Table for Polarization Data of Asteroids

Name of the Inversion

asteroid Z a1 a2 angle, αinv Slope (h) α min Pmin α max Pmax
(in degrees) (in degrees) (in degrees)

Ceres 0.1596 0.6505 0.912 18.38 14.95 7.2 -1.589 96.75 28.632

Io 0.1801 0.8476 0.929 19.17 13.652 8.82 -1.285 97.29 32.142

Massalia 0.1000 0.8889 1.000 20.38 7.086 9.55 -0.689 100.72 17.531

Kalliope 0.1143 0.8340 0.9504 21.09 9.28 9.55 -0.973 99.45 20.237

Pax 0.1524 1.0251 1.000 28.20 12.79 14.23 -1.58 103.88 25.873

Formula Used :
a) The slope h at the inversion angle is given by -

b) Linear polarization P in terms of slope (h) :

POLARIZATION CURVES OF SOME ASTEROIDS
PYTHON CODE TO FIND THE PARAMETERS
(Z , a1 , a2, Inversion Angle) :
For example: Finding the parameters for Asteroid Ceres.
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from scipy.optimize import differential_evolution

# Given data points

data_points = [(9.53, -1.4), (15.24, -0.83), (16.15, -0.59), (17.02, -0.23), (18.39, 0.03),

(18.53, 0.01), (18.89, 0.15), (19, 0.16), (20.85, 0.69), (23.12, 1.4),

(16.75, -0.31), (16.75, -0.3), (5.15, -1.49), (5.15, -1.51), (21.85, 0.95),

(11.07, -1.56), (21.23, 0.84), (20.91, 0.4), (4.24, -1.56), (4.22, -1.45),

(23.08, 1.3), (18.67, 0.15), (17.31, -0.21), (15.11, -0.76), (12.05, -1.26),

(9.95, -1.65), (8.88, -1.66), (8.08, -1.69), (7.69, -1.71), (1.11, -0.65),

(1.3, -0.71), (4.33, -1.48), (9.96, -1.58), (20.6, 0.66), (19.88, 0.45),

(5.93, -1.69), (7.5, -1.66), (7.5, -1.61), (11.5, -1.28), (11.5, -1.37),

(14.7, -0.52), (14.7, -0.67), (10.4, -1.56), (10.4, -1.51), (7.4, -1.46),

(7.4, -1.32), (7.1, -1.73), (7.1, -1.72), (6.9, -1.52), (6.9, -1.43),

(6.7, -1.57), (6.7, -1.57), (7.3, -1.96), (7.3, -1.87), (8.3, -1.54),

(8.3, -1.65), (8.8, -1.8), (8.8, -1.4), (7.1, -1.61), (7.1, -1.52),

(8.3, -1.56), (8.3, -1.41), (9.4, -1.49), (9.4, -1.45), (9.1, -1.36),

(9.1, -1.39), (8.7, -1.51), (8.7, -1.52), (10.2, -1.53), (10.9, -1.42),

(10.9, -1.42), (11.8, -1.33), (11.8, -1.27), (2.71, -1.04), (2.71, -1.05),

(17.29, -0.2), (17.29, -0.23), (7.3, -1.64), (7.3, -1.63), (19.46, 0.24),

(19.46, 0.26), (4.3, -1.4), (4.3, -1.36), (3.2, -1.19), (3.5, -1.12),

(6.37, -1.67), (18.3, 0.04), (18.3, -0.06), (16.75, -0.31), (16.75, -0.3),

(5.15, -1.49), (5.15, -1.51)]

# Convert data points into arrays for curve fitting

x_data = np.array([point[0] for point in data_points])

y_data = np.array([point[1] for point in data_points])

# Define the function for fitting

def y_function(x, a1, a2, Z, x0):

return Z * (180 + np.cos((x) * (np.pi / 180) / 2)) * (

(np.sin((x) * (np.pi / 180))) ** a1) * (np.sin(((x - x0) * (np.pi / 180)) / a2))

# Define the objective function for optimization

def objective(params):

a1, a2, Z, x0 = params

y_predicted = y_function(x_data, a1, a2, Z, x0)

return np.sum((y_predicted - y_data)**2) # Sum of squared differences as objective

# Define parameter ranges for optimization

param_ranges = [(0.0, 1.6), (0.9, 1.0), (0.0, 5), (0.0, 50.0)]

