aa Pa IT i ny part Yj Zea SUCCEED ea ee ee ioe set ie | Secondary 1 Ss ~ 7 il) in . ws 2 OXFORD vats ted wae 1 Oyecre Roca item Cla eT TateAbout this book Number and calculation 1 Number facts ‘Adding and subiractin ‘Multiplication and associated division facts Decimals Decimals and place value umber Decimals and your calculator ‘Mukiplying and dividing decimals by powers often 18 Rounding 1.9 Negative numbers 1.10 Negative numbers and addition 1.11 Subtracting negative numbers 1.12. Some ways we use negative numbers 1.13. Laws of arithmetic and inverse operations 1.14. Order of operat Consolidation Summary Expressions Expressions Simplifying Expanding brackets Consolidation 2. 22 Summary Shapes and constructions Lines and an ‘Measuring at Drawing angl Looking at triangles Looking at quadtilaterals Pol Solid shapes Constructions Consolidation ‘Summary ves n 1B 4 15 16 20 46 49 50. 33 57 58. ol 65 66 n 15 " 4, Number and calculation 2 4.1 Multiples and factors, 4.2. Divisibility tess 4.3. Squares and square roots 44 Multiplying and dividing with two digit numbers Consolidation Summary 5. Length, mass and capacity 5.1 Length 5.2 Mass 5.3 Capacity 54 Reading se Consolidat Summary 6. Representing information 6.1 Collecting data 62 Averages and range Consolidation ‘Summary Review A 7. Fractions 71 Cale! 7.2. Equivalent fractions 7.3. Fractions greater than 1 7.4 Adding fractions 7.5. Subtracting fractions 7.6 Multiplying fractions 7.1 Applying onder of operations rules to fractions questions 7.8 Problem solv Consolidation Summary 8 Equations and formulae 8.1 Substitution into expressions 8.2 Formulae 83 ons, Summary a1 82 86 87 90. 95 99 100 loa 107 109 m1 2 14 us 9. 124 126 128 132 133 136 M1 143 145 147 lag M49. 151 152 154 Is 158 157 160 tol9. Geometry 162 9.1 Relationships between angles 163 9.2 Coordinates 173 Consolidation 176 Summary 178 10. Fractions and decimals 181 10.1 Equivalence of fractions and decimals 182 10.2. Adding and subtracting decimals 18s 10.3. Multiplying andl dividing decimals 187 Consolidation 190 Summary 191 11, Time and rates of change 192 La Time 194 11.2 Real-life grapiss 196 113 Travel graphs 198, Consolidation 200 Summary 201 12, Presenting data and interpreting results 203 12.1 Pietograms 205 122. Bar chants 206 123. Pie charts 210 124 Frequency diagrams for grouped discrete data. 21 12.5. Using statisties 214 Consolidation 216 Summary 218 Review B 220 13. Fractions, decimals and percentages 13.1 Understanding percentages 13.2 Fractions, decimals and percentages 13 nouns Summary 14. Sequences, functions and graphs 235 14.1 Looki 236 14.2 Number sequences 237 14.3 Functions 238 144 Graphs of linear functions 240 Consolidation a4 Summary 246 Symmetry and transformations Symmeu Reflection ‘Translation Rotation Consolidati Summary Ratio and proportion 16.1 Making comparisons 162 163 Simplifying ratios Proportion Consolidation Summary Area, perimeter and volume 1 W 2 173 4 175 176 77 78 at is area? Some of units of area Areas of rectangles Perimeters of rectangles ‘Compound shapes What is volume? Volume of cuboids Surface area Consolidation Summary 18. Probability 18.1 Language of probability 18.2 Experimental probability 183. Theoretical probability Consolidation Summary Review C Sets and Venn diagrams Sets and their members How to describe a set Venn diagrams Intersection of sets Common factors, common multiples Consotidat Summary: Index 248 249) 306 307 307 309 311 313 316 317 319Pata About this book ‘This book follows the Cambridge Secondary 1 Mathematics curriculum framework for Cambridge Intemational Examinations in preparation for the Checkpoint assessments. It has been written by a highly experienced teacher, examiner and author ‘This book is part of a series of nine books. There are three student textbooks each cov 9.and three homework books written (o closely match the textbooks, as well as a teacher book for each stage ‘The books are carefully balanced between all the ‘content areas in the framework: number, algebra geometry, measure and handling data, Some of the ‘questions in the exercises and the investigations within, the book are underpinned by the final framework area: problem solving, providing a structure for the application of mathematical skills, Features of the book: © Objectives ~ from the Cambridge Secondary 1 framework. ‘© What's the point? — providing rationale for inclusion of topics in a real-world setting. © Chapter Check has the required pr © Notes and worked examples — in a clear style using accessible English and culturally appropriate ‘material © Exercises ~ carefully designed to gradually increase in difficulty providing plenty of practice of techniques. © Considerable variation in question style ~ encouraging deeper thinking and learning, including open questions. © Comprehensive practice ~ plenty of initial questions practice followed by varied questions For stretch, challenge, crossover between topics and links to the real world with questi to asses whether the student knowledge. ns set in context, © Extension questions — providing stretch and. challenge for students © questions with a box for the average student © questions with a filled box c.g. [EJ provide ‘extra challenge for more able students. provide challenge © Technology boxes ~ direct 10. websites for review ‘material, fun games and challenges to ent learning, © Investigation and puzzle boxes — providing extra fun, challenge and interest. © Full colour with modern artwork ~ pleasing to the eye, more interesting to look at, drawing the attention of the reader, © Co idation examples and exercises — providing on the chapter, © Summary and Check out ~ providing a quick review of chapter's key points aiding rev enabling you to to assess progres © Review exercises — provided every six chapters with mixed questions covering all topics. © Bonus chapter — the work from Chapter 19 is not in the Cambridge Secondary | Mathematics curriculum, Its in the Cambridge IGCSE® curriculum and is included to stretch and challenge more able students. A note from the author: If you don’t already love maths ay much as Ido, I hope that after working through this book you will enjoy it more, Maths is more than just leaming concepts, and applying them. It isn’t just about right and wro1 answers. I is.a wonderful subject full of challenges, puzzles and beautiful proofs. Studying maths develops your analysis and problem-solving skills and improves your logical thinking - all important skills in the work; Be a responsible learner ~ if you don’t understand something, ask or look it up. Be determined and courageous. Keep trying without giving up when things go wrong. No one needs to be “bad at maths’. Anyone can improve with hand work and practice in Just the same way sports men and women improve their skills through training. If you are finding work oo easy, say. Look for challenges, then maths will never be boring, Most of all, enjoy the book. Do the ‘training’, enjoy the challenges and have fun! Deborah BartonNumber and calculation 1 Objectives © Consolidate the rapid recall of number including measurements, to the nearest facts, including positive integer whole number or one decimal place. complements to 100, multiplication (© Recognise negative numbers as facts to 10 x 10 and associated positions on a number line and division facts. order, add and subtract positive and © Interpret decimal notation and place negative integers in context. value; multiply and dMide whole numbers Use the laws of arithmetic and inverse and decimals by 10, 100 or 1000. ‘operations to simplify calculations with © Order decimals including measurements, whole numbers. changing these to the same units. © Use the order of operations, including ‘© Round whole numbers to the nearest brackets, to work out simple 10, 100 or 1.000 and decimals, calculations. How many? Who has more? How much? Questions such es these led early man to develop number systems. Today, numbers are everywhere, from banks, to supermarkets, to airports. Tem eel ad You should know ... 