SRI VIGNESH VIDYALAYA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL,KOOTHUR
AISSCE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION(2021-2022)
EXPERIMENTS TITLE
1. POLLEN GERMINATION
2. ISOLATION OF DNA FROM PLANT TISSUE
3. POPULATION DENSITY BY QUADRAT METHOD
4. POPULATION FREQUENCY BY QUADRAT METHOD
5. MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIP
SPOTTING
1. TO STUDY THE FLOWERS ADAPTED TO POLLINATION BY DIFFERENT
AGENCIES(WIND,INSECTS,BIRD)
2. POLLEN GERMINATION ON STIGMA
3. STAGES OF GAMETE DEVELOPMENT
a) T.S OF TESTIS
b ) L.S OF OVARY
4. MEIOSIS IN ONION BUD CELL
5. T.S.OF MAMMALIAN BLASTULA
6. MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
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7. PEDIGREE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC TRAITS LIKE BLOOD GROUP AND COLOUR BLINDNESS.
8. PLANT BREEDING METHOD
9. DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS
a) ASCARIS
b) ENTAMOEBA
c) PLASMODIUM
10. SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION IN ROOT NODULES OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS,
CUSCUTA ON HOST,LICHENS
11. FLASH CARD MODEL:HOMOLOGOUS AND ANALOGOUS ORGANS
EX.NO:1. POLLEN GERMINATION
AIM:
To study pollen germination on a slide.
REQUIREMENTS:
Sucrose 5 gm, boric acid 5 gm, calcium nitrate 15 mg, potassium nitrate 5mg, magnesium
sulphate 10 mg, distilled water 50ml, flower with pollen grains, slide, cover slip and microscope.
PROCEDURE:
Prepare nutrient medium by mixing the above chemicals in 50 ml of distilled water.
Take a drop of nutrient medium on the slide , dust few pollen grains on it and leave it
undisturbed for 20 minutes.
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Observe the slide under low power of the compound microscope.
OBSERVATION AND CONCLUSION:
The pollen grains germinate. A thin pollen tube emerges out of the pollen grains. This
proved that pollen grains germinate on the nutrient medium.
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PRECAUTION:
Dust a few pollen grains on the slide to avoid overlapping.
There should not be any air bubble under the cover slip.
Soak extra solution with filter paper.
EX.NO:2 ISOLATION OF DNA:
AIM
To isolate DNA from available plant sample like tomato.
REQUIREMENTS:
½ cup /50gm of tomato,200ml of cold water,1/4 tablespoon of salt, 2 tablespoon of dish
washing soap (or)detergent powder, chilled ethanol(70-90%of ethyl alcohol),mortar and
pestle,timer,funnel,filter paper, long tooth pick.
PROCEDURE:
Take ½ cup of small pieces of tomato, 1/4 tablespoon of salt &200ml of cold water.
Grind well with the help of mortar and pestle.
Mix it well for 20 sec.
Pour this mixture through a funnel into a test tube .
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Now add 2 table spoons of detergent powder and gently to mix it well.
Let leave the mixture undisturbed for 10 minutes.
Add chilled ethanol into the mixture very carefully and accurately .now wait for 3 minutes.
Alcohol forms a layer on the top of the mixture. This liquid mixture shows some clumps of
white stringy stuff where the water and alcohol layers meet. Use a toothpick to draw the DNA
from the alcohol. So it can be easily removed from the liquid.
Clumps of DNA
OBSERVATION:
Shiny white layer of DNA is seen at junction of two layers on adding ice chilled ethanol.
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RESULT:
This DNA represents all the DNA found in plant cells. The chromosomes where broken in the
process and DNA precipitated due to chemical treatment.
PRECAUTIONS:
Make sure that the food source of DNA is fresh.
Take the water twice the amount of food source.
The blended mixture should not be too water ,there would not be enough DNA to see.
Give enough time for each step to complete.
EX.NO:3 PLANT POPULATION DENSITY
AIM:
To determine the population density of plants by quadrat method.
REQUIREMENTS:
Thread,nails,hammer,metre scale,paper,pencil
PROCEDURE:
In the selected site of study, hammer the nails firmly without damaging the vegetation.
Fix four nails to make a square.
Tie each end of the nails using a thread, to make a 1 m X 1 m quadrat.
Similarly make nine more quadrats randomly in the site of study.
Count the number of individuals of a species “A” present in the first quadrat.
Record the data in the table.
Repeat the same procedure for species B,C and record the data in the table.