# Perform the differential evolution optimization

result = differential_evolution(objective, param_ranges)

# Extract optimized parameters

a1_opt, a2_opt, Z_opt, x0_opt = result.x

# Create an array of x values from 0 to 180 degrees

x_values = np.linspace(0, 180, 500)

# Calculate fitted y values using the optimized parameters

y_values_fit = y_function(x_values, a1_opt, a2_opt, Z_opt, x0_opt)

# Plot the original data and the fitted curve

plt.scatter(x_data, y_data, label='Data Points')

plt.plot(x_values, y_values_fit, label='Fitted Curve', color='red')

plt.xlabel("x (degrees)")

plt.ylabel("P %")

plt.title("Polarization curve of Ceres")

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.xlim(0, 180)

plt.show()

# Print the optimized parameters

print("Optimized Parameters:")

print("a1:", a1_opt)

print("a2:", a2_opt)

print("Z:", Z_opt)

print("x0:", x0_opt)
Similarly Data Points for Other Asteroids:
1) For Asteroid Massalia :

data_points = [(2.6, -0.47), (2.6, 0.22), (22.38, 0.32), (22.38, 0.22),

(25.13, 0.57), (23.17, 0.3), (16.82, -0.28), (6.21, -0.65),

(21.36, 0.15), (19.95, 0.01), (8.8, -0.53), (8.8, -0.53),

(9, -0.67), (9.4, -0.7), (9.4, -0.65), (3.25, -0.49),
(3.25, -0.56), (2.13, -0.5), (2.13, -0.49), (1.67, -0.4),
(1.67, -0.38), (0.58, -0.41), (0.58, -0.4), (0.08, -0.09),
(0.08, -0.06), (14.7, -0.35), (14.7, -0.56), (22.38, 0.25),
(22.38, 0.18)]

2) For Asteroid Io :

data_points = (7.26, -1.39),(10.13, -1.27),(10.81, -1.19),(11.95, -0.94),(13.11, -0.99),(15.03, -0.91),(15.13, -0.88),(15.49,

-0.84),(21.99, 0.95),
(26.37, 2.2),(5.1, -1.25), (1.72, -0.55),(1.72, -0.5),(4.95, -0.97),(4.95, -1.03),(13.18, -1.25),(13.18, -0.92),(16.8, -0.52),
(16.8, -0.48),(7.8, -1.17),
(16, -0.53),(24.6, 1.59),(11.7, -1.29),(20.8, 0.44),(17.9, -0.42),(21, 0.5),(26.6, 2.2)]

3) For Asteroid Lutetia :

data_points = [
(2.51, -0.73), (3.89, -0.71), (7.18, -1.36), (9.66, -1.39), (11.59, -1.42),
(13.49, -1.29), (16.57, -0.93), (19.57, -0.67), (22.69, -0.31), (22.47, -0.26),
(5.95, -1.19), (16.47, -1.02), (27.79, 0.66), (28.32, 0.71), (29.12, 0.77),
(7.5, -1.34), (7.5, -1.38), (1.3, -0.4), (26.8, 0.21), (10.1, -1.12),
(8.75, -1.36), (2.05, -0.64), (2.05, -0.66), (2.43, -0.72), (2.43, -0.74),
(18.8, -0.56), (20.3, -0.46), (4.5, -1.09), (4.5, -1.12), (17.38, -0.72),
(17.4, -0.72), (27.87, 0.76), (27.87, 0.74), (14.8, -1.25), (13.1, -1.29),
(5.46, -1.17), (5.86, -1.13), (6.26, -1.18), (16.8, -0.82), (12.4, -1.2)
]

4) For Asteroid Pax :

data_points = [(2.63, -0.3), (3.45, -0.55),(3.72, -0.59),

(6.52, -1.25),(6.7, -1.09),(7.26, -1.16), (11.16, -1.83),(13.81, -1.49),
(14.57, -1.66),(14.94, -1.62),(15.19, -1.67), (17.01, -1.49),(19.92, -1.16),(19.96, -1.21),(20.39, -1.27),
(22.27, -0.89),(20, -1.33),20, -1.35),(20.1, -1.35),(20.1, -1.36),(20.2, -1.35),(20.2, -1.26),(20.3, -1.28),(20.3, -1.34),
(20.7, -1.14),(20.7, -1.22),(31, 0.66),(31, 0.63),(31.9, 0.86),
(3.72, -0.52),(3.72, -0.6),(22.27, -0.89),(20.39, -1.27),(17.01, -1.49),(14.94, -1.62),(14.57, -1.66),
(7.26, -1.16),(6.52, -1.25),(17.7, -1.47)]