4 Cheek in A a What fraction of each shap "EH b_ Draw shapes to represent A fraction can be show by a picture: Gh is shadedWrite down the anywers to: a 247 b 3x6 © 8x4 d 5x4 @ 9x7 f 9x8 Write down the value of the 4 in: am ob 2 © 402d 645 e 4132 49206 g 14873 1.1 Number facts An important skill in mathemati calculations with numbers without a calculator. We can use complements to help us. Addition and subtraction Exercise 1A Work out all of the following without a calculator, ‘You could race a friend to see who is faster and. is to be able to do A ies ‘more accurate, are inverse operations, Sometimes a subtraction problem can be tured into an addition problem to aoa 39+0)= 100 b 62+0=10 make it easier and faster to do. © 41+0=100 a 100-28 © 100-34 f 100-16 ae A commen wrong 100-76 =O answer to this 2 a S+l4 pb 17+5 © 30-16 a aenlaliente He d 27-19 e 68+23 f 58+34 g 93-48 bh 16-28 Uwe change ito 76+ = 100~ We can then use 3 a $22+0=S100 b 43m += 100m © $14+0=S100 d $100-S55 © 100m—9iem f 100ky ~ 4ky oT 4 Match the complements to 100 to each other. ‘The first is done for you. 4is the complement to 10 of 6, 16 +4 = 80. cy 20/is the complement to a 100 of 80.80 +20 = 100, | ASN = Adding 4, then adding celuron Ftst to = 20 is the same as adding 24, | a the eng answer of 34 a 76 + 24 = 100 ‘You can use the same method to do ‘complements to 1000, a 240+ = 1000 b 76+()~= 1000 © 318+(1= 1000 d 1000~ 180 © 1000-840 f 1000 — 293 & 1000-96 hh 1000-544Pee ton 1.2 Adding and subtracting numbers Sometimes you may want to use column addition and. subtraction if calculations are hard ‘To add numbers you must line up their place values. Subtraction is done in a similar way. 2 hardreds = hundred, ‘and. 10 bens Work out 205 ~ 34, HOT ry Exercise 1B 1 Add these numbers: a 13+27+46 b 162 +39 © 615 + 34+ 143 d 1068 + 39+ 7+ 214 2 Work out a 125-29 b 269 — 158 © 463 = 258 d 452 — 168 e 27-13 f 1101 = 990 3 At Market School there are 93 students in Form |, 105 in Form 2, 87 in Form 3, 79 in Form 4 and 81 in Form 5. How many students are there altogether? 4 Osji wants to buy a new bieyele for $1000. He hay saved $824, How much more does he need? 5 In 3testericket tournaments in 2010 Sachin Tendulkar scored 214 runs, 203 runs and 146 runs. How many runs did he score altogether? [G1 18 years ago Chris was 5 years old. How old will he be in 16 years’ time? 1.3 Multiplication and associated division facts Its very important to know the multiplication tables uup to 10 X 10. This will help you with many harder calculations. ‘The multiplication grid below looks Ti to remember. Tt can be made ea a lot of facts xli[2[3]4[s]6 8 [9 [10 Tof2t3l4tste 819 [10 2/2[4}ols fio} 16 | 18 [20 3/316] 9 [12/15 [is 24 [27 | 30 4 [4s [i216] 20124 32 [36 [40 S [510] 15] 20/25 | 30 40 [4s | 50 616112] 18] 24 | 30] 36 as | 54 [60 TT [14 [21 [28 135 | 42 56163 | 70 88] 16] 24] 32 40] a8 64 | 72 | 80. ‘9 fo | 18] 27136 | 45 [54 | 63 | 72 [81 | 90 10/10) 20 [30 [40 | s0 [60 | 70 | 80 | 90 [100 The following facts will help you: +The order you multiply doesn’t matter 7X8 is the same as 8 X 7. This halves the number of facts to learn ‘+ Multiplying a number by I doesn’t change the number eg.4x1l=4 + Multiplying a number by 10 means you ean just write a zero after the number. 2.7 X 10> 70 + Multiplying by 2 is the same as doubling the number.Now there are fewer multiplication facts to Learn % 3 ’ 7 3 T[2[3[/4[5]6|7|8]9| 3 9 6 18 36 7 7 21 2 » 1216 8 m4 8 36 a 15 | 20 | 35 18) 24 36 ‘Once you have Learned your multiplication facts you 2 28 [35 [42 [a9 need to remember that multiplication and division are 24 [32/40 | 48 | 56 | 68 inverse operations. Sometimes a division problem can 27 [36 | 45154 | 6372 | 81 ‘be tured into a multiplication problem to make it 10 easier and faster to do, ‘There are some other hints that can help if you tind _ 56 = 8 =] can be changed to: [] X 8 = 56. your multiplication tables diffieult, ‘Then you can use the multiplication tables in reverse. 4's made easy: 7X8 = 36 + Double « number and then double it again, Exercise 1¢ S's made easy: . P A Copy and complete this mixed-up tables grid + Multiply a number by 10 then halve it aa enters For example, for 8 X 5,do 8 X 10 = 80, so8 x5 = 40 (half of 80). x[a[el[9[2[7[3[s[s 9's made easy: u 2 + Hold your hands in front of you with your fingers z spread out, + For 9X 4 bend your fourth finger from the left 4s down. (9 X 7 would be the seventh finger etc.) 3 + You have 3 fingers in front of the bent finger 5 (ihe tens) and 6 after the bent finger (the units). 3 S09X4= 36. 2 gute Mi finger units : 2 # 3° Jane earns $9 an hour. If she works for 9 hours how much will she earn? 4 If Wayan shares $45 between his 5 children, how much do they each get? 5 Learning more multiplication facts can speed up your working, Try these (they go up to Now there are very few to learn, Usually 3 x 3 = 9s 12 12.) Work out done well. The red numbers in the table are the ones a 11X9 b %=12 © 888 that many students find harder. There are only nine d 12x7 e MX f 132411 red numbers! g 12K12 bh 1204126 A teacher organising a school trip has 108 students to split into 12 equal groups. How many students will there be in each group? In this example, the numbers in the squares are the product of the numbers in F) the circles. 88 a ° ap bw ©» 4@ Ie 625 f 35 £ 1 hh 1325 2 Write the part of each shape that is shaded first as a fraction, then as a decimal: 3 Write in order of size, smallest first, a 0.3, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8 © 2.1, 0.6, 0.9, 1.8 ea MU ‘of he reétangle i shaded, ‘Tenths can be written a shorter way: 4 oe 0.4 10 noni! | \ deenins decimal point 0.4 the declmat form forthe fraction ‘The : is called the decimal point. It separates the whole numbers from the tenths, [4] What number is ;5 more than a3 b 07 © 09 a e 29 t 67 Representing decimals on a number line ‘This number line has been divided into tenths 0 0 1 2 HER HH eee t t if t on 0.6 os ‘The distance between each division is one tenth, Exercise 1E 1 Copy the number line: 0 os 1 15 2 eee | ‘Show these numbers on your number line. a 03 b 13 e 19 2 Write as decimals the letters marked on the number Ii o 0 03 What is the temperature, in °C, on these thermometers? ‘Two decimal places 1 represents | unit then DEEEEEEIEG represents { (one tenth) and represents (one hundredth) Hundredths can be written a shorter way as decimals: 1 t= 0.01 10 a Xt hundredth no units no tenths decimal point Exercise 1F 2 Use diagrams to show these decimals. a 02 b 007 © 012 d 036 e 12 f 123 2 What decimals do these pictures represent? aoooomoo b oo = oo = oo © ggoo q oo oo Diagrams are very useful when comparing decimals, Which is the larger decimal 0.19 or 0. 0.19=h+% 02=3 The rectangles show that 0.2 is larger. Exercise 1G 41 Which is larger? a 040r039 b 0.06 0r0.1 © 12orl.13 d 1.020r13 e 2orl.o+ 2 Write down four numbers that are bigger than 3 but less than 4 b bigger than 3.4 but less than 3.6 © bigger than 0.6 but less than 0.7 Representing hundredths on a number line You can divide a number line into hundredths to show two place decimals. ‘The number line between 0.5 and 0.7: 05 0.5: 06 © 06s 07 Pe t t t w. Y z 032 061 0.69 ‘The distance between each division is one hundredth,Exercise 1H 4. Write down the positions of each of the letters on this number line: Ol 02 03 04 a5 06 07 08 09 ered east lees cee taco eget eel es reales ae ace ° 1.0 dat I tf ft ! ! HOA B ie BE OF D G 2 Copy this number tine: l 1 L L \ L L 1 J 0 On 02 03 04 05 On your number line show the points: A=02, B=025, C=045, D=040, E=030, F=0.05 Thousandths Each column heading is one tenth of the one to its left: +10 +10 +10 my tr By ‘What happens if you divide the units column by 10? one = One re Ut = temh) meh aan fh +0, +0, +0, fh > 16 06 0 ‘ie cata is thatight ot column fg colan “Thousands canbe writen a decimals a 1000, no units— = 0,001 A | m. ‘\ I thousandth ~ no hundredths no tenths 1.5 Decimals and place value Column headings are often used to show place value For example: ‘The number 384.615 written with column headings is Two temihs or 3 or 0.2 Four thousandihs oj oF 0.008 Two tens oF 20 You can use place value to help you write decimals in order of size Write these numbers in order of size, smallest first 63, 6.304, 6.24, 6.242, 6.2, 634 63 6.300 6.304 6.304 620 6.240 6242 6.242 62 6.200 634 6.340 Tine up the decimal points. You can put in 20x05 where. there are vo hundredths and. ro thowsardths. In order, smallest first, this, 6.304, 6.34Exercise 41 1 Give the value of each underlined digit. a 133 b 624 c d 0.032 e 1.245 f g 11804 2 Write these numbers in order of | smallest first. a 0,3, 0.02, 0.4, 0.006 b 3,30, 03, 0003 & 36, 36, 0.36, 0.036 3° Write down four numbers that lie between: a 3.14and3.15 b 0.68 and 0.69 A. The batting averages of five intemational batsmen are shown in this table: sm in order, starting with the t average. 