CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT EXCEL 2021

Before we go deep into the basic operations of EXCEL 2021, we must first learn what EXCEL 2021 is all about,
its features, and its importance.
What is Excel 2021?
Excel 2021 is a spreadsheet program in Office 2021 Microsoft to record and analyze numerical and statistical data.
Excel 2021, being a spreadsheet program uses spreadsheets to organize numbers and data with formulas and
functions. Excel contains features that allow you to carry out several operations such as calculation, graph tools,
pivot tables, macro programming, and many more.
Excel 2021 uses cloud storage to save its file and can be accessed from a web browser on the computer system.
Features of EXCEL 2021
Excel and traditional Excel have some features in common. Right now, I will be listing out some features that
make Excel different from the traditional Excel
Online Subscription
: Excel 2021 is the subscription-based version of Excel designed to
regularly release updates and features that will enhance the productivity of its users. The
subscription payment can be done monthly, semi-annually, or annually.
Custom Visuals
: One of the features available in Excel 2021 is custom visuals such as bullet
charts, speedometer, and word cloud which were available only available in Power B1.
Custom Functions
: This feature allows you to create custom functions by using JavaScript
which permits for better interconnection.
Full SVG Graphics:
Excel 2021 comes with SVG graphics support and 500 built-in icons which
look great on infographics and dashboards.
3D Models with Full Rotation:
Excel 2021 has many 3D models that are for free on the internet,
with extensions such as. fbx., obj., ply., stl., and gbl.
XLOOKUP Function
: Another feature in Excel 2021 is the XLOKUP function. This function
allows you to find the value that is located within a spreadsheet range or table.
 More Images, Icons, Backgrounds, and Templates
: Excel 2021 comes thousands of new
designs such as images, icons. Backgrounds and templates.
Ideas
: Another feature in Excel 2021 is the Idea function. The Idea function offers help on how to
express data or put them into visualization.
Black Theme
: The black theme in Excel 2021 makes late-night work editing with ease.
Split Columns to Rows
: This is a new feature in Power Query where each delimiter generates a
new row.
Funnel Chart:
This is a chart type that comes in handy for illustrating a sales funnel
Co-authoring Features:
This feature in EXCEL 2021 allows two or more users to simultaneously
edit a workbook when stored on OneDrive or SharePoint.

Importance of Using EXCEL 2021

Now let’s talk about the importance of using Excel 2021 compare to traditional Excel.
Preparation of Financial data
: One of the reasons to use Excel 2021 is that it allows you to
prepare financial data such as budgets, account balance information, taxes, payrolls, receipts, and
a lot more.
Mathematical Formulas
: With Excel 2021, you can solve complex mathematical problems by
making use of the mathematical formulas in Excel.
Online Storage and Access
: Excel 2021 which is a part of Office 2021 allows you to access their
files online, without the need to move around with their computers. In a nutshell, you can access
your files anytime and anywhere using any device compatible with the use of Excel 2021

Easy and Effective Comparison

: With Excel 2021, you can analyze a large amount of data that
can be used to get trends and patterns that can influence or affect decisions.
Co-authoring:
Excel 2021 allows you to work on the spreadsheet at the same time with other
users.
Improved Security:
In contrast to the traditional Excel, Excel 2021 offers an advanced security
system to the files on it. This denies intruders access to the files by either using a password using
the Visual Basic Programming or directly within the Excel files.
Creating Forms
: With Excel 2021, you can create form templates that can be used for handling
inventories, performance, evaluation , questionnaires, and reviews.

CHAPTER TWO
GETTING FAMILIAR WITH EXCEL SCREEN INTERFACE
In this chapter, you will be learning about Excel’s screen interface which includes the Start Screen, Ribbon
Interface, and how to customize the ribbons on Excel’s interface.

Excel’s Start Screen

When you open an Excel application for the first time, the first thing that pops up is the start screen, which is
divided into two parts. 
The Left Navigation Pane
The Right Pane
 The Left Navigation Pane
The Left Navigation pane comprises a list of recently opened Excel files and a link which is “Open Other
Workbooks”.
When you click on “Open Other Workbooks”,
this takes you to the backstage view of Excel
where you can access options such as New, Open, Save, Save As, etc.
The Right Pane
The Right Pane displays a list of thumbnails that includes templates that can be used to create a new workbook. To
view more templates to create a new workbook, click on the Find More
in New link on the right side of the Home
screen. To open a new blank Excel workbook, you can click on Blank workbook
Excel’s Workbook User Interface
From the Excel Home Screen, you open a new, blank workbook by clicking on the New Workbook thumbnail.
When a new, blank workbook is opened, the following options are displayed on the user interface
File Menu Button:
The File Button takes you to the Backstage View of Excel, and this contains
several options such as New, Open, Save As, Print, etc. to work with the Excel file.