5) For Asteroid Kalliope :

data_points = [
(18.7, -0.32), (6.04, -0.93), (7.18, -1.03), (12.79, -0.92),
(16.02, -0.52), (7.48, -0.93), (17.8, -0.57), (17.8, -0.54),
(13.5, -0.7), (13.7, -0.71), (13.7, -0.89), (14, -0.77),
(6.5, -0.85), (7.4, -0.81), (12.49, -0.98), (12.49, -1.14),
(13.25, -1), (13.25, -0.96), (14, -0.73), (6.8, -0.9),
(5.2, -0.81), (7.3, -0.87), (7.3, -0.9), (15.4, -0.61)]
Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Curve: (Using Python)
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import chisquare

# Given observed and expected values

observed_values = [, , ,, , , , .........]

expected_values = [, ,, , ,, ,. ...............]

# Perform the Chi-Square goodness of fit test

chi_square_statistic, p_value = chisquare(observed_values, expected_values)

# Print the results

print("Chi-Square Statistic:", chi_square_statistic)
print("P-Value:", p_value)

# Interpret the results

alpha = 0.01 # Significance level
if p_value < alpha:
print("Reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are significantly different.")
else:
print("Fail to reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are not significantly
different.")

1) Chi Square Test for data of Asteroid Ceres:

INPUT:
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import chisquare

# Given observed and expected values

observed_values = [1.511429980808971, 0.7274026377994142, 0.5361049176946999,
0.3380420588974957, 0.0026100414030186918, 0.03933738475355394,
0.13536868244312086, 0.1651642882041291, 0.6970218623389757,
1.4244080456893826, 0.4010632290100095, 0.4010632290100095,
1.5083175308986083, 1.5083175308986083, 1.0077064210196807,
1.3768357158516276, 0.8132242049453645, 0.715216184457039,
1.418774335932147, 1.4163767609736502, 1.4109178318153563,
0.07641195418196504, 0.26882074469444855, 0.7533692833510139,
1.2599674778519443, 1.4809170852644316, 1.5490564684299655,
1.5786452070002706, 1.5860625175597918, 0.7207039579192821,
0.7902375297165525, 1.4293236299543908, 1.480132657853211,
0.6218369507682818, 0.41101649114626687, 1.5572275608800599,
1.5879488674301057, 1.5879488674301057, 1.3284359135437045,
1.3284359135437045, 0.8329866016484226, 0.8329866016484226,
1.4429987567055278, 1.4429987567055278, 1.5884781758081437,
1.5884781758081437, 1.588113810391808, 1.588113810391808,
1.5862133129463927, 1.5862133129463927, 1.5829564743752322,
1.5829564743752322, 1.5886840922736485, 1.5886840922736485,
1.5724039488901567, 1.5724039488901567, 1.5528603150324998,
1.5528603150324998, 1.588113810391808, 1.588113810391808,
1.5724039488901567, 1.5724039488901567, 1.5198994411901392,
1.5198994411901392, 1.5376517448650602, 1.5376517448650602,
1.5573551415253164, 1.5573551415253164, 1.4605094620375387,
1.3947024177710379, 1.3947024177710379, 1.2919906052090722,
1.2919906052090722, 1.17223793798744, 1.17223793798744,
0.27364518098932106, 0.27364518098932106, 1.5886840922736485,
1.5886840922736485, 0.292030626092276, 0.292030626092276,
 1.4258505792681002, 1.4258505792681002, 1.266290513351504,
1.3164127669324406, 1.5745430312570272, 0.020816093232539697,
0.020816093232539697, 0.4010632290100095, 0.4010632290100095,
1.5083175308986083, 1.5083175308986083]