5 Write these numbers in order of size, smallest first a 12.5, 14, 6.35, 10.2, 8.323, 0.099 b Al, 2.412, 24 © 04,004, 0.44, 0.444, 0.404, 0.044 6 Write these numbers in order of size, largest first a 1,09, 1.19, 0.119, 1.119, 1 b 7.703, 7.7, 7.65, 7.651, 7.61, 7.73 © 12,1, 12.101, 12.03, 12.042, 12.01, Decimals and money Money is written using decimals. For example: 2 dollars and 25 cents is writien $ 39 cents is written $0.39 3 dollars and 7 cents is written $3.07 We usu 2 means 1 ten and 2 tenths. This can be written as 1.20 (as there ate no hundredths), When you are talking about money you need to have two numbers the decimal point. An answer of | dollar and 20 cents on a calculator will be 1.2. it as $1.20 not $1.2. nd of dee ly don’t write zeros att nut yOu must write Exercise 13 4 a How many cents are there in a dollar? Write | cent asa fraction of 1 dollar. © Write this fraction ay a decimal 2 a Write 15 cents asa fraction of a dollar, b Write this fraction as a decimal, 3° Write in dollars using the decimal point: a1 dollar 10 cents b 25 cents © 3 dollars 55 cents 5 dollars 5 cents © Scents: f 100dollars 5 cents 54 dollars 13 cents h 1 dollar 50 cenis 1.6 Decimals and your calculator Decimal calculations are done very easily on a calculator. To display a decimal you must use the [7] button. Exercise 1K 4A _Use your calculator to work out: a 10x84 b 10% 107 © 10x6045 d 100 84 e 100x107 — f 100 x 6.045 g 1000X84 = 1000 1.07 T1000 x 6.045 2 What happens when you multiply by 10, 100 or 1000? 3 Use your calculator to work out: a 76+10 b 26.1 +10 © 48+10 a 523+10 4 Use your calculator to work out: a 76+ 10 b 26.1 + 100 © 48+ 100 d 523 + 100 5 Use your calculator 1o work out a 76+1000 b 26.1 + 1000 c 48+ 1000 a = 1000 6 What happens when you divide by 10, 100 or 100077 Do these multiplications, without using a calculator. a 745x10 b 89X10 ¢ 034% 100d 3.04 x 1000 e 0.06x10 Ff 1006 x 100 g 184% 1000 hb 21.63 x 10 B] Do these divisions without using « calculator a 78+10 b 92100 c 273+100 d 59 +1000 e 4710 f 315 +100 g 2+ 1000 h 13+ 1000 i 37+10 1.7 Multiplying and dividing decimals by powers of ten Look at these results: B4xX1 = 84 84X10 = 84 84x 100 = 840 8.4 x 1000 = 8400 ‘You should have noticed that when a decimal is multiplied by 10, each number in the decimal moves one place to the left In 84 the 8 js in the units column 84% 10= 84 In this calculation the 8 moves one place to the left and is ‘now in the tens column, When multiplied by 100 each number moves two places to the left ‘When multiplied by 1000 each number moves three places to the let Look at these results, 16+1 =76 16=10 =076 76 +100 = 0.076 7.6 = 1000 = 0.0076 Notice here that when a decimal is di number in the decimal moves ane place to the ded by 10 each ight When divided by 100 each number moves two places to the right, When divided by 1000 each number moves three tothe rig Work out a 83.95 X10 b 83,75 = 100 © 8.375 x 1000 a 83.75 x 10 b 83.75 + 100 © > 1000 = = 8375 0.8375, 3750 Sometimes you will be asked 10 write numbers in order when they have different units. there are units zgiven, cha ordering them. all numbers to the same unit before Write these numbers in order of size, smallest first Im, 119¢m, 0.9m, 1.2m, 98cm, 112mm Im X 100 > 100e1 119em > 119¢1 0.99m x 100 > 99em 1.2m x 100 120em 98em > Oem 12mm + 109 11.2 Fuk mi the sane une efere unting Wem oh order Remember: ior = fern 00cm = te In order, smallest first, this is: 112mm, 0Sem, 0.99m, Im, 119em, 1.2m, Exercise 1L 2 Work out without a calculator: a 635 x10 b 3x 100 © 26x10 d 714x 10 e 82% 100 f 1.89 x 1000 g 031810 hh 034 x 100 1 0.771 x 1000 j 76x10 k 6.125% 100 14x 1000 2 Multiply each of the numbers below by i 10 ii 100 fii 1000 a 9843 b 16 © 014 3 Work out without a ealeulator: a 81+10 b 2+ 100 © 81+ 100 d 53.7+10 e 15+ 100 f 0.83 = 1000 g 001410 hh 0.341 + 100 1 5762+ 1000 j 176+ 10 k 7165+100 1 7+ 10004 Divide each of the numbers below by i 10 fi 100 iii 1000 a 462 b 708 e 34 5 Write in cents: a $642 b $1906 © $247.11 6 Write in dollars: a 45cents b Gcents © 137 cents 7 Copy and complete: 16D [x 1000 = 2300 +100 ~ 0.442 89+ = 0.089 6 a b ° a e 0.09xO =90 f 06x00 g 180 =018 h 9219+ = 0.9219 1 838xO =8380 J Ox 100 =6144 k (+1000 =0.071 1 2512=0 =2512 8 isa has made a mistake in his working. He says these numbers are in order starting with the smallest, 2.7m, 2.71 mm, 2.83m, 3em What mistake has he made? [2] Copy and complete: a 4km=Cim Naxatibes b 23ke-0 tone = tom © 230mi=Llitre —] i000 = im @ 0.8m=Cem {000m = tm e@ 2e=Okg 10004 = tke f 26mm=Clem isc g 0.04 litres =O mi h 350m =(km i 920 cm = mm Write these numbers in order of size, smallest first: a 8810m, 8.9km, $901 m, 8.821 km, 8812m, 8.8km b 10.8kg, 10801 g, 10.79kg, 10792, 10781g, 10.81 kg © 0.66 litre, 0.6 litre, 0.06 litre 6666 ml, 0,606 litre, 66 ml d 4.tem, 401mm, 4.01cm, 401em, 4.01 mm, 4.1 mm, 0.04m 1.8 Rounding Often you do not need to work with exact numbers. For example, if 13 284 people attended a cricket match, you can say about 10 000 people attended. Such an approximation is called rounding, You can round numbers to the nearest 10. 100, 1000 ete. Look a the number line below, n 10 Bo 30-40 50 60 70 80 90 18 8 Tt shows mul ples of 10. Notice that 18 is elosest to 20. Notice that 72 is closest to 70. You can write eae b the nearest 10 the last digit must be O 18is 200d rest 10 72 is 70 to the nearest 10 18 has been ra nded up 10 20. 72 has been rounded down to 70, In the case of a number ending in 5, for example 65, it is usual to round it up, so 65 is 7010 the nearest 10 Rounding to the nearest 100 is done in a similar manner. Round a 729) b 483 to the nearest huncived. ‘Show the numbers on a number line marked in hundreds. 483 729 8160 200 300-460 0 6410 799 800 From the number line, you When yeu rourd can see 483 is 500 to the nearest 100 729 is 700 10 the nearest 100 to the nearest 100 the last tine digits mast beoPee ton Rounding is commonly used by the media At Eden Gardens cricket ground in Kolkata, India, 84976 people went to watch a cricket match, ‘A newspaper reported 85000 people watched Kolkata Knight Riders’ victory. “The paper has made the figure of 84976 more manageable by rounding (o the nearest 1000, Wine ypu round. the nearest 1000 the last Unree digits must be 0, 84976 4 8300084000 85900 86000 Exercise 1M 4 a Drawa number line from 0 to 100 marked inten. b Show the following numbers on your line: 8 W127 i 42 iv 63 v 89 @ Round cach of the numbers to the nearest ten. 2 a Copy the number line below. 0 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 b Show these numbers on your line: 1283 255 ffi 292 v 306 v 319 © Round each of these mumbers to the rest 10, 3 a Drawa number line from 100 10 1000, marked in hundreds, b Show these numbers on your line: i164 W375 fii 604 iv 429 v 781 © Round each of these numbers to the nearest 100. 4 a Copy the number line below. 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400, b Show these numbers on your line i 2003 ft 1917 2189 iv 2362 v 2240 © Round each of these numbers to the nearest 100. 5 By drawing a suitable number line, round each Of these numbers to the nearest 1000, a 1402 b 3812 € 5617 d 049 e 33609 «f 45113 6 Round these numbers to the nearest 10: a 76 b 105 © 846 d 1018 e 6142 f 7624 g 11306 h 12953 7 Round the numbers in Question 6 to the nearest 100. 