Quick Access Toolbar:

This tool is located above the Excel ribbon and by default, it contains commonly used
commands such as Save, Undo, and, Redo. This Quick Access Toolbar can be customized by adding any other
commonly used command to it, by clicking on Customize Quick Access Toolbar button located beside the Quick
Access Toolbox button
 Ribbon:
This contains most of the commonly used commands in Excel. They are displayed on the
Excel interface in tabs ranging from the Home tab to the View tab

Formula Bar:
The Formula bar is located at the top of the Excel worksheet window. The Formula
bar has three parts; the cell name, the Formula bar button, and the contents of the currently
selected cell.

Worksheet Area:
This is the area that contains all the cells in the current worksheet. The
worksheet is identified by column headings with letters at the top, and rows headings with
numbers at the left edge, with tabs for making selections.

Status Bar:
The Status bar keeps you abreast of the current model of the Excel worksheet you are engaged with.
The Status bar also contains the worksheet views and the Zoom tool for zooming in and out of the worksheet.

Windows Controls:
The Window controls are used to control the main Excel window. The Window controls
contain three buttons; maximizing the window, restoring the window, and closing the window.

Ribbon Display Options

: The Ribbon Display Options button is located at the top of the Excel
window, and when clicked on, the three options are displayed; Auto-hide Ribbon, Show tabs,
Show Tabs, and Commands.
 Horizontal Scrollbar and Vertical Scrollbar:
The Horizontal scrollbar and Vertical scrollbar are
used to scroll the content in the worksheet horizontally or vertically.

Navigating Through the Excel Ribbon

The Excel ribbon is a row of tabs, buttons, and icons located at the top of the Excel window. These tabs, icons, and
buttons are categorized based on their functions or categories.

Components of Excel Ribbons

The Excel ribbons are divided into four components; Tabs, Groups, Buttons,
and Dialog Box launcher.
Tabs
Tabs are a group of commonly used commands brought and displayed to perform an essential task. The following
are the tabs in Excel
 File Tab:
This is the first tab in Excel which is used to open the Excel Backstage View. The Excel
Backstage View has several options for customizing, editing, and managing Excel files.
Home Tab:
The Home tab contains commands that are commonly used in Excel, and some of
these commands are copy, paste, format, find, replace, etc. The Home tab is arranged into the
following groups; Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Cell, and Editing.
Insert Tab:
The Insert tab contains objects or elements that can be inserted into the worksheet.
The elements include graphics, pivot tables, charts, hyperlinks, shapes, 3D models, pictures, etc.
The Insert table is arranged into the following groups; Table, Illustration, Apps, Charts, Reports,
Sparkline, Filter, links, Text, and Symbols.
Page Layout:
The Page Layout tab contains options for Excel page setup and print. The Page
Layout tab is arranged in the following group; Themes, Page Setup, Scale to Fit, Sheet Options,
and Arrange.
Formulas Tab:
This tab contains options for adding formulas and functions in a worksheet, and
troubleshoot the functions for errors. The Function tab is arranged in the following group;
Function Library, Defined Names, Formula Auditing, and Calculation.
Data Tab:
The Data tab contains options for filtering, sorting, and manipulating data.
The Data
tab is arranged in the following groups; Get External Data, Connections, Sort & Filter, Data Tools,
and outline.
Review Tab:
The Review tab contains options for spell checking, thesaurus, sharing, protecting,
and tracking changes in the worksheet. The Review tab is arranged in the following groups;
Proofing, Language, Comments, and Changes.
View Tab:
The View tab contains options for changing the display of the worksheet and its
contents. The view tab is arranged in the following groups; Workbook View, Show, Zoom,
Windows, and Macros groups.
Developer Tab
: The Developer tab contains options for creating, playing, and editing macros. It
can also be used to import and map XML files. The Developer tab is arranged in the following
group; Code, Add-ins, Controls, and XML.
Help Tab:
The Help tab is where you get online help and training, and feedback on Excel.

Groups
The groups contain related commands buttons which are arranged into subtasks. Each contains buttons, sub-menu,
and dialog launchers.

Command Buttons
These are tools in the group that are used to execute an action in the worksheet. The command buttons in the tab
are organized into mini-toolbars. 

Dialog Box Launcher

The Dialog Box Launcher is located at the right bottom corner of each group. When you click on it, the Dialog
Box launcher opens a dialog box that displays additional options that can be selected from.

Customizing the Quick Access Toolbar

The Quick Access Toolbar is located above Excel Ribbon, and by default contains the following four buttons:
AutoSave
: This option automatically saves all the future edits made in the Worksheet.
Save
: This option allows you to manually save the changes made to the worksheet you are
currently working on.
Undo
: This option undoes the last editing action made on the worksheet you are currently
working on.
Redo
: This option repeats the previous editing action recently removed using the Undo bottom.

