E A R T H S C I E N C E 1 0 1

M R L E O N A R D O A L M A R I O
Earth
& Life
Science
EARTH & LIFE
SCIENCE class WITH
LEONARDO ALMARIO

Week 2-3 ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

Origin of the Earth
Theories on the Origin of the Universe
The origin of the Solar System
Objectives
At the end of the lesson students are expected to;
1. Describe the historical development of theories that explain
the origin of the universe, and
2. Compare the different hypotheses explaining the origin of
Solar System.
Concepts in a Box
The Universe

Is composed of

Galaxies Containing Stars

Such as

Milky Way Such as

Made of

Solar Systems

Composed of

Asteroids Planets Sun

 Made of

Concepts in a Box
Solar Systems

Composed of

Asteroids Planets Sun

Which are
categorized into

Terrestrial Planets Gas Giants

Such as Such as

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Composed of

Lithosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere

LESSON I.
Origin of the Earth
• Theories on the Origin of the Universe
• The origin of the Solar System
How did everything in the
Universe come to exist?
The Universe
All of space and time AND all of its contents.

planets, moons, minor planets

stars & galaxies
contents of intergalactic space
ALL matter
ALL energy
Activity 1
• Get ½ sheet of paper, crosswise.
• Create a Spider-word Map about the
word “UNIVERSE.”
• You will be given 5 minutes to perform the
activity.
 Scientific LAWS
Testable and Scientific
Explanations THEORIES
Facts
Hypotheses NOTE: Theories are
not as concrete and
standalone as laws
Laws Theories but have provided
the scientific world
with a good start of
explaining natural
phenomena.
Theories on the Origin of the Universe

Genesis , one of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old testament

God Separated light from darkness
Created the sky, land, sea ,moon, stars, and every living creature
in a span of six days.

Rigveda, Hindu Text

Oscillating universe in which a “a cosmic egg,” or Brahmanda
expands out of a single concentrated point called Bindu and will
eventually collapse again.
Theories on the Origin of the Universe

Primordial Universe , Anaxagoras

The original state of the cosmos was a primordial mixture of all its
ingredients which existed in infinitesimally fragments.
Mixtures set in motion by “nous,” whirling motion sifted and
separated the ingredients.

Atomic Universe, Leucippus and Democritus

Universe is composed of tiny, inseparable, and indestructible
atoms with different arrangements of these eternal atoms and an
infinite void which they form a different combinations and
shapes.
Theories on the Origin of the Universe

Giant living body, Stoic philosophers

Sun and stars are the most important parts of the
universe to which all the other parts are interconnected.

Steady-state infinite Universe, Isaac Newton (Principia)

Matter is uniformly distributed, and the universe is
gravitationally balanced but unstable.
Theories on the Origin of the Universe

Gravitational Effects, René Descartes

The vacuum of space was not empty but rather filled with matter
that swirled around in large and small vortices.
• It is made of 4.6% baryonic
matter (“ordinary” matter consisting
of protons, electrons, and neutrons:
atoms, planets, stars, galaxies,
nebulae, and other bodies), 24% cold
dark matter (matter that has gravity
but does not emit light), and 71.4%
dark energy (a source of antigravity)
• Dark matter can explain what may be
holding galaxies together because the
low total mass is insufficient for
gravity alone to do so while dark
energy can explain the observed
accelerating expansion of
the universe.
• Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the
three most abundant elements.
Theories on the Origin
of the Universe

1. Steady State Theory – The universe has always been expanding

outwards and continuously creates matter

2. Big Bang Theory – The universe began with a cataclysmic

expansion that hurled matter and energy outwards and created
space.

• The Big Crunch

• Eternal Inflation of the Universe
Steady State Theory
 • The best available information indicates that the age of
the universe is 13.8 billion years.
• Widely accepted theory for the origin and evolution of the
BIG BANG Theory universe.
• States that the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot
mass to its present size and much cooler state.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

 Proof of the Big Bang
2. Cosmic Microwave Background
1. Hubble’s Law (CMB) Radiation
• Galaxies have been observed to be • Pervades ALL the known universe.
moving from the Earth at speeds that are • The CMB is the evidence of the theory’s
proportional to their distance. statement that if the universe was
• Supports the expansion of the universe extremely hot and extremely small at one
and suggests that it was once point in time, then there should be
compacted. evidence of this extreme temperature
across the universe.