8 Round the numbers in Question 6 to the nearest 1000 9 Round the answers to these calculations to the nearest 100. You may use your calculator, a 27x 146b 136x97 © 812 x 124 20 Ethan has made some mistakes in his homework. Which questions are wror Write the correct answers for any he has got wrong, 436789 to the nearest 1000 is 44000 b 2354 1 the nearest 10 is 2350, © 712350 t0 the nearest 100 is 712300 In his test match career to December 2011, Rahul Dravid has scored 12752 runs. How many runs is this to the ne a tea b hundred € thousand? st 13] 629 is the largest whole number that when rounded tothe nearest hundred gives 600. ‘What is the smailest such number? 3 Hind has rounded the numberof people inher year group tothe nearest 10. She says there ae 230 inher year group. What is the smallest possible numberof students inher year group the largest possible uber of students in feryeac ara!Rounding decimals number or to one decimal place. ca! to round 10 the nearest whole mal place 6741 b 835 ¢ 6.741 The second. decimal, 6.741 to | dip. is 6.7 | place is 4. Round. dom Leave the 7 as ik is Round 12.814 to athe nearest whole number bone decimal place a Show the numbers on a number line marked in whole numbers, 835 The second decimal 8350 1dp. is 84 place is 5. Rourd up. nerease tne 3 12814 Fwen ypu reund to the nearest hole number there should. be 7.968 From the number line, you 7.9680 1dp.is 80 12.814 is 13 to the nearest whole number Increase tre digit 9 by adding 0.1 Show the numbers on a number line marked in inparootiice decimals showing tenths. mple 13, when you inerease the digi amend bby adding 0.1 you get 8.0. You must leave the 0 is 12814 to 1 decimat Don't just write 8 as this would be rounded to the Race, (4p), nearest whole number instead of to 1 dp. a ue there muse be at As Jone digit written sie Exercise 1N From the number line, you can \ decimal pint see 12.814 is 12.8 t0 I dip. 2 Round to the nearest whole number: a 12356 b 48 © 11.096 d 0467 e 05 2 Round to | decimal place: a 045 b 218 © 0.05 d 6.249 @ 32.092 Rounding without a number line ‘To sound to 1 decimal pla 3 Round toi the nearest whole number and you only need (0 look at lito dp. the second decimal place (the number in the a 06721 b 4349 © 653213 hundredths column). Use this rule: d 41.283 e 0.05345 * Ifthe second decimal place is less than 5, leave the Round the following measinemenis 10 sit is and don’t write any the nearest whole number it IFitis 5 or more, you must fio Ldp. round up the digit in the first decimal place. a 475km b 232lines ¢ 17.814ke d 23.15eme 403.447 tonnes Ea Maiahes has rounded a number. He says: “When T round my number to 1 d.p itis 5.5 and itis 5 to the nearest whole number.” What could Mazhes’s number be?Pee ton Estimation Haye you ever gone to buy things and found you didn’t have enough money? You can avoid this if you are able to make good estimates. When you round to the nearest ten, hundred, ete. you are making a good estimate, You can ‘estimate the answer to a calculation by rounding the numbers first. Estimate the result of a 76 + 296 + 82 b 69x 84 a 76 is 100 (to nearest 100) 296 is 300 (to nearest 100) 82 is 100 (10 nearest 100) So 76 + 296 + 82s approxims 100 + 300 + 100 = 500 b 69s 70 (10 nearest 10) 84 ig 80 (10 nearest 10) So 69 X 84 is approximately 70 80 = 3600 Exercise 10 L_ Make good estimates for these calculations: a 58+94+86 b 213 + 789 c 931 — 286 d 1124-919 e 29x 104 f 814+ 124 2. The distance around a rave wack is 1.85 km. If'a car drives 35 laps around the race track, estimate how far it has travelled in total 3 A shirt costs $79.55. Alan wishes to buy 14 such shirts, He has $1000, Does he have enough money? ‘A motorbike is priced at $847.50. Johnson has, $5000. How many motorbikes could he buy? For further lessons and tests on rounding and estimations visit the website ‘wo.aaaknon.com/est.him ‘See if you can beat the clock when you play the ‘Countdown’ game ot “20 Questions’ Take care! Some of these are challenging! Using a calculator A calculator makes arithmetic easy and can save a ‘great deal of time, However, unless you are careful itis still possible to make mistakes. One way of reducing mistakes when you use your calculator is to make a good guess at the answer first. Your calculator answer should be similar to your guess. What is 52 A good guess is about 50. 10 = © 46 ‘The answer 416 is fairly close to the guess of 500, It is unlikely that a mistake has been made.Exercise 1P Copy and complete the table. For each question make a sensible guess and then use your a calculator, 4 a Write down a threefigure number, for example 458, b Repeat the figures to get. for example, 468 458 © Divide this number by 13, then divide your answer by 14 ard finally divide that ansner by 7. Whats your answer? What do you notice? Repeat witn another threefigure number. What happens? Does this always happen? Why? 1.9 Negative numbers 3 Numbers less than zero are called negative numbers, ‘You can see them on this number li Positive numbers. Negative numbers | (or natural numbers) 4 ‘Numbers Tess than zero are negative numbers, ‘Ordinary, counting numbers are positive umbers Numbers to the right on the number line are always larger than those on the left. Integers are whole numbers that can be positive, negative or 7er0 Which is greater 2or-3? 43246123 4 On the number line 2 is to the right of 3, so 2 is greater than ~3 DADs bo les “2 isto the right of ~5, so 2 is greater than ~S Exercise 1Q Which of theve statements are true? 5 iy greater than 3 2 iy greater than 1 “3 is greater than 4 sono oe Copy and complete by filing in the gap. The first is done for you. a 10ixgreaterthan8 b ~G ____8 0d 0 ne i ga Th 61 Pick the greater integer from each pair. a 16,200 b 717.86 ¢ 30,25 d ~57,-70 e 250.1 f ~100,-5 Write each set of numbers in order of size, smallest frst ae 6, 4-2, 6 meanoce th 10, Gis one greater than 5. Write down the number that is one greater tha a4 bO0 c¢ 3 a-5 e 7 f 0 g 2 h 26 Gis one less than 7. Write down the number that is one less than: ad b0O c¢ 3 4d e7 f 10 g 122 h 29 Copy and complete these sequences: 3,2, 1,0, Sloe 4,-2.0, _, “14,711, 8, =19,714| 59.0.8 e@aoce Work out 6 — 8. 4-6543210123456 Statt at 6 and move 8 steps hack You will arrive at ~2. ‘That is, 6 Exercise 1R 2 Copy and complete these subtractions: a 6-1=0 =i “10-8 6 4-20 2 4 6 8 10 b 0-8=0 -8 we “10-8 6 4-20 2 4 6 8 10 2 On squared paper draw number lines and arrows to show these subtractions, Write down the answer for each one, a 4-5 b 6-9 c¢ 1-3 d 0-4 e 6-8 Ff 2-5 3 Copy and complete these subtractions: a 7-8=0 » 1-6=0 e 0-9=Q d 5-6=0 e3-=O f 4-8=0 4 Copy and complete these addi a 2+5=0 45 “108 64202 4 6 8 10 b 8+6=-0 +6 cae “10-8 6 4-20 2 4 6 8 10 5 Draw number Lines to show these additions: a 3+5 b 0+6 © 548 a 942 e 9412 f S+14 & Copy and complete: a 3+4=-0 »b e 8+3=O 4 e 9+13-0 Ff 1.10 Negative numbers and addition You will need squared paper You numbers does nat 1y have noticed that the order that you add For example, 443-344 You can use this idea to help you add negative numbers To work out 7 + 74 Exercise 1S 1. Write these additions in another way by changing the order of adding. as+3 bD4+ 1 €7+2ralive numbers. 2 Look atthe number lines. (Witions shown on these 45 aa Work ou 54321012345 24-35 +4 First, draw a number line to help. 5e45 AON 2 aes 47 6543210123456 “3 1012345 Using the drawings to help you, copy and complete arses 42 Withihe el of numbering, wrk out Ct eo cS o 24-2 d S472 3 Work out 34s f 443 a 4+ 2 bosea eons h 7+ e 7+ 5 a 3455 i 846 j 949 2 6+ 8 f 94-12 2 Look at your completed additions in Question 4. 4 Copy and complete Can you sea quick way to find the answer, a 5-3 b ‘when you add two negative numbers? ge 3 Work out 5. Theanswers for Questions 2 and 4 are shown a -6+77 b “10+ -10 below. c7+-7 d 9+3 e 2+ 10 f “15+ 6 = 4 Find the answer ; What do you notice by comparing both a te Bb tee columns? Can you see a quick way to find the Cte iS 2 f 26+ 99 answer, when you add a negative number to a ees positive number? 