You can add more commands to the Quick Access Toolbar by clicking on the Customize Access Toolbar button
located beside the Quick Access Toolbox button.
By default, the Quick Access Toolbar is located at the top left corner of the Excel application, and it can also be
moved under the Ribbon area by clicking on the Customize Access Toolbar and then click on Show Below

CHAPTER THREE
UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF EXCEL
In this chapter, you will be learning the basics of Excel such as the workbook, worksheet, rows and columns, cell
address, active cells, creating and opening a new Excel workbook, creating a new worksheet, entering data into the
worksheet, and lots more

What is a workbook
A workbook is a file that contains one or more collections of worksheets.
To open a new workbook, follow the steps given below
Open the Excel program
Select Blank workbook

What is a Worksheet
A worksheet is a collection of organized cells in rows and columns, where data are stored, updated, and manipulated. A worksheet contains 1048576
rows and 16384 columns. The worksheets are also known as spreadsheets.
To create a new worksheet, click on the plus sign at the bottom of the document window.

Understanding Columns, Rows, and Cell Address.

Rows:
Rows are part of the Excel worksheet identified by numbers ranging from 1 to 1048576. The total number
of rows in Excel is 1048576.
Columns:
Columns are part of the Excel worksheet identified by letters from A to XFD. The total number of
columns in Excel is 16384.
Cell Address:
The Cell address otherwise known as the cell reference is an alphanumeric value used in identifying
a specific cell in the worksheet. Each cell address contains one or more letters followed by a number.
The Kinds of Data a Worksheet Accepts
The worksheet contains the three types of data; labels, values, and formulas
Labels
: Labels are otherwise known as texts.
Values:
These are numbers be it whole o decimal numbers. Values also include the date
Formulas:
These are commands on Excel to execute calculations e.g. SUM, MAX, LOOKUP,
etc.

Hints to Observe Before Entering Data

Before entering data into the worksheet, take note of the following rules:
Select the cell you want to enter the data into
Any new entry makes into a cell replaces the original data already contained in it.
Data entered in a cell must be completed by clicking on the Enter button on the Formula bar,
pressing the Enter key, or selecting a new cell before the entry is officially entered in the cell.

Entering Data into the Cells

There are three major ways to enter data into the cells in the worksheet and they are as follow
Double-clicking:
To enter data into the cell, double click on the cell and start typing inside of it.
This is the most commonly used method to enter data into the cell.

Clicking on the Formula Bar:

One of the ways to enter the data into the cell is to click on the
formula bar.
 You can also put the cell in the edit mode by pressing F2

Editing Your Worksheet Data

You can edit your worksheet data by either replacing the cell’s content, delete the characters in the cell entry, or
insert new characters in the cell entry. Now let’s quickly learn how these can be done.
Replacing a Cell’s Content
To replace the content of a cell, do the following:
Place the cell pointer in the cell

Start typing the new entry over it and the new entry will replace the original entry.

Deleting Characters in a Cell Entry

To delete characters in a cell entry, follow the steps given below
Place the insertion point in the cell entry using the Formula bar
, double-clicking
in the cell, or
pressing F2
 Move the insertion point using the Home
, End
, or ←
and →
keys
Then use the Backspace
and Delete
keys to delete the characters you want.

Inserting New Character in the Cell Entry

Inserting a new character in the cell entry implies that you want to add a new character to the already existing data
in the worksheet. To do this, follow the steps given below:
Place the insertion point in the cell entry using the Formula bar
, double-clicking
in the cell, or
pressing F2
Move the insertion point using the Home
, End
, or ←
and →
keys to where the new characters
are needed.

Start typing the new characters and then click on Enter button to complete the editing changes
Copying and Moving Data in a Worksheet Cells
While working on the worksheet, there may be the need to copy or move the content of a cell to another location.
Briefly, let’s learn how to copy and move the content of a cell.
Copying Data in a Worksheet Cells
There are several ways to copy the content of a cell, but we will be using the Copy and Paste command by following the steps provided below
Select the cell or range of cells you wish to copy.
Go to the Home
tab and click on Copy
in the Clipboard
group

Move the cell pointer to where you wish to paste the content of the cells, and then click on the
Paste
command in the Home
tab or use the Ctrl V to paste
Moving Data in a Worksheet Cells Using the Cut Command
To move data from one cell to another, use the cut command following the steps provided below:
Select the cell or range of cells you wish to move
Go to the Home
tab and click on Cut
in the Clipboard
group.

Move the cell pointer to where you wish to paste the content of the cells, and then click on the
Paste
command in the Home
tab or use the Ctrl V
to paste
Moving Data in a Worksheet Cells by Dragging and Dropping
You can also move the content of a cell by dragging and dropping. To use this technique, follow the steps given below
Select the cell or range of cells you wish to move
Point to the border of the selected cells
When the pointer becomes a move pointer, drag the selected cells to the desired location.