expected_values = [
1.4, 0.83, 0.59, 0.23, 0.03, 0.01, 0.15, 0.16, 0.69, 1.4, 0.31, 0.3,
1.49, 1.51, 0.95, 1.56, 0.84, 0.4, 1.56, 1.45, 1.3, 0.15, 0.21, 0.76,
1.26, 1.65, 1.66, 1.69, 1.71, 0.65, 0.71, 1.48, 1.58, 0.66, 0.45,
1.69, 1.66, 1.61, 1.28, 1.37, 0.52, 0.67, 1.56, 1.51, 1.46, 1.32,
1.73, 1.72, 1.52, 1.43, 1.57, 1.57, 1.96, 1.87, 1.54, 1.65, 1.8,
1.4, 1.61, 1.52, 1.56, 1.41, 1.49, 1.45, 1.36, 1.39, 1.51, 1.52,
1.53, 1.42, 1.42, 1.33, 1.27, 1.04, 1.05, 0.2, 0.23, 1.64, 1.63,
0.24, 0.26, 1.4, 1.36, 1.19, 1.12, 1.67, 0.04, 0.06, 0.31, 0.3,
1.49, 1.51]

# Perform the Chi-Square goodness of fit test

chi_square_statistic, p_value = chisquare(observed_values, expected_values)

# Print the results

print("Chi-Square Statistic:", chi_square_statistic)
print("P-Value:", p_value)

# Interpret the results

alpha = 0.01 # Significance level
if p_value < alpha:
print("Reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are significantly different.")
else:
print("Fail to reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are not significantly different.")

OUTPUT :

2) Chi Square Test for data of Asteroid Io:

INPUT :
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import chisquare

# Given observed and expected values

observed_values = [1.2528251522519573, 1.2629123666786914, 1.2341330230579746,

1.1602862162612484, 1.0530521298619286, 0.8068074016566974, 0.7916914337356448,
0.7354303233630103, 0.7506876711427439, 2.209314154086596, 1.0948175395272834,
0.5375705868056552, 0.5375705868056552, 1.0786425032021485, 1.0786425032021485,
1.0455654302094155, 1.0455654302094155, 0.5066762487612798, 0.5066762487612798,
1.2715046962476446, 0.6508241277875397, 1.5791996484434934, 1.1791885244036557,
0.414971902336448, 0.2860968532479688, 0.46949253065872526, 2.2950510288424804]

expected_values = [
1.39, 1.27, 1.19, 0.94, 0.99, 0.91, 0.88, 0.84, 0.95, 2.2,
1.25, 0.55, 0.5, 0.97, 1.03, 1.25, 0.92, 0.52, 0.48, 1.17,
0.53, 1.59, 1.29, 0.44, 0.42, 0.5, 2.2
]

# Perform the Chi-Square goodness of fit test

chi_square_statistic, p_value = chisquare(observed_values, expected_values)
# Print the results
print("Chi-Square Statistic:", chi_square_statistic)
print("P-Value:", p_value)

# Interpret the results

alpha = 0.01 # Significance level
if p_value < alpha:
print("Reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are significantly different.")
else:
print("Fail to reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are not significantly different.")

OUTPUT :

3) Chi Square Test for data of Asteroid Massalia:

INPUT:

import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import chisquare
# Given observed and expected values
observed_values = [0.3535382213943299, 0.3535382213943299, 0.26771982448087384,
0.26771982448087384, 0.699959220936218, 0.3844566129559023,
0.3732340655939114, 0.6136402176764025, 0.12613123449879096,
0.05222467457066634, 0.684751801625554, 0.684751801625554,
0.6865524407514936, 0.6886102976088556, 0.6886102976088556,
0.4157515248612433, 0.4157515248612433, 0.3037121883002023,
0.3037121883002023, 0.25061445090228424, 0.25061445090228424,
0.10338361242441164, 0.10338361242441164, 0.01820073226378521,
0.01820073226378521, 0.5293727748045136, 0.5293727748045136,
0.26771982448087384, 0.26771982448087384]
expected_values = [
0.47, 0.22, 0.32, 0.22, 0.57, 0.3, 0.28, 0.65, 0.15, 0.01,
0.53, 0.53, 0.67, 0.7, 0.65, 0.49, 0.56, 0.5, 0.49,
0.4, 0.38, 0.41, 0.4, 0.09, 0.06, 0.35, 0.56, 0.25, 0.18]

# Perform the Chi-Square goodness of fit test

chi_square_statistic, p_value = chisquare(observed_values, expected_values)

# Print the results

print("Chi-Square Statistic:", chi_square_statistic)
print("P-Value:", p_value)

# Interpret the results

alpha = 0.01 # Significance level
if p_value < alpha:
print("Reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are significantly different.")
else:
print("Fail to reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are not significantly different.")