3] Copy and complete: 6 u a 340-3 se the quick way from Question 5 to work out: : a s+ b 3471 c o+3=1 biea | d 348 ‘ 3eo= e@ 6-9 f 2410 t s+O=2 7 Copy the sentence, and choose words from those in the brackets to complete it: SI Wate outs “Adding a negative number gives the same Se ee anergy 8 s+ mame Pee eas ‘multiplying, larger, positive. subtracting, 2 3 et ae oe 6 0+ 54-1 8 Work out f “1241943 a +12 b 644 g 8+ +9 c 1+8 d 940 h -11+6+-5 e 5+ 10 f 74-11 1 -11+-5+6 g 15410 h 30414 j “6+n+-s7 The temperature in New York was “5°. It rose by 9°C. What was the new temperature? Work out ‘The sum of two numbers is “5. What could a the numbers be? Find as many solutions as you can. Compare your answers with a friend. Who has more solutions? LT) Work out a 6+10+7 You can use the same idea to work out harder 5+ 4+6 calculations. b 6 9+ G6+3 @ +744 e f g 10+ 4+ 13 +79 16+ 3+ 1843 Work out 8+ 717+4+6 a 6-344 +4= 64344 (OIE EE double signs 7-1 first! = 8 Notice that in pan b-7— 5 +4 can be worked out on the number line Copy and complete the magic square with the numbers “10, 8, 6, 4, 2,0, 2,4,6 0 that all the rows, columns and diagonals add to the same number. Start at-7 “14 13-12-11 10-9 -8 1.11 Subtracting negative hes Exercise 1U Look at these subtractions: 41 Copy and complet. ana=o ‘The first one has been done for you. a-3=1 4-2-2 Teeny a-153 erg o-o=4 4- oO ‘What do you think C) should be? The answers are 2 increasing by ane so = 5. ‘That is, ances + This shows that subtracting a negative number is the same as adding a positive number.3] Find the answer: a 6+ 2+3 bb © 6+ 3-2 d 6-4-2 e 8-341 fF 1-6+7 ge 8-8-8 fh 3-3 b 8+ 5-3 d 34 343 f 6+ 5-3 ho 12-13-14 1 “214-6419 | 16--17-73 EE Find numbers that make these subtraction tables work. a Second b Second ~ number 7 number Sain Ze e|2 5 Review what you have learnt about adding and subtracting integers. Visit ‘www onlinemathlearning.com and follow the links to ‘Arithmetic’, “Adding integers’ and “Subtracting Integers’. ‘Study the examples and watch the videos! (QIEIER Find two numbers such that when you subtract ‘one from the other you get 4. Can you find any other such pairs of numbers? © Cen you find a rule for finding other pairs of pumbers? How do you multiply and divide m five numbers? Work through the Technology box to become an expert. Oa Lear more about working with negative numbers. Check out. \wwrn.ourplemath.com and \wwrv.coolmath.com/prealgebra Go through the lessons carefully. There's much to leam! 1.12 Some ways we use negative numbers Time ‘The time when something is due to happen, like the launching of a space ship, is often called time zero. Times before zero are counted as negative, times after it are co Sea Level Sea level is zero metres. Heights above sea level are positive and you could think of depths below sea level as negativeTemperature “The temperature of something tells us how hot or cold Ttis measured using a thermometer, The temperature of ice is 0°C. Water freezes 0 10 «01030 ‘Thermometer ‘The C is short for Celsius (pronounced Sell-see-us) who was a furnous scientist, 0 °C is read as degrees Celsius ‘There are many things which are colder than ice, These things have negative temperatures. In many places, the temperature of the air is always colder than 0 °C: Money I you have $400 in the bank you are in eredit by $400. Money going into your aecount is credit, You ‘can use positive numbers to represent credit. Monoy coming out of your account is debit. You can use negative numbers to represent debit Exercise 1V 41. This is a timetable for launching a space ship a The first check of the space ship is done at “6h. What time is thar? b On tauinch day, the astronaut sleeps until 8h. How many hours are there between the astronaut waking up and docking with the space laboratory? Theastronaut must be dressed in a space 24 hours before launching. How would you record that on the timetable? d 1 hoursafier fuelling, the astronaut is locked into the space capsule. How would ‘you show that on the timetable? An aeroplane is flying ata height of 7500 metres ibove sea level. A submarine is direeily below it at a depth of 60 metres below sea level. What is the distance between the aeroplane and the submarine’ Do you think that this picture shows a place that is colder than 0 °C? Why do you think so? The temperature in Alaska on a certain day was 2 °C, Find the temperature the next day if i a rose by 4°C. b fell by 4°C Find the new temperature after: arise of 4°C from ~1°C arise of 6°C from 10°C arise of 1 °C from ~9° a fall of 2°C from 3°C 4a fall of 4°C from 3°C ‘fall of 7°C from -2°C. soaoce ‘The temperature in Toronto was ~5°C on Wednesday. It fell by 3°C on Thursday. ‘What was Thursday's temperature? Liguid mercury freezes at ~39 °C and boils at 357°C. What is the temperature difference between these states?8 Atatemperature of 183°C oxygen becomes, a liquid. If its temperature is reduced by another 31°C it freezes. What is the freezing point of liquid oxygen? 9 Ataweather station in the Artic the temperature was recorded as 23°C. ‘Two hours fater it had fallen by 8°C. @ What was the new temperature? b Four hours after the first readings the temperature was 41°C, By how much had the temperature fallen in four hours? 20 The table shows the average temperature of the air each month last year, in a North American city. @ What was the temperature difference between the hottest and coldest months’? b Did the temperature rise between Tanuary and February? By how many degrees did it change? © How many degrees did the temperature fall between November and December? How many degrees did the temperature rise between February and March? 44. This isa copy of pari af Steven’s bank Mhis is a copy of part of Kanika’s bank statement. Find the values a, b. € and d. Exercise 1W - mixed questions 2. Write in order of size, smallest first: a ~3,0,7,8, 6 b 14,-1,2,-8,12 © ~28,17,46, 33, 12 d “6,104, “99, “81, -63 Copy and complete the sequences: The table shows the temperature in five cities on one day in December. @ How much hotier was it in Sharm El Sheikh than New York’) b Which city was the coldest on that day’? © How much colder was Toronto than London? d Between which two cities was the temperature difference the greatest? @ Write down the cities in order of temperature beginning with the hottest.4 The drawing shows three villages, X,Y and Z., ‘The dowted line has been continued from the sea, 10 show sea level. X is above sea level. Y and Z are below sea level. X, 350m sea level 130 m below sea level What is the difference in height between: a YandZ © XandZ? 5 The highest place in the world where you could sit iy on top of Mount Everest. Ibis 8840 m high. The lowest place where you could sit is on the shore of the Dead Sea. It is 393 m . What is the difference between these b Xand¥ 6 Work out: a itd b 34-4 © 344 d 34-4 e 6+ 10 fF 6+ ~10 g7+9 h 3479 P1341 jf 2418 7 Work out a 5+0 b 5+O e O+2= d 3-0-9 e 4+0-3=5 f 6+ 8+O="1 go+o-7 9 Try to adil negative numbers on your calculator. You will need to use the to show a negative number. Use your calculator to work out: key 6+-3 10+ ~12 “34-6 “12+ "10 “34548 “94+ 3+ 6 114 + 56 63+ 14+ 29 20 In the following parts of number lines what do. the letters stand for? 330 430 440 +40 “4 a 20 b 30 70 335 435 345-45 © 15 50 e d 2 (ONaririm Investigate what happens when you use your calculator to a subtract negative numbers b multiply negative numbers. © divide negative numbers. Can you find any rules?Here Is game fortwo players, Aand B. ‘You will need a rectangle of cardboard, about 3 em wide end 30 om long. ‘You will also need a counter (a bution or bean will do) and two dice (different colours if possible). First, make the game board from your cardboard, as shown in the drawing above. Ifyour dice are different colours, choose one of them to be negative. If they are both the same colour, mari. ‘each face of one dice with a negative sign, using 2 crayon or coloured pencil. You are now ready to begin. Decice whether A or B will go first. The rules 4 The counter is put on the space below 0. 2 The players take tums to throw the tno dice. The total score for the throw is the scores on the two dice added together. 3 Ifthe total score is positive, move the counter right. If itis negative, move the counter left. See the box on the right for an example. 