damage in the skin caused by exposure to fire or excessive heat.

Fire extinguisher - an equipment of chemicals intended to terminate or extinguish fire.

First Aid Kit – medicine for initial treatment of any wounds inflicted to a person.

Acronyms

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

PEC - Philippine Electrical Code - the governing rules and regulations that ensure safety and fire-
free environment

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 What I Need to Know

Hazards and Risks

What is the difference between 'hazard' and 'risk'?

A hazard is something that can cause harm, e.g., electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a
keyboard, a bully at work, stress.

Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect
once to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss.
A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm.

For example, working alone away from your office can be a hazard. The risk of personal danger may be
high. Electrical repair is a hazard. If someone accidentally turned on the power the worker’s life will be
in a 'high-risk' category.

1. Electrical hazards. Electrical hazards are the type of risks that are more likely fatal than any other
hazards that can happen in a laboratory room. Electrical hazards such as electrical shocks from open
wires, grounded electrical appliances can be found anywhere in a disorganized laboratory area.

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 2. Hazards from improper use of hand tools. Hand tools are classified into cutting tools, driving
tools, boring tools, joining tools, and measuring tools. Cutting tools may inflict injuries when
improperly handled due to its sharp edges that can cut through the skin of the human body.

• Driving tools Driving tools like screw drivers and hammers, when used improperly can
break human flesh or fracture bones which are very painful to an individual.
• Boring tools Drill bits, Center punch, and reamer are boring tools. These tools also do
damage when not properly used.
• Soldering tools Soldering tools such as soldering iron, soldering gun and hot air
soldering causes extreme heat and burn in the skin when improperly used.

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Five Basic Workplace Hazards

There are five major types of hazards which can put both your health and your safety at risk.

1. Chemical hazards
2. Physical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Ergonomic hazards or job-related hazards
5. Psychological hazards or stress

What are examples of a hazard?

Chemical Hazard

If you are working with cleaning products, bleaches, paints, and other chemical agents, you
need to understand what a chemical hazard is as well as how to protect yourself.

Chemical hazards include:

• Liquids such a cleansers, acids, and paints

• Vapors and fumes such as; welding fumes and gases such as carbon monoxide
• Products that can catch fire or explode

Physical Hazards

Physical hazards include:

• Machinery
• Electrical power

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 • Noise
• Power and hand tools
• Working and walking surfaces
• Trip and fall hazards
• Ladders and scaffolds
• Heat and cold
• Ventilation

Biological Hazards

Why be careful around ticks, mouse droppings, bird poop and wild animals? Because you might
get sick from working around certain animals, including people. Biological hazards include
bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans. The risks run from skin irritation and
allergies to infections.

Dangers can come from;

• Unclean restrooms
• Mold and fungus
• Bacteria
• Insect stings
• Animal bites
• Poorly stored medical waste

Ergonomic Hazards

If your job is poorly designed, you can develop long term health problems. These problems can
arise from simple things, like working for long periods in an awkward position or having to make
the same motions over and over again.

Problems can come from:

• Lighting
• Chairs
• Lifting
• Repeated movements
• Computer screens

Psychological Hazards

Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very
much to an extent that his general well-being is affected Stress can lead to long-term health
problems. Headaches, anxiety, and impatience are early signs of stress. Those that are basically
causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that
his general well-being is affected Stress can lead to long-term health problems. Headaches,
anxiety, and impatience are early signs of stress.

Workplace causes of stress include

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 • Heavy workloads
• Lack of control over the pace of work
• Shift work
• Noise
• Working by yourself
• Fear of job-loss
• Conflict with the employer

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

One of the most critical among the hazards that one may encounter is the chemical hazard. Chemical may
produce reactions that may endanger one’s health and life. This is the reason why the American
Conference of Governmental Hygienist (ACGIH) established a threshold limit value (TLV). TLV is the term
used by the American Conference of Governmental Hygienists (ACGIH*) to express the airborne
concentration of a material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day after day, without adverse
health effects

Tools Maintenance and Safety Rules

1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in good working
condition. The evidence is when you are able to use them smoothly and conveniently with ease
and comfort.