OUTPUT :
4) Chi Square Test for data of Asteroid Pax:
INPUT:
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import chisquare

# Given observed and expected values

observed_values = [0.5056461433196421, 0.6476217680623554, 0.6923977770364556,
1.0956083683874374, 1.1175772712854173, 1.1827798645744196,
1.5013033086664855, 1.5785231469857286, 1.579486088631466,
1.5765189088400378, 1.5732386994630418, 1.5183244795966206,
1.3172469207047128, 1.3135155916248293, 1.271754948468391,
1.0539125562701095, 1.3097581368297195, 1.3097581368297195,
1.3002502358065424, 1.3002502358065424, 1.2905791702326106,
1.2905791702326106, 1.2807450292705491, 1.2807450292705491,
1.2397795740875261, 1.2397795740875261, 0.6824098584222275,
0.6824098584222275, 0.9255285737465244, 0.6923977770364556,
0.6923977770364556, 1.0539125562701095, 1.271754948468391,
1.5183244795966206, 1.5765189088400378, 1.579486088631466,
1.1827798645744196, 1.0956083683874374, 1.4832356058229434]
expected_values = [ 0.3, 0.55, 0.59, 1.25, 1.09, 1.16, 1.83, 1.49, 1.66, 1.62,
1.67, 1.49, 1.16, 1.21, 1.27, 0.89, 1.33, 1.35, 1.35, 1.36,
1.35, 1.26, 1.28, 1.34, 1.14, 1.22, 0.66, 0.63, 0.86, 0.52,
0.6, 0.89, 1.27, 1.49, 1.62, 1.66, 1.16, 1.25, 1.47]
# Perform the Chi-Square goodness of fit test
chi_square_statistic, p_value = chisquare(observed_values, expected_values)

# Print the results

print("Chi-Square Statistic:", chi_square_statistic)
print("P-Value:", p_value)

# Interpret the results

alpha = 0.01 # Significance level
if p_value < alpha:
print("Reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are significantly different.")
else:
print("Fail to reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are not significantly different.")

OUTPUT :

5) Chi Square Test for data of Asteroid Kalliope:

INPUT :
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import chisquare

# Given observed and expected values

observed_values = [0.35148805740532535, 0.8632273227062648, 0.9227196194967849, 0.8931380632050743,
0.657257018188712, 0.9344324846161309, 0.46486765893285115, 0.46486765893285115,
0.8542406653420298, 0.8419412959051, 0.8419412959051, 0.8223968418472689,
0.890136672330792, 0.9314661109346126, 0.907316155012869, 0.907316155012869,
0.868788278114057, 0.868788278114057, 0.8223968418472689, 0.9055553747994329,
0.8035470151713636, 0.9275978154200629, 0.9275978154200629,
 0.7140722195492033]
expected_values = [
0.32, 0.93, 1.03, 0.92, 0.52, 0.93, 0.57, 0.54,
0.7, 0.71, 0.89, 0.77, 0.85, 0.81, 0.98, 1.14,
1, 0.96, 0.73, 0.9, 0.81, 0.87, 0.9, 0.61
]
# Perform the Chi-Square goodness of fit test
chi_square_statistic, p_value = chisquare(observed_values, expected_values)

# Print the results

print("Chi-Square Statistic:", chi_square_statistic)
print("P-Value:", p_value)

# Interpret the results

alpha = 0.01 # Significance level
if p_value < alpha:
print("Reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are significantly different.")
else:
print("Fail to reject null hypothesis: The observed and expected distributions are not significantly different.")

OUTPUT:

APPENDIX : Program to find the value of function w.r.t at different angles :

import numpy as np

x_degrees = np.array([ Enter the angle values in degreees, , , ,.....

, , , , , ,, , , ............
]
)
# Input values from the user
z = float(input("Enter value for z: "))
a1 = float(input("Enter value for a1: "))
a2 = float(input("Enter value for a2: "))

# Calculate y values
y = z * (180 + np.cos((x_degrees) * (np.pi / 180) / 2)) * ((np.sin((x_degrees) * (np.pi / 180))) ** a1) * (
np.sin(((x_degrees – INVERSION ANGLE) * (np.pi / 180)) / a2))

# Convert negative y values to positive

y = np.abs(y)

# Print generated y values as a comma-separated array

print("Generated y values (positive) as a comma-separated array:")
print(', '.join(map(str, y)))