4 The game is over when the counter lands on or beyond the 12 or 12 space. If the counter lands on 42, player A wins. If itlands on 12 player B wins. Mave 4 places rigit to 4 [Move 5 places leftto 1 | 1.13 Laws of arithmetic and or 342 inverse operations (adding the 2 and 4 first) You may be aware of the laws of arithmetic and use 2X5K3=10x3=30 them all the time. You may not know the names of the Conaltiplying the 2 and 5 first) Jaws you are using. Most useful fo you are or en + The commutative law: When adding two numbers Conuttiplying the 5 and 3 first) ‘or multiplying two numbers the order of doing this, doesn't matter. +The distributive law: When a sum (or difference) is being multiplied by a number, each number in For example: the sum (or difference) can be multiplied by the number first then these products are added (or 342=243=5 subtracted). Its the same with division, 10 For example: and 2x5=5x2 ‘The associative law: When adding three or more SXU+2D=5K6 ‘This is the sum numbers you can add any pair of numbers fist. (4+ 2) being When multiplying three or more numbers you can multiplied by the multiply any pair of numbers first. number 5 vecomss ani 5X 445X2=20+10=30 B42+4954+4-9 ‘This is each number in the sum, (adding the 3 and 2 first) 4 and 2, being multiplied by the number $ first then these answers are added.Pee ton ‘This can be shown in the following diagram eee ee Tet dias tye eee we | rectante or a5 ty 4 655 what is So cc ee aka 5 by 2 recange i 4655 + 2452 eeeeee eeecee Noh 2+O0-10¢ # O+15-8 4655 + 19 = 245 When you know a calculation can be done in any order, you can find the easiest way to do it EXAMPLE 21 Work out 26+ 97+ 74 3x 25 X2X2 25 x (100 + 4) as + 19 is the inverse of X 19 4655 + 245 = 19 tas + 245 is the inverse of x 245 72 +O = 104 The inverse of + 72 is — 72 104 — 72 Check by addins O+15=8 ‘The inverse of + 15 is x 15 8x 15 = 120 Check by dividing: 120 + 15 = To do 26 + 97 + 74, if you zuld complemems © 100 together first it makes the calculation much easier. You ean he order to: 26 + 74 + 97 = 197 which makes it easy quick to do in your head nd To do 23 X 25 2 X 2, look for the casiest een order to do this in, Rather than doing the Es [soak 23 X 25 first, do 25 X 2 X 2as this makes 1 Copy and complete: 100, multiplying by 100 is easier a 18X3=3XO)=54 b 19+48~81=19+04+0-0 23x 25K 2xX2=23x 25K4=23x © 17X2+10)=17X24+17X0 100 = 2300 =34+0-0 25 X (100 + 4) if we do the 100 = 4 frst then @ 2x(o+3)=21xO+2x0= 5 X 104 involves doing long mukiplication o+O=0 This easier e 22x@+109=Ox0+O=O+ O-0 25 x 100 + 25 x 4 = 2500 + 100 = 2600 f 38x27 3856 so 8856 + 27 = Chand = g 1444 s0 1444 7986 = 458 ‘You probably use inverse operations all the time ‘and 1444 0.458 = 986 without being aware that they are called inverse finoratbes, 2 Use inverse operations to copy and camplete: | a O+53=186 b O+12=7 + Inverse operations: ce O-s4=228 a 0x9=108 Multiplying and dividing areinverses of cach _Use the Laws of arithmetic to help make these athe , calculations easier: 4 X 3 = 12 then 12 +4 =3 and 12+ 3=4 a $3+48+17 Adding and subtracting are inyerses of each b 2x25x19x2 other. . © 24x 10+2) 12 +5 = Tthen 7 ~ 5 =2and 7 — d 37 +42~+63+58+19 Other inverse operations are squaring and square Se a) rooting (you will learn about these later), £22 NT REXS DS ‘You can use laws of arithmetic and inverse operations TU aetna a 354x246 b 87084 + 3547 to make calculations easier or to eheck your work.5 Atahalne was working on his homework. He wrote 462 ~ 287 = 185. His teacher said he was wrong and that he could see his answer was wrong by doing an addition sum, What sum should he do to check hisanswer?. +0 =0 ] Show how you use the distributive law 10 work out 60 ~ 12) +3 Draw dots arranged in a rectangle to show why the distributive law works. Use these numbers for your example: 6x2 +5)=6x2+6x5=42 FEA This diazram shows how the distributive law works The diagram above represents the distributive law fill in the correct numbers for this diagram: Ox(+0)=Ox0+0xoO-0 1.14 Order of operations ‘There are rules of arithmetic to help make sure that, everyone completes calculations the same way Kade does the calculation 2+ 4X 5, she says the answer is 30, on my calculator Kade has made common mistake. She has worked from left to right doing the calculation in the order it appears. (Kade do 4 = 6 first then 6 X 5) ‘This is wrong because of the rules of arithmetic whieh tell us the order to do mathematical operations in ‘The order of operations (BIDMAS) tells us that in calculations we do: Brackets first |+ Operations in brackets are completed first Then . Indices ‘Numbers raised to a power (index) are done next (you will learn about this later), Then * Divisions and multiplications Division and c completed next, the order Multiplication | you do these doesn’t matter Thea = Additions and subtractions are Addition and | completed next, the order you Subtraction do these dovsa’t matter. If'we look again at Kade’s question: Tm BIDNAS the M ames before. the A $0 Multiplication ic done before Addition The best way to set out these calculations is to work down the page a stage at a time as shown in the following examples: Work out a 14-2x(+1) b (10-3)+2044 BIDMAS Brackets first n Multiplication a 14-2x(5+1) =4-2x6 4-12 BIDMAS ets first b (10-3) +2044 =7+20+4 =745 2 Exercise 1¥ 2 Work out a 8+2x10 ob 16-1254 o 4x443 d 741545 ex Steel 6 34+4x7 hh -10-8xS 1 5x9+-100 2 Work out a 17-3x542 b 3x5+2x4 eox2— 3-4) d 4054496 e 15—%4=3+12 f 2-12+2-1 g 15-2x3x2 h 649x253 1 -$-4x8+35 3 Work out: a (@-3)XG+2) b @7+33)+@5~19)5+0-4)x4 26 = 10x @=7) (+9) =5+13 35+ (17-12) +2 2xG+x2 =2+ 8-5) x5 -10-G+2x4 —zm +020 Write brackets in these to make them correct: a 6+4x10= 100 b 34+12=24+1 e 100-10x6-4=80 [5] when working out the answer to 1524+ 2, Maahes has made a mistake. 15-2442 ‘Then Subtraction What mistake has he made? Work out: a 74+ O-4)X4-O+5)47 b 4—5)-3X24+-4 e (10-4%2)+2x2+3)x d0—2x4) a e 2 -(B+9)+2)x4 3 +8 X (15 — (10 ~3)etl Consolidation Exercise 1 1. Write these numbers as des 3 7 49 2 0 » 0 © 00 a 1% e 135 2 Copy the number line and place on these decimals. footie tiriitie tii tinir| Oo 05 1 15 2 25 3 a 03 b 12 © 06 d 29 el f 20 g 045 h 165 3 Find the largest of these pairs of numbers. 0.14 b 032,04 © 0.1,0.03 4 White these numbers in order of size, smallest first, a 03,0.17,02,3 b © 0.48, 05, 1, 8.02 1.6, 0.07, 15, 0.8 5 Read the value on cach scale, a 39 38 © 37 6 6 The times of eight athletes in the women’s 200 mrrace at the Olympic games were in Goer at see het Lalo 22.57 Aygon Fale 22.18 veronica Campbell 22.05 Abed Owoian 2287 Alcon Bailey 23.42 Muna tee 287 Debbie Ferguson 223) @ Who won the race? b Who came last? © How much faster was Campbell than Felix’? The World record in this race was held by Florence Griffith Joyner at 21.34 seconds. How far outside this time was the third place runner? Work out: a 23X10 b 1.7 1000 © 812+100 d 14+ 100 e@ 0.031000 f 0.7 10 g 26+10 hh 152.3 + 1000 1 423x100 J 9.142 x 100 k 3241000 1 75.64=10 Copy and complete this diagram: 0 +10 % 1000 +10009 Copy and complete 46 The temperatures in four towns on Ist a 14xO=14 b 381xO=3810 December were as follows: ¢ O+10=241 d 12.7+0=00127 1.061 Temperature (°C) e Ox100=2 fF 061-0 10 Round these numbers as shown: a 98510 nearest 10 b 1.74610 dp. © 34526 10 ne: d 234814 : @ What was the coldest town’? e 0.0975 t01dp. : . : b How much hotter is Abuja than Calgary? 14.7 tonearest 10 ie Seas Sees Hi Z 14567610 nearest 1000 Oey meta blero Ret h 4.0510 nearest whole number ae Write the towns in temperature order, 4 58.361 to nearest whole number eer J 22567 to nearest 100 eS Is ene 47 Using the data in Question 46, find the temperature on 2nd December if the: hese additions. y ‘ a temperature in Cairo fell by 3°C. “2+5 b 446 3475 S ae ees cea temperature in Calgary fell by 6% a ae ee © temperature in Moscow rose by 2 y 8+-4 18 Copy and complete: a 14x9=9XT= 126 b 344594 66=44+0+0=-0 e 29x(2+ 10)=29x0+29xO= 42 Use a number line to work out these btractions, 2 ae A O+O0-0 a i 4 1035 +23 = 45 so 45 x 23 = [and 2-9 1035 +0=0 e sil- 184 so 184 + (1 = S11 and SulO0 = 327 = : 19 Use inverse operations to copy and complete: fe fisted a O+87=143 b O+12=9 Pe ee nen © O-82=241 d x8=96 i 20 Use the laws af arithmetic to help make these calculations easier. nore a S8+39-42 b 25x2K4RK2 ass © 21x (100+3) 6-°7 24. Work out: 5 a 9+3x5 b W-15=5 7-14 © 3-4*%6 d 14-741 e 2X7+33+3 f 15-16+2-10 g 4+5x9=3 bh 124(7-5)x 10 1 @8+52)+@8—3) 4 T--6+4 8+ 9-4 23-41 - “19You should know ... 