2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth before keeping it in a tool box or
cabinet.

3. Oil the metal parts of a tool to prevent any form of damage caused by air, water, or rust.

The following safety rules should be understood and strictly followed to avoid accidents while working

1. Avoid wearing loose clothing when working. Sleeves should be fit and shirts tucked in as much
as possible. Remove ties, watches, rings, and other jewelry from your body.

2. Report immediately injuries or accidents of any type to your teacher.

3. Never put fasteners or any small metal articles in or near the mouth when working.

4. Never throw tools of any type around. Make sure the sharp edge of cutting tools are away
from the edge of the table or work bench.

5. Keep working areas clean and free from disposable materials.

6. Secure the help of your classmates when carrying heavy tools to avoid accidents.

7. Never use dull or damaged tools.

8. Do not use tools with loose handles and ragged. Report cases like these to the teacher and do
necessary repair and adjustments, if possible.

9. Know and observe safety measures specific for each tool or operation.

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Safety Requirements

For your protection, observe the following safety requirements:

• Follow all cautions, warnings, and instructions marked on the equipment.

• Ensure that the voltage and frequency rating of the power outlet matches the electrical rating
labels on the system.
• Use properly grounded power outlets.

Hand Tool Design, Selection, and Setup

1. Weight - Use the lightest weight tool possible to avoid injury. Excessively heavy tools must be
equipped with mechanical support and attached hoses should be supported. Support - Equip tools
with some means of mechanical support so you don't need to hold a heavy tool continuously
while working. If mechanical support cannot be provided, the workstation should be designed so
you can put the tool down or rest it in a holster when it is not in use.

2. Balance - Additional force is required to use an unbalanced tool. The tool's center of gravity
should be close to the body, close to the handles, and in line with the center of the hand holding
the tool.

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 3. Torque Control - High torque requires a lot of force to keep the tool from rotating out of your
hand. Torque settings should be set to the minimum required by job specifications, especially for
in-line and pistol-shaped tools.

4. Grip - Tool handles should allow stable and efficient grip. The handle should be cylindrical or
oval in shape, with a diameter of between 1.25 and 1.75 inches. Tool handles should contact as
much of the hand and fingers as possible. Grips should be made of non-slip compressible and
nonconductive material. Avoid form-fitting handles (handles with finger grooves), since they may
not fit the hand size of every user. Handles should be kept clean and free from slippery grease,
oil, or sweat.

5. Span - On two-handled manual tools, like pliers, the open span should be about 4 inches and
the closed span should only be about 1.5 inches.

6. Spring-loaded handles - A spring-loaded mechanism saves muscular effort and reduces

mechanical stress on the backs and sides of fingers for such tools as scissors, pliers, and other
manual cutting and gripping tools which have to be opened and closed repeatedly during use.

7. Choose the right tool shape - Pistol-shaped tools should be used on a vertical surface or on a
horizontal surface below waist height. Bend the tool, not the wrist.

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 8. Avoid bending over your work.

9. Avoid overhead work if possible. Use a ladder to reduce the need for outstretched arms.

10. Keep the elbows close to the body.

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 11. Tilt the work surface instead of the wrist.

12. Stand with weight evenly distributed on both feet. When standing for long periods of time,
rest one foot on a sturdy object above floor height and switch legs periodically.

13. Sit up straight so the chair offers good back support. Adjust the chair back so it comfortably
supports the natural curve of the lower back. Adjust the seat height to allow thighs to be parallel
to the floor.

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 What I Have Learned
Self-Check 1.1
Direction: Write the safety requirement indicated in each number on a separate sheet of paper

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________

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 4. ______________________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________

Task-sheet 1.1
Instruction: Arrange tools and equipment in a tool cabinet according to the tools’ classification.