Moving Around in a Worksheet

As the worksheet becomes larger, the harder it is to move around the worksheet. Because of this, Excel provides
some shortcut keys for navigating around the worksheet with ease, and they are listed in the table below:
Shortcut Keys Functions
Home To column A
Ctrl + Home To cell A1; the first cell of the worksheet.
Ctrl + End To the last cell in the last row with data in it.
←, →, ↑, ↓ To move to the next cell.
Ctrl + ←, To move in one direction toward the nearest.
→, ↑, ↓ To move to a cell with data in it or the first or last cell
in the column or row.
Page Up or Page Down To move up or down one
Alt +Page Up or Alt + Page Down To move to the left or right one screen’s worth of
columns.
 Ctrl + Page Up or Ctrl + Page Down To move backward or forward from one worksheet to
another within the workbook.
Apart from the shortcut keys, you can use the techniques below to navigate from one worksheet to another within
the workbook
Scroll Bars
: Use the vertical and horizontal scroll bars to move to different areas within the
worksheet. To cover long distances, drag the scroll bar and to cover a long distance quickly, hold
down the Shift keys as you drag the scroll box on the vertical scroll bar.
Scroll Wheel on the Mouse
: If your mouse has a scroll wheel attached to it, turn the wheel to
quickly scroll up and down.
The Go-To Command
: One of the techniques to navigate around the worksheet is the Go-To
command.  To locate the Go To command, go to the Home
tab, click on the Find & Select
button,
and then select Go To
in the drop-down list. Enter a cell address in the reference box and click on
Ok.
The Find Command:
To locate the Find command, go to the Home
tab, click on the Find &
Select
button, and then select Find
in the drop-down list. Enter the data you wish to find in the
Find What
box and then click on the Find Next
button.

Applying Formatting to Numbers

Applying formatting to numbers involves displaying numbers with thousand separators, displaying numbers with a
currency symbol, displaying numbers with percentages, etc.
The number format applied on data tells the Excel worksheet the type of data you are using. In few minutes, let’s
check how to apply a format to numbers.
Displaying Numbers with a Thousand Separator (Comma)
You can display a number with a thousand separators using the following steps
Right-click on the cell you wish to add a thousand separators to, and then click on Format Cell.
 In the Format Cell
dialog box, click on the Number
tab, and then select Number
under
Categories
In the right-hand side of the Format Cell
dialog box, mark Use 1,000 separator
, and change the
decimal place to 0 in the Decimal Place
button.
Then click on Ok
for the changes to occur in the worksheet.

Displaying Numbers with Currency Symbols

To display numbers using the currency symbols, follow the steps given below:
Right-click on the cell you wish to add a currency symbol to, and then click on Format Cell.
In the Format Cell
dialog box, click on the Number
tab, and then select Currency
under
Categories
In the left-hand side of the Format cell
dialog box, go to the Symbo
l button and click on the
Symbol
drop-down menu to select the currency you wish to add.
Then click on Ok
for the changes to occur in the worksheet.
Displaying Numbers as Percentage
You can display numbers as percentages by following the steps given below:
Right-click on the cell you wish to add a percentage to, and then click on Format Cell.
In the Format Cell
dialog box, click on the Number
tab, and then select Percentage
under
Categories
Then click on Ok
for the changes to occur in the worksheet.
Changing the Date Format in your Cell
You can change the way dates are displayed in your worksheet by following the steps given below;
Right-click on the cell you wish to change the date format, and then click on Format Cell.
In the Format Cell
dialog box, click on the Number
tab, and then select Date
under Categories
.
Select any of the date formats you want
Then click on Ok
for the changes to occur in the worksheet.
Changing the Time Format in your Cell
To change the time format in your cell, follow the steps provided below
Right-click on the cell you wish to change the time format, and then click on Format Cell.
In the Format Cell
dialog box, click on the Time
tab, and then select Date
under Categories
.
Select any of the date formats you want
Then click on Ok
for the changes to occur in the worksheet.

The Flash Fill Command

The Flash Fill is a tool that analyses the information entered in a cell and automatically fills the data when a
pattern is set. To locate the Flash Fill command, go to the Data tab and click on Flash Fill in the Data Tools group.

The Flash Fill command can be used to combine and extract data. 

Combining Data Using the Flash Fill

To join data together using the Flash Fill command, follow the steps given below by making use of the table
provided
Click into cell C1
and type “Mike John”

Go to the Data
tab and click on Flash Fill
in the Data Tools
group.

Once this is done, Excel will replicate the pattern on the worksheet
Extracting Data with Flash Fill
The Flash Fill does not only combine data, it can also extract data too. To extract data, follow the steps given
below by making use of the table provided.

Click into cell B1 and type “123/58”

Go to the Data
tab and click on Flash Fill
in the Data Tools
group.

