Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2023. V. 26, No 1. P. 097-104.

Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices

Investigation of energy efficiency index for indoor LED lighting units

A.E.H. Gaballah, Alaaeldin Abdelmageed, E.M. El-Moghazy

Photometry and Radiometry Division, National Institute of Standards (NIS), Tersa Str., Al-Haram, 12211 Giza, Egypt
Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The energy efficiency index (EEI) is an important factor used as an indicator
either for building energy consumption or electronic device performance; it allows one to
select effective devices that save energy. This work studies the performance of different
types of LED lamps used in indoor lighting, the lamps currently available in the Egyptian
market have been tested according to their photometric and electric parameters, namely:
luminous flux, power factor, and EEI. Three different brands E, T, and V have been chosen
with the nominal powers 9, 12, and 15 W. The results showed that both 9- and 15-Watt
lamps have the same EEI values as 0.14, 0.13, and 0.12 for T, V, and E lamps, respectively,
whereas 12-Watt lamps have EEI values of 0.16, 0.13, and 0.13 for T, V, and E lamps,
respectively. The experimental testing of these lamps revealed that all the lamps have the
same EEI class (A+) regardless of the nominal power. The results also revealed a
relationship between the power factor and EEI: as the power factor increases, EEI
increases, too. The expanded uncertainty in luminous flux has been calculated.

Keywords: LED lamps, energy efficiency index (EEI), energy consumption, luminous
flux.

https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo26.01.097
PACS 42.72.-g, 85.60.Jb

Manuscript received 20.01.23; revised version received 03.03.23; accepted for publication
08.03.23; published online 24.03.23.

1. Introduction after the first general illumination products came to

market [23, 24]. The study introduces EEI for some LED
Energy consumption is receiving great attention due to lamps used for indoor lighting to confirm which lamps
global energy problems, carbon dioxide emissions, and are the best efficient. Three sets of commercial LED
climate change, as it plays a significant role for both bulbs with nominal power of 9, 12, and 15 W obtained
energy providers and consumers [1–3]. The governments from three different brands labelled E, T, and V were
and concerned individuals are working together to make explored in this work. For each lamp, the total luminous
the use of renewable resources a priority and reduce the flux, current, and power factor were recorded over an
irresponsible use of natural supplies by increasing aging time of 1000 hr to assess the EEI values. The
conservation [4–8]. Saving energy can be improved in experimental testing of these lamps showed that all the
several attitudes such as using LED lamps instead of lamps have the same EEI class (A+), regardless of the
traditional light sources, namely, incandescent and high- nominal power.
pressure sodium (HPS) lamps [9–11], depending on
daylight illumination as in the case of green buildings 2. Theoretical approach
[12–14], in addition to that, using good thermal The energy efficiency index (EEI) is calculated using a
insulation materials plays a key role in improving the comparison of its power corrected for any control gear
energy efficiency of buildings [15–18]. One of the early- losses with its reference power. The reference power is
developed energy indices that reflect the performance of defined as the useful luminous flux (Φuse) for non-
energy consumption is known as energy efficiency index directional lamps, and the flux at 90° or 120° for
(EEI) [19–21]. The concept of this index is commonly directional lamps. EEI is calculated in the following
spread, since it is valuable to have a universal index for manner [25]:
energy efficiency activities in buildings [22]. It is most
widely used in measuring the performance of electronic EEI = Pcor / Pref . (1)
devices, since it has a considerable effect on managing where Pcor is the rated power (Prated) for the tested lamps
the usage of energy, as well as reducing costs. The without external control gear, the rated power (Prated) is
energy efficiency of LEDs has increased significantly corrected for models with external control gear.

© 2023, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

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 SPQEO, 2023. V. 26, No 1. P. 097-104.