3. Abundance of Light Elements

•The sheer volume of light elements, Hydrogen and Helium in the
observable universe.
•Supports the model since these are the first elements to form in the
high-energy environment during and shortly after the Big Bang.
➢ In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the
“redshift” and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away
from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just
as predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.

➢ He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to pass through a

prism are shifted toward the red part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, i.e., toward the band of lower frequency; thus, the
inference that the star or galaxy must be moving away from us.
Expansion implies that
at some point the
universe was smaller

… if it is expanding,
the universe must
have been smaller
What is the fate of the
Universe?
The Big Crunch: An
Oscillating Universe

• The universe will not continue to expand

forever.
• Eventually, universal expansion will stop,
and the forces of gravity will begin to pull
the universe back into itself.
• In the end, the universe will collapse into
a massive black hole/singularity.
• Oscillating universe: from the singularity,
ANOTHER Big Bang occurs
The Origin of Solar System
SATURN

MARS MERCURY

JUPITER

URANUS VENUS

EARTH

NEPTUNE
 Most bodies in the solar system travel
The Solar System around the Sun

Milky Way galaxy

planets

Sun and dwarf planets

moons
everything bound asteroids
to it by gravity comets
meteoroids
Claudius Ptolemy’s

Geocentric
What if IModel
am right?
What if Earth is the
• Earth-centered
• The sun, moon,center
stars and the 5of the solar
planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars,
system?
Jupiter, and Saturn) moved around
the Earth.
• Planets moved with respect to
fixed stars, changing brightness,
changing speed, and having
retrograde motion.
Nicolaus Copernicus’
Heliocentric Model
• Sun-centered
• heliocentrism, a cosmological
model in which the Sun is assumed
to lie at or near a central point.
Theories on the Origin of the Solar
System build up of the idea on the
Angular Momentum

1. Nebular Hypothesis
2. Planetesimal and Tidal Theories
3. Protoplanet Theory
Solar Nebula/Modern Laplacian Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827)
Kant-Laplace Nebular Hypothesis
Formed about 4.5 billion
A dense cloud of years ago
interstellar gas and dust
from a nearby exploding
star (supernova) eventually
formed a solar nebula – a ✓ The modern accepted
spinning, swirling disk of theory of the origin of
material the Solar System
✓ Supported by the discovery
of apparently young stars
that were surrounded by
disks of cool dust
Planetesimal Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest ray Moulton
Theory Chamberlin-Moulton Planetesimal Hypothesis

• Star passed closed enough to the sun, creating huge tides and causing
materials to be ejected.
• These smaller masses quickly cooled and became numerous planetesimals.
• The accretion of planetesimals created the larger bodies or protoplanets.
 James Hopwood Jeans and harold Jeffreys
Tidal Theory Jeans-Jeffreys’ Tidal Theory

• A massive star passed by the Sun, drawing from it a tidal filament.

• The gravitationally unstable filament broke up with each condensation
forming a protoplanet.
• A dualistic theory
Protoplanet Theory
Gerard Kuiper and Carl von Weizsacker

• The dense area of the Nebula

and the gaseous matter
surrounding it ceased to rotate
uniformly
• Under the influence of
turbulence and tidal action, the
nebula broke into whirlpools of ga
within a rotating mass called
protoplanets.
 Jovian Planets

Terrestrial Planets
What is an exoplanet?
• An exoplanet is any planet
beyond our solar system. Most
orbit other stars, but free-
floating exoplanets, called
rogue planets, orbit the
galactic center and are
untethered to any star.
 The first Filipino-owned satellite is Agila-1, a satellite acquired in 1996 by
Mabuhay Satellite Corporation from PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara, an
Indonesian company. The first Philippine satellite launched to space was
Agila-2 which was placed to orbit in 1997.

Diwata-1 also known as PHL-Microsat-1 was a Philippine microsatellite

launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on March 23, 2016, and
was deployed into orbit from the ISS on April 27, 2016. It was the first
Philippine microsatellite and the first satellite built and designed by
Filipinos.

Maya-1 was a Filipino nanosatellite. It was developed under the Philippine Scientific
Earth Observation Microsatellite program (PHL-Microsat) and was jointly
implemented by the University of the Philippines and the Department of Science and
Technology as part of the Kyushu Institute of Technology-led multinational
second Joint Global Multi-nations Birds Satellite (Birds-2)

https://www.tatlerasia.com/power-purpose/ideas-education/the-philippines-and-its-satellites
Take Home Conduct research to find events that
could support the idea that the
development of life on Earth was

Activity ultimately a result of the creation of the

universe and the Solar System.