Once this is done, Excel will replicate the pattern on the worksheet

The AutoFill Command

The AutoFill command is a feature that allows you to enter sequential numbers, months, or days automatically.
The AutoFill command looked at the cells you have already filled in, and guess how to fill in the rest of the series.
For instance, when you fill in Monday, Autofill automatically completes the following days for you.
The AutoFill is accessed by using the Fill handle. The Fill handle is a small square at the bottom-right corner of
the box that allows you to fill the adjacent cells.
Entering a Series of Value Using AutoFill
With the AutoFill command, you can complete a series of values once the pattern has been recognized. Briefly, we
will be using the AutoFill command to complete the days of the week using the following steps below:
Select the cell with the first value of a series (Monday
)
Move the mouse to the bottom right corner of the cell and allows it to display a black plus symbol.
Click and drag down or across the cell you wish to fill

Finally, the AutoFill complete the days of the week as shown in the table below

Copying Data Using the AutoFill

With the AutoFill Command, you can copy and paste data to other cells within the worksheet. To do this, follow
the steps given below.
Select the cell that contains the data you wish to copy
Move the mouse to the bottom right corner of the cell and allows it to display a black plus symbol.
Click and drag down or across the cell you wish to fill
 Finally, AutoFill copies the data into the designated cells.

NOTE
: With the AutoFill command, you can also do the following:
Fill formatting only
Fill without formatting
Fill weekdays
Fill months
Fill years

Saving a File
Saving a file helps to prevent file loss especially when the file is large or important. To save a file, choose any of
the following techniques:
It is not enough that you create a new file, you must ensure to save it. Failure to save your file will only cause you
to lose your file, especially where there is a power outage or malfunction with the computer system. It is very
important to always save your file every ten minutes.
To save a file, use any of the following techniques
Go to the File
tab and click on the Save
menu

Click the Save

button located in the Quick Access
toolbar
 Press Ctrl + S

Saving a File for the First Time

Saving a file for the first time, the Save As window appears where you enter the name of the file and the location
where you want the file to be saved.

The Document Auto Recovery Command

The Auto Recovery command is a feature in Excel 2021 that allows you to recover your document when lost due
to a power outage, computer crash, or failure. The Auto Recovery is programmed to save changes made to the
workbook automatically (For a file to use the Auto Recovery feature, the file must be saved)
To enable the Auto Recovery command, follow the steps given below
Go to the File
tab and click on Options

In the Options
dialog box, select the Save
category
Enter the minute interval in the Save AutoRecovery Information Every
box
Then click on Ok
Learning Data Validation
Data Validation is a feature in Excel that determines what is to be entered in the worksheet by the users. With the
Data validation feature, Excel can
Permit only number or text values in the worksheet
Permit number with a specific range in the worksheet
Obstruct dates and times that are given out of the time frame
Display a warning sign when the wrong data is inputted.
Locate the wrong entries in the validated cells

To locate the Data Validation command, go to the

Data
tab and select
Data Validation
in the
Data Tool
group

Applying the Data Validation to Cells

To apply the Data Validation to your cells, follow the steps given below:
Select the cells to apply the Data Validation
to
Go to the Data
tab and select the Data Validation
in the Data Tool
group.

In the Data Validation

dialog box, go to the Settings
tab and select any of the following options
under Allow
Whole Number:
To restrict the cell to accept only whole
Decimal:
To allow the cell to accept only decimal numbers.
List:
To pick data from the drop-down list.
Date:
To restrict the cell to accept the only date.
Time:
To restrict the cell to accept only time.
Text Length:
To restrict the length of the text.
Custom:
To custom formula
Under Data
, select a condition and set the other required values based on what you chose for
Allow
and Data.

Click on the Input Message

tab and enter the title and text of the message connecting to the field.
Select the Show input message when cell has selected
the checkbox to display the message
when the user selects or moves over the selected cells
 Select the Error Alert
tab and enter the title and text of the error message, and then click on Style
to select the alert type.

Then click on Ok

Transferring the Data Validation to Other Cells in the Worksheet

In case you applied the data validation to a cell and you wish to replicate it to the other cells in the worksheet,
follow the steps below
Select the cell that contains data validating feature
Move the mouse to the bottom right corner of the cell and allows it to display a black plus symbol.
Click and drag down or across the cell you wish to fill
 Finally, the AutoFill
copies the data into the designated cells.

Removing the Data Validation From your Cells

To remove the data validation from your cells, follow the steps given below:
Select the cells with data validation
Go to the Data
tab and select the Data Validation
in the Data Tool
group.
On the Setting
tab, select the Clear All
button, and then click on Ok.

Filtering Data in Excel

In case you are wondering how to display and hide some data in your worksheet. The Filter command is what you
need to use. To use the Filter
Click on the column of the header in the worksheet
Go to the Data
tab and click on Filter
in the Sort & Filter
group.
Click on the Filter
drop-down arrow that appears on the header of the column
In the window that displays, unmark the box you don’t in your worksheet, and then click

The filtered data is shown in the table below

Grouping of Data in Excel
Grouping data in Excel allows you to hide data from either the rows or columns. To group data, follow the steps
given below:
Select the data you want to group
Go to the Data
tab and click on Group
in the Outline
group.