We can calculate the density of plant population by this equation:
Density =Total number of individuals of the species in all the sampling unit (S)
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Total number of sampling units studied (Q)
OBSERVATION:
Total Number of
Number of individuals in Each Total Number of Density
Plant Species Quadrats Studied
quadrats Individuals (S) D=(S/Q)
(Q)
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
A-Amaranthus
2 0 5 7 10 0 0 0 0 3 27 10 2.7
hybridus
B-Tridax
1 0 4 0 8 0 3 0 0 2 20 10 2.0
procumbans
C-Passiflora
4 0 0 3 0 6 0 0 1 2 19 10 1.9
incarnata
The density value thus obtained is then expressed as number of individuals per unit area.
CONCLUSION:
The population density is the highest for species A and the lowest for species C. The density
value is expressed as the number of individuals per unit area.
PRECAUSTION:
Count the individuals of one plant species at a time.
Field chosen should have uniform distribution of species.
Plant lying under the string should be considered in quadrat,if more than half of it lies towards
inside.
EX.NO:4 PLANT POPULATION FREQUENCY
AIM:
Our aim is to study plant population frequency by quadrat method.
REQUIREMENTS:
Thread,nails,hammer,metre scale,paper,pencil
PROCEDURE:
In the selected site of study, hammer the nails firmly in the soil without damaging the
vegetation.
Fix four nails to make a square.
Tie each end of the nails using a thread, to make a 1 m X 1 m quadrat.
Similarly, make nine more quadrats randomly in the site of study.
Select the plant species for study of the population frequency.
Observe the presence of species “A” in the first quadrat and mark it in the table.
Similarly, check for the presence of species “A” in other quadrats respectively and record the
data in the table.
Observe the presence of species “B” in all quadrats and mark it in the table.
Repeat the same procedure for species C and record the data in the table.
We can calculate the frequency of plant populations by this equation:
Percentage Frequency=(Number of sampling units in which the species occurs)/(Total number
of sampling units employed for the study)*100
OBSERVATION:
Number of quadrats in which Percentage Frequency
Plant Species Quadrats employed in the study
the species is present (N) F=N/Q*100
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
A--Amaranthus
P P P P P 5 50%
hybridus
B-Passiflora
P 1 10%
incarnate
C-Tridax
P P P P 4 40%
procumbans
Frequency value indicates the number of times a plant species is present within a given number of
sample quadrats.
CONCLUSION:
The plant population frequency is the highest in species C and the least in species A. It shows
how many times a plant species is present in the provided number of sample quadrats.
PRECAUSTION:
Measure the quadrat accurately.
Quadtrats should be studied from one area only,with uniform distribution of plants.
EX.NO:5. MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIPS
AIM:
To prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
REQUIREMENTS:
Onion root tips,slide,coverslip,fliterpaper,forceps,acetocarmine stain,dissecting
needles,water,formalin,alcohol,1NHCL,glacial acetic acid.
PROCEDURE:
Take an onion and place it on the tile.
Carefully remove the dry roots present using a sharp blade.
Grow root tips by placing the bulbs in a beaker filled with water.
New roots may take 3–6 days to grow.
Cut off 2–3 cm of freshly grown roots and let them drop into a watch glass.
Using a forceps, transfer them to the vial containing freshly prepared fixative of aceto-
alcohol (1:3: glacial acetic acid:ethanol)
Using a forceps, take one root and place it on a clean glass slide.
Using a dropper, place one drop of N/10 HCl on the root tip followed by 2–3 drops of
acetocarmine stain.
Warm it slightly on burner. Care should be taken that the stain is not dried up.
Carefully blot the excess stain using filter paper.
Using a blade, cut the comparatively more stained tip portion of the root, retain it on the
slide and discard the remaining portion.
After that, put one drop of water on the root tip.
Mount a cover slip on it using a needle.
Now, slowly tap the cover slip using the blunt end of a needle so that the meristematic tissue of
the root tip below the cover slip is properly squashed and spread as a thin layer of cells.
This preparation of onion root tip cells is now ready for the study of mitosis.
Place the slide under the compound microscope and observe the different stages of mitosis.
Various stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
OBSERVATION:
PRECAUTIONS:
Base of onion should be in contact with water during the growth of roots.
Material should be warmed gently.
Do not allow the solution to boil.