Materials, Tools and Equipment:

Assorted basic electronic hand tools and equipment

• Tool cabinet
• Paper
• Marking pen

Procedure:

1. Make a list of electronic hand tools and equipment.

2. Sort electronic hand tools according to their function.

3. Place electronic hand tools in separate areas in the cabinet according to their function.

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 a. Soldering tools

b. Cutting tools

c. Boring tools

d. Bending tools

e. Measuring tools

4. Label the areas according to functions of tools.

5. Locate tools that are defective.

6. Make an inventory of the tools and equipment according to function and label

the status of the tools and equipment.

Self-check 1.2

Direction: Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write true if the statement is true. If it is not true, write the word or
words that make the statement false.

_______________1. As a general rule, all passages must be free of any obstruction that will
hamper the movement of persons in the area.

_______________2. Treat every wire in the electrical system as live wire and act accordingly.
Always attempt to work in any “live” electronic or electrical circuits.

_______________3. Never use tools or equipment you are not familiar with or you do not know
how to operate. Always ask assistance from your teacher to avoid accidents.

_______________4. The shop is a place of work so one can engage in a play while at work.

_______________5. Keep the work area always clean and orderly.

Lesson
MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
5
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

LO 1. maintain hand tools and equipment; and

LO 2. perform basic preventive maintenance of electronic tools and equipment.

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 What’s New

Definition of Terms

Soldering iron - used in joining two or more electronic components’ terminals and connecting wires on
printed circuit board (PCB). The ideal power rating used for this purpose is 30 watts.

Soldering gun- has a larger power rating, usually 100-140 watts. It is used for soldering work requiring
higher temperature like direct chassis soldering. This device is also convenient for intermittent operation,
since it heats almost instantaneously when you press the trigger.

Desoldering tool- used to remove soldering lead when a component is to be removed from the PCB where
it is soldered. The soldered joint is heated by a soldering iron or a soldering gun, and then the soldering
tool pulls the molten solder out of the connection.

Soldering iron stand- used to support a heated soldering iron when not in used.

Paint brush- used in cleaning components mounted on printed circuit boards. It is also used in removing
dust inside and outside of electronic apparatus.

Mini-drill - a tool used for drilling small holes through printed circuit boards (PCB), wood or plastic. It
consists of a chuck which is adjustable to handle drill bits from 1/32” to 1/16” diameter. This device is
supplied with 12V dc voltage from a battery or from an adapter with 12V dc output.

Screwdriver - instruments designed to drive in and take out screws. The two most common types used in
the shop are the standard screwdrivers with a flat blade, and the Philip Screwdriver with the crossed tip
to fit the recesses of a Philips-head screw. Both of these types are manufactured in various sizes and styles
such as the standard, stubby, and offset. An important rule to remember in the use of screwdrivers is to
use the right size for the right screw. Too big a size damages the slot of the screw and may even cause the
screw to break. Too small a size will dent the screwdriver and also damage the slot of Philips screws.

Pliers - designed for gripping the holding small parts in electronic servicing, assembly and troubleshooting.

Side-cutting pliers - these are used mainly for gripping, bending, cutting small electronic components’
terminal or wire. When this plier is provided with insulated handles, it is also called electrician’s pliers.

Long-nosed pliers - these are manufactured either straight or bent. They are used for holding very small
parts and for positioning in hard-to-get-at place. This is sometimes called needle-nosed pliers. The bent
kind is also known as crooked-nosed pliers

Diagonal-cutting pliers- or simply diagonals are useful in cutting excess terminals of components after
soldering them in the printed circuit board.

Nipper-type diagonal cutter- used for precise cutting of components’ terminal. This type of pliers is used
where accuracy is a factor in cutting the excess leads of components soldered in the printed circuit board.

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Maintaining Tools

To avoid accidents in the work place due to incorrect use of hand tools, it is a must that you understand
the proper use of these tools. Study and practice proper use and maintenance of tools to prolong their
life span and of course to avoid accidents due to improper or misuse of such tools.

Proper Use, Maintenance and Storage Tools

The use of safety hand tools should be a key component of most school safety programs. An
understanding of the hand tool’s intended use and environment, combined with proper tool selection,
maintenance and storage, will greatly reduce the risk of harmful accidents.

The following are guidelines maintaining and storing tools.