41. A decimal is a way of writing a number using place values of tenths, hundredths ete i358 1 ten — we 3 units SQ 2 A decimal can be shown on a number line. 08 naller than 0.8 4 When multiplying by powers of 10 all digits in the number ‘move left depending how many zeros there are: 241 x 10 = 24.1 241 x 100 = 241 241 1000 = 2410 5 When dividing by powers of 10 all digits in the number move right depending how many zeros there are: 321.7 + 10 = 32.17 321.7 + 100 = 3.217 321.7 + 1000 = 0.3217 Check out 4. Write the value of the underlined digit a068 —b 32.61 002 d 403.128 © 1.302 What numbers are represented by the letters A, B,C, Don the number lin eee ite BC D ‘or cach number pair, write the larger number. 2 03.0.5 b 316 © 03,0.29 4 0.93,1 Work out: 8.6 x 10 a b 2.6 x 1000 © 125 x 100 1,045 x 100 e 0.07 x 1000 £0310 Work out: 4.6210 232.6 + 1000 91.3 + 100 5.3 + 100 12 + 1000 1521= 10 SoRound 48653 to nearest hundred: The figure in the tens column is 5 so round up. 48653 to the nearest hundred is 48 700 Round 12.432 to 1 dips ‘The figure in the second decimal place is 3 so round down, 12.4320 1 dp. is 12.4 ‘Negative numbers are numbers less than zero. a 65 4 10 123 4 5 6 + Negative numbers —*!4— Positive numbers —> Numbers to the right of another number are always greater. For example: 1 is greater than ~2 3 is greater than “5 A number line can help you add and subtract numbers. For example: Adding a negative number is the same as subtracting a positive number, For example: 24-35 -2-3= and calculation 1 jumbers as shown: 8 431 to nearest 10 b 2.48910 1 dp. © 92146 to nearest 100 d 12.975 to nearest whole number @ 574516 to nearest 1000 Write down the smaller number in each of these pairs of numbers: a6,3 b24 cso od Use a number line to work out: a3+4 b-4-2 c-6+2 3-5 e4-7 Work out8 10.2 subi ive number is the same as adding 40 Calculate: a positive number, For example: 6+2 S-4= 544 b More complicated add the same way: For example: 34-5 1 ns and subtractions are done in wa 24 Copy and complete: ‘+ The commutative law says when adding or multiplying the alaxs order of doing this doesn’t matter. =3xO=112 eg. 2X8=8x2=16 b 63+ 12437 + The associative law says when aclding or multiplying three or =@+0+0-0 ‘more numhers you can do any pair of numbers first © 18XG+10) eg 1+74+3=8+3=11 18XO+18xO or=1+10=11 =-o+o-0 + The distributive faw says when a sum iy being multiplied by a d 812 x 13 = 10556 umber, ich number in the Sum can be multiplied by the number so 10556 + 13 = [ ty are added and 10556 + = 0) these prod eg.2X (7143) e 2173 — 496 ~ 1677 02 K7+2%3 30 1677 (496 = + Multiplying and dividing are inyerses of each other, 2173 IF5 X 8 = 40 then 40 +5 = 8 and 40 +8=5 and 2173 O10 = 496 *+ Adding and subtracting are inyerses of each other 1620+ 1 12 BIDMAS tells you the order you should do operations: 42 Work ou Brackets fir al9-3x5 ‘Then Indices b10+16+4 ‘Then Division and Multiplication © 3x5+ 121+ 11 ‘Then Addition and Subtraction gd -14+(8—3)x15 2-2 4-(0-3) eee 20-2%4-7 =20-8-7 Then Multiplication = ‘Then Subtraction 21-7%341Expressions Objectives © Use letters to represent unknown © Simpify linear expressions, eg. collect numbers or variables; know the mean- like terms; multiply a constant over a ings of the words term, expression and bracket. equation. © Know that algebraic operations © Construct simple algebraic expressions follow the same order as arithmetic by using letters to represent numbers. What’s the point: The use of symbols or letters for numbers helps to describe relationships among variables. For example, the speed (v) of a race car is related to the time (t) it takes to travel a particular distance (d) by ved+t, operations. Before you start You should know ... Check in 2. The basics of algebra: 2a Write ina shorter way + at a+a=3 Xa or3a forshort, No need for i 4xXp the multiplication symbol when letters are used. W 1x3 This is called simplitying il hxk * aX 5 =5a (write the number first) WW axpXxe * aX b= ab forshon v 2x 4m + bX 3x a= 3ab for short (number first, then letters vi yxs in alphabetical order) vil ax2xb vill 37 x du bx 41 x 6r eSa me SS 3x Sa = 15a (multiply numbers together, then write i the letter) 2 X3q~=2XpX3Xq (multiply numbers first) 2M3XpX q = 6pq How to add and subtract with negative numbers For example: 245 4+7= en -1=3 6+1="5 ‘The area of a rectangle is length x width, ‘The perimeter of a shape is the distance around it. 2.1 Expressions In maths we try to make things simpler by writing few words as possible. For example, these two senter a shorter way: 3 apples and 7 bananas = 3a + 7b 6 apples and 12 bananas = 6a + 12 ‘We have used the letter a to represent apples, the letter to represent bananas and the + symbol to replace the ‘word ‘and’, The process of using letters to represent unknown numbers or variables is algebra, + Aconstant is a symbol which always means the same thing. For example 9 and 7 are constants, +A variable is a symbol which can represent different numbers. b Simplify: i ptp+p+ ptp ii G+G iil b+b+b-b Wo m+m—m=m 3x can be written as 3 Xx or in full as xx tx Write in full 1 4m Wt Sy Work out 8+10 4-12 349 What is the area of a rectangle of length 12 em and width 8 em? Find the perimeter of the figure. 3on 2em EXAMPLE 1 Write in a shorter way: The length of a piece of string with 3 em cut off it Write ina shorter way: The total number of cakes baked if T bake two cakes for each of ny friends and 5 spare cakes. What sentence could go with: 4? ent the unknown variable length of the string in em. $=3 represents the length when the constant Use the letter sto repre: 3em is cut off Let represent the unknown number of friends. 2X for 2f represents 2 cakes for each of my friends, >)friends and 5 spare cakes. © I hrrepresented the unknown number of horses in my field and 4%: means 4X hi which could represent the number of legs on all my horses. 3)— Area = length X width Exercise 2A = 3p X 2g 1. Write ina shorter way =3XpX2Xq mancoogy: a The length of a piece of string with 4em. : exp me = 699 ccut off, Lot. represent the unknown length of string in cm. The total number of apples [am going to buy if T bay 2 apples for each of my Exercise 2B horses and three spare apples. Use ht to ‘L__ Find the areas of the following rectangles. represent the unknown number of horses. © The number of text books needed in my a » | class if the students are sharing text books aby | i pairs. Let n represent the unknown | number of children. | a [2] A pencil costs nz cents. A pen costs a cents. Match cach expression with the correct amount in cents, The first is done for you. 4=4n The total cost of - 4 pencils [——| 4m The total cost of 4 pens and 4 pencils an How much more 4 pens cost than n= 4m 4 pencils 4m = 4n 2 ‘The change from $4 in cents when 400 — 4n you buy 4 pens n+ m Write a sentence to go with the following: a pts b x c 7-m d ¥tt We can also work out areas of rectangles and perimeters of shapes using algebra. We do this when ‘we have unknown side lengths. eo. ' ass s ~ fa NP An algebraic expression is one which contains some letters instead of numbers, You have been finding expressions when writing things, in a shorter way, For example. + y, 4p. and 2m + 3n Exercise 2C covers working with expressions and how expressions change when you change units, (e.g. from weeks to days). How many days are there in: 4 weeks 9 weeks x weeks Sx weeks? In one week there are 7 days In 4 weeks there are 7 X 4 = 28 days In 9 weeks there are 7 x 9 In x weeks there are 7 Xx In Sy weeks there are 7 * Se 3 days days 35x days Exercise 2¢ 4. How many millimetres are there a tem b 6em © xem? 2 How many seconds are there in a_i minute b 5 minutes c «minutes? 