Select Row
and click on Ok.

In the image below, the data in the cells are group

 CHAPTER FOUR
FORMATTING AND MANAGING THE WORKSHEET
Here in this chapter, you will be learning how to format your worksheets. Formatting your worksheet includes
numbers and text alignment in rows and columns, inserting rows and columns, adjusting the rows and columns,
freezing, and splitting the columns and rows, number and text alignment in rows and columns, etc.
To manage a worksheet, you will be learning how to rename your worksheet, moving a worksheet, copying a
worksheet, etc.
Numbers and Text Alignment in Rows and Columns
By default, Excel aligns texts to the bottom-left of the cells and numbers to the bottom right of the cells. However,
these alignments can be changed to any of the alignment types you desire.
There are two types of alignments in Excel: vertical and horizontal alignments

The Vertical Alignment

The vertical alignment allows you to align your texts and numbers using the following options
Top Align
: This aligns the text or numbers to the top of the cell
Middle Align
: This aligns the text or number to the center of the cell i.e. in between the top and
bottom of the cells.
Bottom Align
: This aligns the text to the bottom of the cells.

To apply vertical alignment to your text or number, follow the steps given below
Select the cells that contain the text or number you wish to align

Go to the Home
tab and click on either Top Align
, Middle Align,
or Bottom Align
in the
Alignment
group. Here we will be using the Top Align

In the image shown below, the selected cells are aligned to the top of the cells.
The Horizontal Alignment
Just like the vertical-horizontal, the horizontal alignment also allows you to align your texts and numbers using the
following options
Align Left
: This aligns the text or numbers to the left edge of the cell
Center:
This aligns the text or number to the center of the cell.
Align Right
: This aligns the text to the right edge of the cell.

To apply horizontal alignment to your text or number, follow the steps given below
Select the cells that contain the text or number you wish to align

Go to the Home
tab and click on either Align Left
, Middle,
or Align Right
in the Alignment
group. Here we will be using the Center
 In the image shown below, the selected cells are aligned to the center of the cells.

Changing Text and Number Orientation

The Orientation command allows you to rotate your text or number to any angle you desire. Changing the text
orientation is also a great way to label the column headings in the worksheet.
To change the text or number orientation in your worksheet, here are what to do
Select cells that contain the text or numbers you wish to change

Go to the Home
tab and click on Orientation
in the Alignment
group
 In the Orientation
drop-down menu, select any of the following options; Angle
Counterclockwise
, Angle Clockwise
, Vertical Text
, Rotate Text Up
, and Rotate Text Down

In the image shown below, the selected cells are rotated Angle Counterclockwise.

Wrapping Text in Your Worksheet

In case you have a long text string extending from a cell to another and you do not wish to adjust the size of the
cell to contain the long text, all you need to do is used the Wrap command.
The Wrap command allows you to display a long text on multiple lines in a single cell. To use this command,
follow the steps given below:
Select the cell with the long text
 Go to the Home
tab and click on Wrap Text
in the Alignment Group. Here, the text will be
adjusted to multiple lines in a single cell.

Merging Cells
The Merge command allows you to merge or join cells together to create a larger cell without adjusting or
changing the row or column size
To merge cells, follow the cells given below
Select the cells you wish to merge
Go to the Home tab, and click on Merge & Center in the Alignment group
In the Merge & Center drop-down menu, select any of the following options
Merge & Center
: To combine and center the contents of the selected cells into a
single and larger cell.
Merge Across
: To join the cells selected in the same row into a single cell.
Merge Cells
: To merge the cells selected into a single cell.
 In the image shown below, the selected cells are merged using the Merge & Center
option.

To unmerge cells, you can click on Unmerge Cells

in the Merge & Center
drop-down menu

Inserting Rows and Columns

There are several ways provided by Excel to insert rows and columns, which include using the keyboard shortcuts
or Insert commands. Before you insert a row or column into your spreadsheet, take note of the following
A new row is always inserted above the row you select
A new column is always inserted to the left of the column you select

Inserting a Row
To insert a new row to your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any cell within the row, go to the Home
tab, click on Insert
and select Insert Sheet Rows
.
 The new rows are inserted above the selected row in the worksheet.

NOTE:
To add a new row, you can also click on the row, select Insert
, and then click on Entire Row.
Inserting a Column
To insert a new column to your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any cell within the column, go to the Home
tab, click on Insert
and select Insert Sheet
Columns
.

The new columns are inserted to the left of the column you select

NOTE:
To add a new column, you can also click on the column, select Insert
, and then click on Entire Column.
Deleting Rows and Columns
To delete a column from the worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any cell within the column, go to the Home
tab, click on Insert
and select Delete Sheet
Columns
.