Keep hand tools clean and free from ferrous or other contaminants.

Do not use hand tools in direct contact with acetylene, due to the possible formation of explosive
acetyl ides, especially in the presence of moisture.

During normal use, all pliers and screwdrivers will progressively develop some damage to the
striking faces of screwdrivers or the cutting edge and striking end of pliers.

As part of the normal operating and safety procedures, these tools should be returned to the workshop,
as with steel tools, to have the faces. This is essential to prevent eye damage resulting from chips
detaching from the item during use.

Do not used hand tools fitted with wooden handles in places where the handles may dry out and
shrink. This will increase the risk of the handle breaking or the head becoming loose.

Tools are designed for specific use. As with any tool. In addition to the probability that the tool
will be damaged, this is a dangerous practice for the safety of the operator.

The accepted standards of safety and maintenance for common steel hand tools must also be
adopted with non-sparking hand tools, in addition to any specific recommendations resulting
from the alloys used.

When sharpening hand tools, follow normal safety procedures, such as the provision of eye and
face protection, adequate extraction and dust collecting facilities.

Specifically, some tools require special care and maintenance due to their features and frequent use in
any electronics or electrical job. Additional care and maintenance must be observed when using the
following tools;

Soldering iron

Always clean the tip before and after using.

Do not wash the tip just to speed up its cooling process after using it. It might damage the heating
element and corrode the tip.

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Soldering gun

Be sure to tighten the two nuts holding the tip before using it to have maximum heat transfer to
its tip.

Never use a soldering gun in mass production assembly. It might be overheated and will consume
more power compared to a soldering iron.

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Desoldering tool

Keep it in good condition by cleaning its inside and apply a small amount of oil regularly.

Electric drills

These are tools that are used to bore holes in metals, wood, plastic or PCB in the process of
electronic projects assembly. The most common of these are the mini drill powered from 12V DC
voltage and the standard electric drill that can be connected directly to the 220 V AC power line.

For more efficient and quality output with zero accident, the following Safety Pointers in Electronics Shop
work are additional reminders for you to follow: As a reminder, a good technician should always
remember that “prevention is better than cure” to avoid accidents that might cause damage to tools,
instruments, or even inflict injuries to himself while performing electronic jobs.

Accidents can be prevented by following the reminders listed below:

• Be sure you are physically and mentally fit when working with electrical or electronic circuits.
• Use only standard tools and instruments in performing any electronic job.
• Always use the right tool for the right job.

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 • Do not attempt to use tools or instruments you are not familiar with. Ask the assistance of
your teacher or a person in authority in operating such unfamiliar electronic gadget.
• Keep all tools and instruments in a safe place like tool box or tool cabinet to avoid accident
and easy access when these tools are needed for use.
• If accidents happened, report immediately to your teacher.
• Keep all tools and instruments in good condition by following the steps of proper care and
maintenance of electronic tools and instruments.
• Your working area must be kept clean, in order, and free from any object that might hamper
your work.
• Keep flammable substance and materials away from your working area by keeping them in a
safe place intended for them.
• If possible, work with only one hand while working in a “live” circuit.
• Keep yourself insulated from earth ground when working on power line circuit, since one side
of the line is connected to the earth.
• When your work is done, clean your working table and return all tools and instruments in
their proper places.
• Clean tools and equipment work more efficiently. At the end of each working day clean the
tools and equipment you used and check them for any damage. If you note damage, tag the
tool as faulty and organize a repair or replacement.
• Electrical current can travel over oily or greasy surfaces. Keep electrical power hand tools free
from dust and dirt and make sure they are free of oil and grease. o All workshop hand tools
and equipment should have maintenance schedule. Always complete the tasks described on
the schedule at the required time. This will help to keep the hand tools in safe working order.

5S - Sort, Systematize, Sweep, Sanitize, and Self-Discipline

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 Functional tools and equipment - those that are in good condition and can perform its regular
functions.

Lubricant - a substance introduced to lessen friction between moving surfaces; also functions to
transport external particle.

Lubrication additives- many of the physical properties of various oils and greases.