Conversely, Pref is the reference power that is obtained V()

1.0 1.0
from the useful luminous flux (Φuse) and calculated SPD
according to the following formula [25–27]:

Luminous efficiency function

For the models with Φuse < 1300 lm: 0.8 0.8

Normalized SPD
Pref  0.88  use  0.049  use . (2) 0.6 0.6

For the models with Φuse  1300 lm:

0.4 0.4
Pref  0.0734 use . (3)
0.2 0.2

3. Research methods
0.0 0.0
The total luminous flux of a given source can be 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
expressed as: Wavelength (nm)
780
 e, V   d ,
Fig. 2. The spectral responsivity V(λ) of the NIS photometer
v  K m 
380
(4) and spectral power distribution (SPD) of the studied LED
lamps.
where  e,  is radiant power in watts and  v is the total
flux in lm. The function V(λ) is the photopic luminosity with the diameter of 2.5 m. The sphere is equipped with
which represents the sensitivity of the human eye to light. LMT standard photometer with an opal glass diffuser that
The constant Km is a scaling factor called the maximum
serves as the V(λ) corrected filter, and the photometer
spectral luminous efficiency for photopic vision and is
head is connected to the display unit of the model
equal to 683 lm/W [28–31]. The total luminous flux of
(U1000) for reading the flux. In addition, the sphere is
these lamps was measured using an integrating sphere
equipped with a baffle screen to prevent first reflections
from entering the field of view of the photodetector. A
schematic diagram of the integrating sphere is shown in
Fig. 1a. The sphere wall is coated with barium sulfate
(BaSO4) that has a diffuse reflectance of 0.97, a typical
spectral reflectance of BaSO4 is shown in Fig. 1b as that
measured on Shimadzu spectrophotometer (model
3101PC).
The lamps operated at the nominal voltage
(220 ± 2) V being supplied using an AC power source
(model Aglint 6813B). The lamps were normally allowed
to steady for approximately 30 min after being turned on.
The spectral power distribution (SPD) of these LED
lamps as well as the luminous efficiency function V(λ) of
the standard photometer (LMT) are seen in Fig. 2. The
relative power distribution (RPD) at each wavelength
1.00
was measured using Ocean optics spectroradiometer
(HR 20). This curve reveals two characteristics: the
0.95
height and precise location of the blue peak near 450 nm,
as well as the ratio of this peak to the broader emission
from the yellow region.
Reflectance (%)

0.90
The lamps were tested for flux, current, and power
0.85 factors after the aging time of 1000 hr [32–34]. Used in
the measurements was the 25-W incandescent lamp as a
0.80 reference standard lamp under controlled environmental
conditions corresponding to 240 ± 10 C [35, 36]. A
0.75
photograph of LED lamps of different powers used for
(b) the experiments is seen in Fig. 3.
0.70
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 Figs 4a and 4b show the variation of flux and power
Wavelength ( nm) factor with the aging time for different brands of 9-W
lamps. The T 9-W lamp has a superior power factor close
Fig. 1. a) NIS 2.5 m integrating sphere set-up for luminous flux to unity, which reflects its power efficiency when
measurements. b) The spectral diffused reflectance of BaSO4. compared to the other two brands.

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(a) T_12W
1311
V_12W
E_12W
1254

Flux (Lumen)
1197

1140

1083

Fig. 3. Samples of LED lamps with the powers 15, 12, and 9 W 1026
that was chosen for the experiments.
969

0 200 400 600 800 1000

1020 (a) Time (hr)

T_9W
V_9W
1.0
990 E_9W (b)

960
Flux (Lumen)

0.9
930 T_12W
V_12W

Power Factor
900 0.8 E_12W

870
0.7
840

0 200 400 600 800 1000 0.6

Time (hr)

1.0 0.5
(b) 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (hr)
0.9 Fig. 5. Variation of the flux (a) and power factor (b) with the
T_9W
aging time for 12-Watt LED lamps.
V_9W
Power Factor

0.8 E_9W
Although the brand T exhibits lower flux values, when
compared to other brands with different powers, it has an
0.7
excellent power factor, which reflects its optimal power
usage. The power factor of LED lamps shows the actual
0.6 power ratio that was used to draw apparent power into
the circuit of the lamp. The performance of LED

0.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 Table 1. Electro-photometric parameters of different types of
Time (hr) lamps.

Fig. 4. Variation of the flux (a) and power factor (b) with the Lamp Measured Power
aging time for 9-W LED lamps. I, A Φ, lm
type P, W factor
T9W 9.3 0.046 0.917 830
V9W 8.3 0.065 0.576 876
Figs 5 and 6 show the variation of flux and power
factor with the aging time for various brands of 12- and E9W 8.9 0.071 0.577 953
15-Watt lamps. Despite the fluctuating luminous flux, the T12W 11.8 0.055 0.963 1003
power factor remains constant over time, the T 12-W V12W 10.6 0.087 0.557 1201
lamp has a power factor close to unity when compared to
the T 15-W lamp. A good power factor is considered to E12W 11.5 0.093 0.558 1224
be higher than 0.85, while power factors less than this T15W 14.2 0.111 0.580 1432
value require a more efficient power supply, which V15W 12.4 0.105 0.538 1511
increases the production and transmission costs of power
E15W 14.8 0.125 0.553 1714
[37].