The selected column is deleted from the worksheet

To delete a row from the worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select any cell within the column, go to the Home
tab, click on Insert
and select Delete Sheet
Rows
.
 The selected column is deleted from the worksheet

NOTE:
To delete a column or row, you can also click on the column or row, select Delete
, and then click on
Entire Column
or Entire Row.

Adjusting Rows and Columns Size

While working on your worksheet, there may be the need to expand or reduce Excel’s row width and column
heights. There are many techniques to adjust them. Let’s quickly check out one of those techniques

Adjusting the Height of the Row

To adjust the height of the row, follow the steps provided below
Select a row or a range of rows you wish to change
Go to the Home
tab, click on the |Format
in the Cell
group

Type in the height of the row in the Row Height

dialog box and click on Ok
Adjusting the Column Width
To adjust the column width, follow the steps given below
Select a column or a range of columns you wish to change
Go to the Home
tab, click on the |Format
in the Cell
group

Type in the width of the column in the Column Width

dialog box and click on Ok

Changing the Column Width to Automatically Fit the Contents

You can change the column width to automatically fit the content of the cells by following the steps given below
Select a column or a range of columns you wish to change
Go to the Home
tab, click on the |Format
in the Cell
group, and then select AutoFit Column
Width
Changing the Row Height to Automatically Fit the Contents
You can change the row height to automatically fit the content of the cells by following the steps given below:
Select a row or a range of rows you wish to change
Go to the Home
tab, click on the |Format
in the Cell
group, and then select AutoFit Row Height.

Resizing All Columns and Rows to Fit the Data or Content 

Rather than adjusting the width of the columns or the height rows separately, you can adjust all the rows or
columns at the same time. To do this, follow the steps given below
Click on the Select All
button at the top of the worksheet to select all columns and rows.
Double-click on a boundary to resize the columns or rows
Freezing and Splitting Rows and Columns
Freezing your rows and columns keeps them visible or static when you navigate through the worksheet. The
Freeze pane is useful when checking out data in other parts of the worksheet without losing the header or labels.
Splitting your worksheet helps to create either two or four separate worksheet areas that you can navigate within,
while the rows and columns in the non-scrolled area remain visible.
Freezing Your Rows and Columns
To freeze your row, follow the steps provided below:
Select the rows below the row you to freeze

Go to the View tab

, click on the Freeze Panes
command in the Window
group, and then select
Freeze Pane
from the drop-down menu
 The rows will be frozen in place indicated by a gray line.

To freeze your column, follow the steps provided below:

Select the column to the right of the column below the row you to freeze

Go to the View tab

, click on the Freeze Panes
command in the Window
group, and then select
Freeze Pane
from the drop-down menu.
 The column will be frozen in place indicated by a gray line.

Unfreezing Panes Rows and Columns

To unfreeze rows and columns, follow the steps given below
Go to the View tab
, click on the Freeze Panes
command in the Window
group, and then select
Unfreeze Pane
from the drop-down menu.
Splitting in Worksheet
To split a worksheet, follow the steps below
Select the cell you wish to split the worksheet
Go to the View tab
, click on the Split
command in the Window
group.

The Workbook is split into different panes.

Hiding and Unhiding the Rows and Columns
There are times you want to hide and unhide your rows and columns rather than deleting them. With these
commands, you can determine which data you want other users to see or the data you wish to print out. Now let’s
talk about how to hide and unhide rows and columns.
Hiding the Columns
To hide the columns in your worksheet, follow the steps provided below:
To select a column, click on its heading
Right-click on the selected columns, and then Hide

Unhiding the Columns

To unhide the columns in your worksheet, follow the steps given below
 Select the adjacent columns for the hidden column
Right-click the selected column, and then select Unhide

You can also double-click the double line between two columns where the hidden columns exist.

Hiding the Rows

To hide the rows in your worksheet, follow the steps provided below:
To select a row, click on its heading
Right-click on the selected rows, and then Hide
Unhiding the Rows
To unhide the rows in your worksheet, follow the steps given below
Select the adjacent columns for the hidden column
Right-click the selected rows, and then select Unhide
Managing Your Worksheet
As earlier said at the beginning of this chapter, managing your worksheet involves renaming a worksheet, moving
a worksheet, copying a worksheet, etc. Now let’s go into full details on how to manage your worksheet.
Renaming Your Worksheet
When you open a new worksheet, the default name that comes with it is Sheet 1, Sheet 2 depending on how many
new worksheets you open. However, you can rename the worksheet to any name of your choice. To rename a
worksheet, use any of the following techniques
Right-click the sheet tab, click Rename
and type the new name.
Double-click the sheet tab, and type the new name
Use the Shortcut Keyboard Alt + H > O R, and then enter the new name.