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SPOTTING
1. To study flower adapted to pollination by different agencies(wind,insect,bird)
1.a).POLLINATION BY WIND
IDENTIFICATION:
The given flower is identified as rice flower adapted for wind pollination.(Oryza sativa-
Anemophily)
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Flowers are numerous ,small,inconspicuous ,without smell or nector which support pollination
by wind.
Androecium consists of 6 stamens arranged in two whorls of 3 each.
The pollen grains are light and large in number.
Gynoecium possesses monocarpellary ovary with two styles and hairy stigma.
1.b)POLLINATION BY INSECT
IDENTIFICATION:
The given flower is identified as Salvia flower adapted for insect pollination(Entamophily).
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
The flowers in salvia are arranged in thysrus inflorescence.
They are attractive and well adapted for cross pollination through the agents of insects.
Gamopetalous corolla which is two lipped(bilabiate)
Lower lip provides platform for insect.
1.c)POLLINATION BY BIRDS
IDENTIFICATION:
The given flower is identified as Agave flower adapted for bird pollination(Chiropterophily).
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Agaves are chiropterophilous; they're bat-pollinated.
These plants and their pollinators have shaped each other through coevolution.
Flowers are large with tubular /funnel shaped corolla.
Flowers produce nectar as a reward for pollination, the process of transferring pollen from
flower to flower.
2. POLLEN GERMINATION ON STIGMA:
IDENTIFICATION:
The given slide is identified as pollen germination on stigma in hibiscus flower.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
A number of pollen grains are seen on the stigma.
A few pollens are not –viable so they are not germinating.
Some of the pollen grains are seen with a small tube like structure called pollen tube.
Some germinating pollen grains have long pollen tube carrying the nucleus followed by male
gametes.
A long pollen tube is entering the ovule through the micropyle,across the nucellus and reaches
the egg.
3. STAGES OF GAMETE DEVELOPMENT
3.a) T.S of Testis
IDENTIFICATION:
The given slide shows transverse section of mammalian testis.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
The testes consist of a many seminiferous tubules embedded in the interstitial tissues.
A large number of sperms have their head embedded in the Sertoli cells.
The interstitial tissue has Leydig cells which produce testosterone
3.b)L.S OF OVARY
IDENTIFICATION:
The given slide shows transverse section of mammalian ovary.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
A mammalian ovary is a solid structure bounded germinal epithelium followed by a thick
layer of fibrous tissue called tunica albuginea.
The ovary consists of the outer cortex and inner medulla. The medulla consists many rounded
or oval bodies called ovarian follicles at various stages of development.
Each graffian follicle has a large ovum surrounded by many layers of follicle cells.
Cortex may also contain a large mass of yellow cells called corpus luteum formed after
ovulation and its secretes progesterone.
4. Stages of meiosis in onion flower buds.
IDENTIFICATION:
The given slide shows various stages of meiosis.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Meiosis I
Prophase I
The nuclear envelope disintegrates.Chromosomes begin to condense.Spindle fibres appear.
Prometaphase II
Spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere.
Metaphase I
The homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate ensuring genetic diversity among
offspring.
Anaphase I
The homologous chromosomes are pulled towards the opposite poles.
Telophase I
Spindle fibres disappear.Nuclear envelope is reformed.
Cytokinesis I
The cytoplasm and the cell division resulting in 2 non-identical diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis II
Prophase II
The chromatin condenses into chromosomes.Nuclear envelope disintegrates.Centrosomes migrate to
either poles.Spindle fibres are reformed.
Metaphase II
The chromosomes align along the equatorial plate. On the contrary, the chromosomes in metaphase
I were in homologous pairs.
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite poles.
Telophase II
Nuclear envelope redevelops and the spindle fibres disappear.
Cytokinesis II
The cytoplasm and cell divides producing 4 non-identical haploid daughter cells.
5.T.S of Blastula
IDENTIFICATION:
The given slide shows transverse section of blastula.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Blastula appears as a sphere with a cavity known as blastocoel.
An outer layer of blastomeres known as trophoblasts is observed.
One end of the blastula shows a cellular mass adhered to the trophoblast.
Mass of cells inner to the trophoblast is called inner cell mass which develops into embryo.
5. MENDELIAN INHERITANCE:
IDENTIFICATION:
The seeds from pods of pea plants show different colour and size which indicate Mendelian
inheritance.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Seed sample ratio-Rice grains-27;Wheat grains-9;Beans-8;Gram-3
Seed sample ratio=27:9:8:3
It is equalent to 9:3:3:1
Hence it is a case of Dihybrid Mendelian Cross.