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1775 (a) T_15W (b) T_15W

0.592
V_15W V_15W
1704 E_15W E_15W

0.576
1633

Power Factor
Flux (Lumen)

1562
0.560

1491
0.544
1420

1349 0.528

0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Time (hr) Time (hr)

Fig. 6. Variation of the flux (a) and power factor (b) with the aging time for 15-Watt LED lamps.

drivers or electrical components is measured by the The electro-photometric parameters for various
power factor rather than the optical components, which types of LED lamps are summarized in Table 1 after the
represent the LED matrix. As a result, the low quality of aging time of 1000 hr. The tables show the current, power,
LED chips can be blamed for the disparity between the power factor, and luminous flux for different brands of
power factor and flux of T lamps. LED lamps. As can be seen, the lamps labelled with V

Table 2. The calculated EEI for different powers of LED lamps.

Lamps Prated = Pcor, W Φuse , lm √Φuse , lm Pref, lm EEI Energy efficiency class
T9W 9 830 28.81 66.02 0.14 A+
V9W 9 876 29.60 68.97 0.13 A+
E9W 9 953 30.87 73.86 0.12 A+
T12W 12 1003 31.67 77.02 0.16 A+
V12W 12 1201 34.66 89.35 0.13 A+
E12W 12 1224 34.99 90.76 0.13 A+
T15W 15 1432 37.84 105.12 0.14 A+
V15W 15 1511 38.87 110.92 0.13 A+
E15W 15 1714 41.40 125.83 0.12 A+

Table 3. Energy efficiency classes for directional and non-directional lamps.

Energy efficiency class EEI for non-directional lamp EEI for directional lamp
A++ (most efficient) EEI ≤ 0.11 EEI ≤ 0.13
A+ 0.11 < EEI ≤ 0.17 0.13 < EEI ≤ 0.18
A 0.17 < EEI ≤ 0.24 0.18 < EEI ≤ 0.40
B 0.24 < EEI ≤ 0.60 0.40 < EEI ≤ 0.95
C 0.60 < EEI ≤ 0.80 0.95 < EEI ≤ 1.2
D 0.80 < EEI ≤ 0.95 1.2 < EEI ≤ 1.75
E (least efficient) EEI > 0.95 EEI > 1.75

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Table 4. The combined uncertainty budget for luminous flux measurement.

Uncertainty factor Relative standard uncertainty (%)

Type A Type B
Calibration of the standard lamp  0.85
Spatial nonuniformity of the sphere response  0.2
Drift in the recalibration of the sphere photometer  0.006
Spectral mismatch correction of the photometer  0.08
Self-absorption correction from the lamp itself  0.09
Repeatability of the tested lamps  0.50
Photometer readout resolution  0.01
Uncertainty of AC source  0.60
The expanded uncertainty at k = 2 2.36

typically have moderate behavior, when compared to their

counterparts of the same power. Table 2 shows the
measured EEI for the same brands of LED lamps.
Table 3 shows the classification of EEI for both
directional and non-directional lamps according to the
European Commission supplementing Regulation (EU)
2017/1369 [25].
Although these lamps provide high luminous
efficacy and high output in lumens they produce the
same EEI class despite the discrepancies in their power
factor. Fig 7 shows the EEI and the power factor inherent
to each lamp, as can be seen from the figure, there is a
correlation between the power factor and EEI: as the
power factor increases, EEI increases, too. The power
factor is defined as the real power used by the load
divided by the perceived power drawn into the circuit. A
lamp with a low power factor is, therefore, less efficient,
since it draws more current into the circuit than it Fig. 7. Variation of EEI and power factor for LED lamps with
consumes, thus, more current use leads to more energy different powers.
loss in the form of heat.