Selecting Worksheets.
There are so many ways of selecting a worksheet in a Workbook. Use any of the following techniques
To select a single tab, click on the worksheet’s tab
To select several worksheets, use Ctrl + click their tabs, or click the first tab and then press Shift +
click the last tab in the set.
 To select all the worksheets, right-click on the tab, and then choose Select All Sheets
on the
shortcut menu.

Rearranging Worksheets
You can choose to change the location of your worksheet by using any of the following techniques
Dragging the Worksheet
To rearrange the worksheet, click and drag the worksheet tab to a new location. As the worksheet tab is dragged, a
tiny black arrow appears, and a page icon is displayed to where the worksheet will land when the mouse button is
released.
The Format Button
To rearrange the worksheets using the Format button, follow the steps provided below
Go to the Home
tab, click on Format in the Cell
group, and select Move or Copy Sheet

In the Move or Copy

dialog, click on where you want the sheet to be located, and then click on
Ok
Inserting a New Worksheet
To insert a new worksheet in your workbook, use any of the following techniques
The Insert Button
To use the Insert button, follow the steps given below:
Go to the Home
tab, select the Inser
t button in the Cell
group, and click on Insert Sheet.

Using the New Sheet Tab

To use the New Sheet tab, right-click on the New Sheet
tab at the right lower side of the worksheet.
NOTE:
You can also use the shortcut key Shift + F11 to insert a new worksheet.
Copying a Worksheet
To copy a worksheet, hold down the Ctrl key and drag the worksheet tab to a new location.
Deleting a Worksheet
To delete a worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Select the worksheet you wish to delete
Go to the Home
tab and click on the Delete
button in the Cell
group.

NOTE
: You can also right-click on the worksheet tab and select Delete.

Adding Color to the Worksheet Tab

To add color to the worksheet tab, use any of the following techniques
The Format Button
To use the Format button to add color to your worksheet tab, follow the steps provided below:
Select the worksheet tab

Go to the Hom
e tab, click on the Format
button under the Cell
group.
Click on the Tab Color
and then select any color from the submenu.
Using the Right-click
You can use the right-click to add tab color to your worksheet tab. To do this, follow the steps provided below:
Right-click on the worksheet tab
Click on the Tab Color
and then select any color from the submenu.
Using the Comments in Your Worksheet
The Comment command is one of the features in Excel that allows users to collaborate easily and effectively and
make suggestions within themselves. Here, we will be learning how to insert a comment, delete comments, view
comments, and lots more.
Adding Comment to Your Worksheet
To add a comment to your worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Select the cell you wish to add the comment

Go to the Review
tab and click on the New Comment
in the Comment
group

In the comment box that appears, type the comment, and then click anywhere outside the box to
close the comment.
 The comment added to the cell is represented or indicated by a red triangle in the top-right corner.

Viewing the Comment on the Your Worksheet

To view the comment on your worksheet, select the cell again

Editing a Comment in Your Worksheet

To edit a comment in your worksheet, follow the steps given bellow
Select the cell you wish to edit its comment
Go to the Review
tab and click on the Edit Comment
in the Comment
group.

In the comment box that appears, edit the comment, and then click anywhere outside the box to
close the comment.
Deleting a Comment
To delete a comment from your worksheet, follow the steps given below:
Select the cell containing the comment you wish to delete

Go to the Review
tab and click on the Delete Comment
in the Comment
group.

In the table below, the comment will be deleted

Showing or Hiding All Comments
To show or hide all comments, do the following
Go to the Review
tab and click on the Show All Comments
in the Comment
group, and all the
comments in your worksheet will be displayed. To hide all comments, follow the same procedures
as showing all comments.

Showing or Hiding Comments Individually

You can hide or show individual comments by following the steps provided below
Select the cell you wish to show or hide comment
Go to the Review
tab and click on the Show/Hide Comments
in the Comment
group

Hiding Your Worksheet

You can choose to hide or remove your worksheet from view, by using the Hide command. Hiding your worksheet
is different from deleting them. When you hide your worksheets, you can still reference them in formulas, and
charts found on other worksheets or other workbooks. To hide the worksheet, follow the steps provided below
Select the worksheet tab you wish to hide
Go to the Home
tab and select the Format
button in the Cell group.
Click on Hide & Unhide
and select Hide Sheet
NOTE
: You can also hide your worksheet by right-clicking on the worksheet to open the contextual menu. Click
on the Hide option to hide the selected worksheet.
Unhiding Your Worksheet
To unhide your worksheet, follow the steps provided below:
Select the worksheet tab you wish to hide
Go to the Home
tab and select the Format
button in the Cell group.
Click on Hide & Unhide
and select Unhide Sheet
 Select the sheet you wish to unhide in the list that pops up and then click on OK.

NOTE:
You can also unhide your worksheet by right-clicking on the worksheet to open the contextual menu.
Click on the Unhide Sheet, click on the sheet you wish to unhide in the list that pops up, and then click on OK.
Protecting Your Worksheet