Non-functional tools and equipment - those that are not able to perform its regular function
because of impaired and damage part.

Nonpolar solvents - solvents which do not dissolve/are insoluble in water Pneumatic tool -
instrument activated by air pressure.

Polar solvents - solvents which dissolve/are soluble in water.

Solvent - a component of a solution that dissolves solute and is usually present in large proportion
or amount.

Sorting - to sort everything in a work area.

Check conditions of tools and equipment

Classification of Tools and Equipment

A tool is a device that can be used to produce an item or accomplish a task, but that is not consumed in
the process. It can be considered as extension of the human hand thus increasing speed, power, and
accuracy and on the other hand equipment includes any machine powered by electricity.

1. Hand tools are tools manipulated by hands without using electrical energy such as: puller,
hacksaw, pull-push rule, pliers, hammer, and others.

2. Machine/Power tools are tools manipulated by our hands and with the use of electrical energy
such as: electric drill, grinding wheels, vacuum cleaner and others.

3. Pneumatic tools are tools or instruments activated by air pressure. Pneumatic tools are
designed around three basic devices: the air cylinder, the vane motor, and the sprayer

A. Hand tools

They include screwdrivers, hammers, pliers, wrenches and pullers. 1. Screwdrivers are used to drive, or
turn screws. The common type has a single flat blade for driving screws with slotted heads. The other type
has the cross slotted head.

1. Hammers are mostly used tools in the shop. They should be gripped at the end of the handle.

2. Pliers are specified types of adjustable wrenches. The two legs move on a pivot so that items
of various sizes can be gripped.

3. Wrenches are used to turn screws, nuts and bolts with hexagonal heads. ―Hexagonal‖ means
six-sided. A variety of wrenches are used in the shop.

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 4. Pullers are used to remove gears and hubs from shafts, bushings from blind holes, and
cylinders’ liners from the engine blocks.

B. Machine/Power Tools

1. Electric drill has an electric motor that drives a chuck. The chuck has jaws that can be opened and then
closed to grip a drill kit.

2. Grinding tool can be either bench-mounted or installed on a pedestal. They may either have a grinding
wheel, view wheel, or two grinding wheels.

3. Vacuum cleaner is used for cleaning the floor and car interiors after service.

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C. Pneumatic tools

1. Pneumatic Torque Wrench. This wrench uses compressed air to quickly and powerfully turn nuts, bolts,
and other objects.

2. Air chisel uses reciprocating motion to drive a cutting hammering tool. An air hammer drives a chisel
to cut off a nut that has frozen to a stud. It can be used with a variety of tools-cutters and punches to do
many jobs.

3. Air drill is lighter than a comparable electric drill. Repeatedly stalling or overloading does not damage
or overheat the air drill.

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4. Air racket uses the sockets and attachments from a standard socket set.

5. Pneumatic floor jack uses compressed air to flow into the jack cylinder and causes the ram to extend
and raise the vehicle.

A. Basic Maintenance of Electrical Tools and Equipment

To ensure that your electric tools work when you need them, you must take proper care of them. A good
routine of maintenance for your tools is one thing that you can do to make sure that the tool you need is
working when you need it.

1. Clean out the Dust. To make sure that your electric tools are ready to go when you are, keep
them clean and free of dust. Spend some time to clean out the dust every once in a while, on your
tools while they are inactive in storage.

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 2. Check the Cords. Look for tear/cut insulator on the power cords on your electric tools. This will
ensure that your electric tool can get the power that it needs to function without an accident.

3. Use the right tool correctly. Use tools correctly and for their intended purposes. Follow the
safety directions and operating procedures recommended by the manufacturer. When working
on a circuit, use approved tools with insulated handles.

4. Protect your Tools. Keep tools and cords away from heat, oil, and sharp objects. These hazards
can damage insulation. If a tool or cord heats up, stop using it. Report the condition to a supervisor
or instructor immediately.

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 5. Use double-insulated tools - Portable electrical tools are classified by the number of insulation
barriers between the electrical conductors in the tool and the worker.