3 How many legs have a I person b Tpeople © x people? [2] How many cents are there in a 44dollars b 15 dollars c xdollars d 3xdollars? [5] If one cricket team has 11 players, how many players are there in a icket teams. b Scricket teams 3r are expressions a © yteams d- 4y cricket teams? How many centimetres are there in a 6 metres b 16 metres © xmetes d 8x metres? How many days are there in a 2 years b 10 years ey years d 5y years? A week has 7 days. So in.x weeks and 3 days there are 7x + 3 days. In the same way, write an expres number of days in x weeks and 4 days days in y weeks ~5 days days in 2y weeks months in.x years 3 months ‘months in 2x years +5 months months in 3x years 11 months cin in 2 metres ~30 centimetres cm in z metses +40 centimetres. jon for the D sme ao oD Adam is 7 years old. How old will he be in 3 years’ time? How did you get your answer? b_ Waluyo is» years old, How old will he be in three years’ time? © Johnny isp years old. How old will he be in 5 years’ time? @-_Lintang ism years old, How old will she be in years’ time? Sohn got $5 from his father and $8 from his mother. How much did he get altogether? How did you get your answer? b Avtar got $10 from her father and $d from her mother, How much did she get altogether? A carcan hold 5 people. How many people cam fit in 6 such ears How did you {get your answer? b How many people could you fit imo cars? ¢ Ifa bus holds 48 people, how many people can fit in z buses? @ Steve has $10, He wishes to share it ally between his 5 friends. How much does each friend get? How did you get your answer? b Tune has $d. She wishes to share it equally between 3 friends. How much does each friend get?Ambrose has $14. Peter has $6 less than Ambrose, How many dollars has Peter? How did you get your answer? b How many dollars do Ambrose and Peter have altogether? How did you ‘gel your ansiver? © Len has $x, Tom has 10 dollars less than Len, How many dollars has Tom? How many dollars have they both together? 2.2 Simplifying Parts of an expression are called terms. 7a is an expression with one term and Sx ~ 2y isan expression ‘with two terms, We separate terms with + or — signs “The starting term is postive fit has no sign in front of it ‘This is an algebraic expression with three terms: 3a + 2b - 5c “le These ure the terms Like terms are terms which have the same leiter or letters. They can he collected together by adding or subtracting. We can only collect together like terms For example, 64, ~2x, x, 3 x are alll like terms because they all contain the letter «and only the letter. Underline the like terms from the lists. Include the an on the left if there is one, 4x 3. “1, 2p, Day, Ser Say, 4m, “ay, 2, Sy de 3, ot 2y, Bay, Sx: these are all like terms as they all have the letter.x only Baye dm, 4q ay + Sy + 5x = 3y Be Yt Ww ths ze r+ds—%—r—3s+1 6 m+ 4n = 4p + Qn + p— 2m Sxt+2y+3-%-y-2 2x46 5 14 — 4x + 3y — 2 + 6x - by putting like 4x45 oem teaeoe 4 From the boxes helow write down which of x45 these are equations rather than expressions: m ee AaB the boxes below. When these ons are simplified tick (7) which of them are equal: 2 8 Copy and complete this diagram with four more equivalent expressions to 3p — 49. 2p ~ 24+ p24 Add together tpn, nuip and pum Write an expression for the perimeter of these 3p 4g shapes (the distance around the edge). Simplify your expression where possible p 69+ 4p +242 a @ Copy and complete: 3a a 6r+O-2rt+4s=4r+ 7s b 0-24-2p-4q=2-3q © Im-4w-O-O= 4m—Tw @ 20r+ 15y— 17x +O -O=Gr+y410 Maraim hus made some mistakes in her homework. Which are wrong? What should the answers be? a 12+2r= Ide b 4p-3p=1 © 1x — 2y + Sx = I — 5x + 2y = 5x4 2y d 443p—2=3pt4—2=3p +2 To complete the pyramid shown, each block is found by adding the two blocks below it. The second row of this pyramid hhas been completed for you. What goes in the top block? Simplify your answer. wb} b Fill in the (Hint: Simplify all expressions and put the terms in alphabetical order with spare numbers at the end e.g. 2v+ 3y-+ 4, not3y +4 + 2x) Beh yt ‘This also applies with algebra eg SX(w+9) =Sxx+5x9 = Sr + 4s Usually 5% (x + 9) is written without the multiplication sign as 5x + 9) ‘The process of multiplying out the brackets is called expanding. Expand the bracket a S(@x— 3y) b 4Gp~q +5) © -2%4y—- 8) S(6x — 3y) = 5X 6x — 5X 3y = 30r~ 15y 4Gp—q45) =4X3p—4xg eax = 12p-4q + 20 The vegative number utside the brackets changes the sign of every term inside he brackets aie 2.3 Expanding brackets In Chapter 1 you learned about the distributive law. ‘The distributive law says that when a sum is being multiplied by a number, each number in the sum ean bbe multiplied by the number first, then these products are added. eg. 4x(7+3)=4x10=40 or 4X7+4X3=28+12=40 ‘This also applies when finding a difference eg. 2X(7-3)=2xX4=8 or 2X7-2X3=14-6= In Example 6, part ¢ can be completed a different way. If you are happy multiplying with negative numbers then: dy — 8) = 2X dy — 2B By - 16 = By +16 If you are going to do it this way do not forget thi multiplying by a negative number reverses the sign of the number you are multiplying. A positive number becomes negative and a negative becomes positive:Exercise 2F 4 Expand the brackets. a 3x(p+q) b 5x@-q) ce 4x(l+m) d ir-y) e 6x(r+s) f Sx (lm) & 8p + Sq) h 9(2x +») i 3Qe+5) jf 5(3y-2) t k 7(p + 3q) 4(2u — 5v) 2 Expand the brackets: a SQr+p-7) b 4Gm-8 +1) © M(i—x+4y) d 84m—3+49n) 3. Expand the brackets: a 3Qx+4) b 32r+4) © 70-1) d f h 7(10¢— 1) 1011p 3) “48-2 + y) e 10(11p-3) g 4@-2+y) [4] Copy and complete: a 6(10m—O) b Cax+ 3) © Cir +3) a —5Or-4) In Chapter | you leamed about the order of operations and how they apply to numbers: Brackets first Then Indices ‘Then Division and Multiplication ‘Then Addition and Subtraction BIDMAS tells you the order in which ypu should do operations. ‘The same rules apply to algebra. Simplifya dx +2 30+ 8x b 41+ 5(3p + 2 = 4p © 62x) -3Gr + 2y) 4c+2% 30+ 8x Multiplication first = 4r+ 6x + Br ‘Then Addition to = 18s mplify 41+ 5p +2) —4p Expand Brackets first = 41 + 15p + 101 4p Then Addition and = 14+ Up Subtraction to simplify 6(2x — y) -3(5x + 2y) Expand Brackets first x = Gy — 15x — 6y Then Subtraction to simplify Watch cut for this red wins sign. Most people ferget to change both signs when & negative number is outside the brackets! Exercise 26 2 Simplify: a (x+y) + 2+) b 6p +4) + 5{p +4) 5(r- + 2s) + alr +5) 3(2r = 28) + 4(r +35) 1(q — 4p) + 6(2q + Sp) 4(3x = 2y) + 63 — 0) 1 = 2) + 3(2 = 2) 14+ 3(y + 4) ~ 2y Tp + 6(4 = 2p) -7 1 3(x4+2)-4+4(r—-y) [Ee] $(49x + 7) + i(64x + 8) (1) $(Gx + 2) + $ (25x - 10) Rees 2 Simplify 4(2x + y) — Sx + 4y) 8—(r—4) — 2+ 36-9) w+ 7X Sw 3(4x — Sy) ~ 20x — 3y) 103p ~ 81) ~ 5p — 50) 6(2m ~ Sp + ) = 3{5m + 2p ~ 39) g— (h— 29) +6 X 3h —5e Tr +10 = 22r + 38-5) + 248-1 +5 smtonoce 3 Write an expression for the arca of these shapes, expanding and simplifying where necessary. axes 3 b 2 3b-4 c an+8 5 a 2 23 idsDDD qr 10 Bd Write an expression for the blue shaded area. [Zh Pair up equivalent expressions to find the odd one out 3- 2dr +5) Write an expression for the area of this rectangle. red 5 Aman walks 22 km on the first day, 8 km on the second day and (¢ ++ 3) km on the third day. How far does he walk in three days? [G) Ina test Matt zot 15 more marks than Nana, 4-32-74) +30 Exercise 2H - mixed questions 1 Simplity: a ant Ix + Se b 9x +3y +y—2e © 10n+8+2m—3n—1 a 5x x 3y 8 3m + 6X 9m ~ 40m f 248p-2X Sp +20p-6 2 Expand and simplify where necessary 4d + 30) “502 — 3) 3041 — 5s) + 4¢81 + 3) 6 — 4) — 2y + 1) 15 +4(x— 8) + 3x 1 ~@x~3) + 2x soacce 3 Write an expression for the number of a cents in Sd + p cents days in 3x weeks + 5 days © meties ink kilometres + s metres. 4 a Write an expression for the perimeter of this Shape: who got x marks, a How many marks did Matt get? Perey got y marks more than Matt. b How many marks did Perey get? © How many marks did the three have altogether? [Z Lome buys 5 books at x dollars each, and y books at 7 dollars each. How much does she spend altogether? Write an expression for the perimeter of this shape: 3p » oe Sp » [Brin the aren na perieter ofthis shaper aed 8 3x