4. Analysis of uncertainties 5. Conclusions

The analysis of uncertainties was performed using the This paper provides an overview of the methods used for
GUM method, which is adopted and described in detail measuring EEI to offer useful resources for energy
by the international organization for standardization efficiency. Three different brands labelled E, T, and V,
(ISO) [38]. The standard uncertainty u(xi) of an input with nominal powers of 9, 12, and 15 W, were chosen for
quantity is estimated by the standard deviation of the the research. The experimental results for these lamps
mean, where: showed that all of them show the same EEI class, despite
u xi   S q  . (5) the difference in powers. The results revealed that 9- and
15-Watt lamps have the same EEI values as 0.14, 0.13,
The combined standard uncertainty uc x  for a set and 0.12 for T, V, and E lamps, respectively, whereas the
of input quantities x1, x2, …, xi is obtained by the square EEI values for 12-Watt lamps range from 0.13 to 0.16,
root of the sum of individual standard uncertainties u (xi), and then the EEI class for all lamps is A+.
these can be evaluated as Type A and Type B
uncertainties. Declaration of interest

uc x   u 2 x1   u 2 x2 ... u 2 xi  . (6) The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could
The uncertainty analysis for luminous flux associated have appeared to influence the work reported in this
with the measurements is calculated as seen in Table 4. paper.

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33. Yan J., Liu H., Zhao W., Su Y. Long-term stability logy Department, National Institute
of LED filament standard lamps for total luminous of Standards (NIS), Egypt. He
flux. Proc. 2021. 11899, Opt. Metrol. Insp. Ind. received his PhD degree in photo-
Appl. VIII. P. 1189918. metry from Ain Shams University,
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2602256. Egypt in 2012. His research interests
34. Park S., Kim Y.-W., Lee D.-H., Park S.-N. include optical metrology, lighting
Preparation of a standard light-emitting diode measurements and astronomy.
(LED) for photometric measurements by functional E-mail: [email protected],
seasoning. Metrologia. 2006. 43. P. 299–305. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-8983
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Technol. 2022. 11. P. 066005. Ahmed Gaballah: carried out the experimental part, data
https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ac7ad4. analysis, and wrote the paper.
36. Pekur D.V., Sorokin V.M., Nikolaenko Y.E. et al. Alaaeldin Abdelmageed: data analysis, contributed to
Electro-optical characteristics of an innovative LED the final version of the manuscript (review and
luminaire with an LED matrix cooling system based revision).
on heat pipes. SPQEO. 2020. 23. P. 415–423. Essam El-Moghazy: designed and performed the
https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo23.04.415. experiments with Ahmed Gaballah.

Gaballah A.E.H., Abdelmageed Alaaeldin, El-Moghazy E.M. Investigation of energy efficiency index …
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 SPQEO, 2023. V. 26, No 1. P. 097-104.

Дослідження індекса енергоефективності для внутрішніх світлодіодних освітлювальних приладів

A.E.H. Gaballah, Alaaeldin Abdelmageed, E.M. El-Moghazy

Анотація. Індекс енергоефективності (EEI) є важливим фактором, який використовується як показник

споживання енергії будівлею або показник продуктивності електронних пристроїв; він дозволяє нам вибирати
ефективні пристрої, які заощаджують енергію. У цій роботі вивчається ефективність різних типів світлодіодних
ламп, які використовуються у внутрішньому освітленні. Лампи, які зараз доступні на ринку Єгипту, були
протестовані відповідно до їхніх фотометричних та електричних параметрів, таких як світловий потік,
коефіцієнт потужності та EEI. Було вибрано три різні марки E, T і V з номінальною потужністю 9, 12 і 15 Вт.
Результати показали, що лампи на 9 і 15 Вт мають однакові значення EEI як 0,14, 0,13 і 0,12 для T, V і E ламп
відповідно, тоді як 12-ватні лампи мають значення EEI 0,16, 0,13 і 0,13 для ламп T, V і E відповідно.
Експериментальне тестування таких ламп показало, що всі вони мають однаковий клас енергетичної
ефективності (A+), незалежно від номінальної потужності. Результати також виявили взаємозв’язок між
коефіцієнтом потужності та EEI, а саме: коли коефіцієнт потужності збільшується, EEI теж збільшується.
Pозраховано розширену невизначеність світлового потоку.

Ключові слова: світлодіодні лампи, індекс енергоефективності (EEI), енергоспоживання, світловий потік.

Gaballah A.E.H., Abdelmageed Alaaeldin, El-Moghazy E.M. Investigation of energy efficiency index …
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