6. PEDIGREE CHART
IDENTIFICATION:
The given pedigree chart is identified as colour blindness.
Problem:A family consists of two parents and five children and the pedigree chart shown below
shows the inheritance of the trait colour blindness in them.
How many daughters and sons have been born in that family?
Solution:two sons and three daughters.
7. PLANT BREEDING METHOD
IDENTIFICATION:
The given flower is identified as emasculated or a flower which has been bagged and tagged
after emasculation
DIAGRAM:
(refer notes)
COMMENTS:
Removal of stamens or anthers or killing the pollen of a flower without the female reproductive
organ is known as emasculation. In bisexual flowers, emasculation is essential to prevent of self-
pollination. In monoecious plants, male flowers are removed.
After the emasculation process, the emasculated flowers are covered with a bag, usually a butter
paper. This process is bagging. This is done to inhibit contamination of its stigma with
undesired pollen. This helps to keep flowers away from pollinating insects and stray pollen.
9.DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISM:
9.a)IDENTIFICATION:
The given specimen shows the disease causing organism Ascaris lumbricoides.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Endoparasite of small intestineof human beinga and it also infects pigs and cattle.
Elongated,cylindrical body with tapering ends.
Male worms have common genetital and anal pore called cloacal aperture whereas female
worm has separate anal and genetal pores.
9.b)IDENTIFICATION:
The given slide is identified as Entamoeba histolytica which causes amoebic dysentery.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Monogenetic,protozoan entoparasite of man.
Eats RBC’s and ruptures cells of host intestine through holozoic nutrition.
reproduces asexually and forms cysts during unfavourable conditions.
Cyst ruptures to release active parasites in the host intestine.
9.c) IDENTIFICATION:
The given slide is identified as plasmodium vivax which causes malaria.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Life cycle of plasmodium requires two hosts-man and female anaphelous mosquito;to completes
its life cycle.
Mature form of plasmodium is called sporozoite which lives in salivary glands of female
anaphelous mosquito and it is the infective stage.
Sporozoites are spindle shaped and uni nucleate.
10.SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION IN ROOT NODULES:
10.a) LEGUMINOUS PLANTS:
IDENTIFICATION:
The given plant specimen is identified as symbiotic association in root nodules of leguminous
plant.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between the fungus and vascular host plants.
They help in promoting plant growth. The growth hormones increase the resistivity of plants
against plant pathogens.
It increases the surface area of root for the better absorption of nutrients from the soil.
Mycorrhizal fungi allow plants to draw more nutrients and water from the soil.
10.b)IDENTIFICATION:
The given plant is identified as cuscuta a parasitic plant.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
Cuscuta spp. has a wide host range, including many cultivated crops such as tomato, tobacco,
clover, and dicotyledonous weeds as well as trees and shrubs, but only a few grasses or
monocotyledonous weeds
Cuscuta is a parasitic plant. It has no chlorophyll and cannot make its own food by
photosynthesis. Instead, it grows on other plants, using their nutrients for its growth and
weakening the host plant.
The haustorium penetrates the tissues of a host and absorbs nutrients and water.
10.c)IDENTIFICATION:
The given specimen is identified as lichens
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
A lichen is the colored patch growing on a tree branch
Lichens are organisms that have a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. Their
association is known as mutualism.
The fungus with its root gets the water and minerals and algae using its photosynthetic ability to
produce food.
Lichens can withstand extremes of climate and, thus, are found everywhere ranging from hot
deserts to chilly mountains. They can colonize rocks, but are also found growing on fertile soils.
The tree trunks on hills are the most common sites of lichen growth.
11.FLASH CARDSMODELS
11.a)HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS
IDENTIFICATION:
The given flash card model is identified as homologous organs.
DIAGRAM:
COMMENTS:
An organ is known as a homologous organ if they have the same ancestor but the function
differs
Examples of homologous organs are as follows: Mouth parts of cockroach, honey bee, butterfly.
Forelimb of man, whale, bat, cheetah.
11.b)ANALOGOUS ORGAN
IDENTIFICATION:
The given flash card is identified as analogous organ
DIAGRAM:
COMMENT:
Analogous organs are those organs that do not have the same origin but their function is the
same. The origin of homologous organs is the same but their functions are different.
Example of analogous organ is the wings of the insect and the wings of the bird. The structure
of wings of the bird has bones covered by flesh, skin, and feathers.
Analogous organs are Developed as a result of the adaptation to a similar environment.