6. Storing Your Tools- Keep your electric tools stored in their original cases and containers. This
will keep them free of dust and dirt while they are not being used.

B. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are gadgets to protect workers from injury or illness caused by
having contact with the dangers/hazards in the workplace whether they are chemical, biological,
radiation, physical, electrical, mechanical and others.

These are the common Personal Protective Equipment gadgets:

• Hard Hats/ Helmets

• Gloves
• Goggle
• Mask
• Work boots Pants

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 Pictures of electricians working using Personal Protective Equipment

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 Pictures of Linemen’s working using Personal protective Equipment

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C. Classification of non-functional and functional tools

Tools are very useful to us in our homes especially to our job. But tools that are no longer functional
may cause harm.

Make an inventory of functional and non-functional tools in your shop.

Classify your tools according to is function.

• Method of identifying non-functional tools and equipment

1. Visual inspection. It refers to the visual observation of an expert on the appearance of the
tools and equipment.

2. Functionality. Vibration or extra noise from the operation means problems on parts and
accessories started to develop.

3. Performance. When there is something wrong with the performance of either hand tools or
equipment, they need an immediate repair or maintenance.

4. Power supply (for electrically operated only). Failure to meet the required power supply,
malfunction will occur in the part of hand tools or equipment.

5. Person’s involved. It refers to the technical person who has the knowledge and skills about
the technology.

• Classifications of tools and equipment according to their uses:

1. Measuring tools

2. Holding tools

3. Cutting tools

4. Driving tools

5. Boring tools

6. Electrical equipment

7. Miscellaneous tools/instrument/equipment

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Non-functional tools and equipment are those that are not able to perform its regular function because
of impaired and damage part. Examples of these are the following:

• Hammer with a broken handle

• Screw driver with a broken handle
• Long Nose Pliers with damage jaw
• A broken/cut foot rule
• Electrical equipment with damage cord

Functional tools and equipment are those that are in good condition and can perform its regular
functions. Examples of these are the following:

• Standard screw driver

• Philips Screw Driver
• Combination pliers
• Long Nose Pliers
• Wire Stripper
• Portable Electric Drill

What I Have Learned

Self-check 1.1
Direction: Choose the correct answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

______ 1. When sharpening hand tools, follow normal _____ procedure.

A. friendly B. safety C. common D. sanitary

______ 2. As part of the normal operating and safety procedure, these tools should be returned to the
__________ after used.

A. classroom B. store C. laboratory D. tool box

______ 3. If you used a damaged hand tool, what will you do?

A. Tag a tool. B. Put in a trash can. C. Don’t use it. D. Sell it.

______ 4. If it cannot be avoided working with “live wires” you may do the job provided you have to
work with:

A. both hands B. one hand C. goggles D. wet hands

______ 5. This is safety reminder “prevention is better than ________”.

A. accident B. electric shock C. cure D. nothing

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Task-sheet 1.1
Directions: Conduct a maintenance activity on the given hand tools with the following guide questions:

1. What will you do if a hand tool is damaged due to misuse?

2. You are working in an untidy work station, what will you do?

3. If the hand tools are oily or greasy, what is the proper thing to do?

Answer the above questions by filling in the matrix below. Do this on a separate answer sheet.

Action taken to the

Hand tools Condition of the hand tools
Hand tools

long nose pliers rusty

Flat screw driver rounded tip

soldering iron distorted tip

diagonal cutter dull cutting edges

paint brush oily brush

Self-check 2.1
Direction: Choose the correct answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What tool is used to remove solder from the PCB?

A. Hot air B. Soldering pencil C. Soldering gun D. Desoldering tool

2. Keep hand tools clean and free from________________.

A. dust B. machine oil C. contaminants D. moisture

3. Which soldering tool is used for high temperature soldering?

A. Soldering pencil B. Soldering gun C. Soldering iron D. Hot air

4. What equipment need to be tested once a week?

A. DMM B. Oscilloscope C. Frequency meter D. VOM

5. The correct use of hand tools is always the key to ___________________.

A. project construction C. lab safety program

B. components soldering D. environmental compliance

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