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Murray Klamkin Problems 1nbsped 091955816x Compress

The document discusses majorization inequalities and admissible functions for majorization. It then presents solutions to two math problems: 1) The maximum value of the sum of the cosines of the six dihedral angles of a tetrahedron is shown to be 2. This occurs when the four faces of the tetrahedron have equal area. 2) It is shown that (√2-1)1/3 and 1/9-3√2/9 + 3√4/9 are equal using an identity of Ramanujan involving cube roots.

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Raju Raj
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74 views1 page

Murray Klamkin Problems 1nbsped 091955816x Compress

The document discusses majorization inequalities and admissible functions for majorization. It then presents solutions to two math problems: 1) The maximum value of the sum of the cosines of the six dihedral angles of a tetrahedron is shown to be 2. This occurs when the four faces of the tetrahedron have equal area. 2) It is shown that (√2-1)1/3 and 1/9-3√2/9 + 3√4/9 are equal using an identity of Ramanujan involving cube roots.

Uploaded by

Raju Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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14

By the majorization inequality, we have

F (a2 ) + F (a3 ) + · · · + F (an ) ≥ F (a2 + a3 + · · · + an ) + (n − 2)F (0).

Finally, F (a2 + a3 + · · · + an ) ≥ F (a1 ).


Some admissable functions are
xα x 2
F (x) = xα and for 0 < α < 1, , 1 − e−k x , tanh x.
k2 + xα (x + k 2 )

17. Determine the maximum value of the sum of the cosines of the six dihedral
angles of a tetrahedron.
Solution. Let A, B, C, D be unit outward vectors normal to the faces of a
tetrahedron ABCD. Then

(xA + yB + zC + wD)2 ≥ 0.

Expanding out and noting that A · B = − cos CD (here CD denotes the dihedral
angle of which the side CD is an edge), etc., we get

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + w2 ≥ 2xy cos CD + 2xz cos BD + 2xw cos BC (1)


+2yz cos AD + 2yw cos AC + 2zw cos AB.

Setting x = y = z = w, we get that the sum of the cosines of the 6 dihedral angles
is ≤ 2. There is equality iff A + B + C + D = 0. Since as known

Fa A + Fb B + Fc C + Fd D = 0

where Fa denotes the area of the face of the tetrahedron opposite A, etc., it follows
that there is equality iff the four faces have equal area or that the tetrahedron is
isosceles.
Comment. In a similar fashion one can extend inequality (1) to n dimensions
and then show that the sum of the cosines of the n(n + 1)/2 dihedral angles
of an n-dimensional simplex is ≤ (n + 1)/2. Here the dihedral angles are the
angles between pairs of (n − 1)-dimensional faces and there is equality iff all the
(n − 1)-dimensional faces have the same volume.
18. Which is larger
√ p p p
( 2 − 1)1/3
3 3
or 1/9 − 3 2/9 + 3 4/9?

Solution. That they are equal is an identity of Ramanujan.


p p
Letting x = 3 1/3 and y = 3 2/3, it suffices to show that
√
(x + y)( 2 − 1)1/3 = x3 + y 3 = 1,
3

or equivalently that √ √
( 2 + 1)3 ( 2 − 1) = 3,
3 3

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