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wkï wK wkL‡e, †Kb wkL‡e, wKfv‡e wkL‡e, KLb wkL‡e Gm‡eiB mg©gq wbqš¿K wQ‡jb
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wk¶ve¨e¯’v †h µwUc~Y© Ges wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b Amg_© GK_v wk¶vwe‡`iv Dcjwä
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Ki‡Qb|

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wk¶v e¨e¯’vi cÖavb ˆewk󨸇jv n‡jv t

• ¯^vaxbZv • mwµqZv • AwfÁZv

• AvšÍR©vZ k„sLjv • m„RbkxjZv • e¨w³mËvi c~Y© weKvk

wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK GB wk¶ve¨e¯’v ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶v`vb c×wZi Avg~j cwieZ©b

AZ¨vek¨K| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U AvaywbK cvV`vb c×wZ Z_v wewfbœ ai‡bi wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK
c×wZi msÁv I ˆewkó¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Dcvqmg~n Ges †Kvb ai‡bi cvV`vb c×wZi wK wK
myweav-Amyweav, †`vl-¸Y i‡q‡Q ZvI we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| cÖm½Z AvaywbK
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AR©b Kiv m¤¢e †m m¯ú‡K©I aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|

G BDwb‡U wbæwjwLZ AvaywbK c×wZ m¤ú‡K© PviwU cv‡V Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e t

cvV - 1 cix¶Y c×wZ

cvV - 2 cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ
cvV - 3 Av‡jvPbv, c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv, †mwgbvi I wm‡¤úvwRqvg
cvV - 4 f‚wgKvwfbq, Avwew®Œqv I mv¶vrKvi c×wZ
 Bangladesh Open University

cvV 1 cix¶Y c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

cix¶Y c×wZ ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

cix¶Y c×wZ wKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cix¶Y c×wZi myweav¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cix¶Y c×wZi Amyweav¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

cix¶Y c×wZ †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi †¶‡Î Dc‡hvMx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

Y c×wZ t wK I cix¶Y c×wZ ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS ? G c×wZ‡Z Avgiv cÖ_‡g mgm¨vwU‡K †`wL| Zvici
†Kb ? mgm¨vi †cQ‡b KviY¸‡jv LwZ‡q †`wL| KviY¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei Kivi ci G m¤ú‡K© Z_¨
msMÖn Kwi Ges KviY¸‡jvi GKwUi m‡½ Ab¨wUi m¤úK© wbY©q Kwi| me‡k‡l mgm¨vwUi
mgvavb ev cÖwZKvi †ei Ki‡Z m‡Pó nB| GKwU D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU e¨vL¨v Kivi
†Póv Kiv hvq|

aiv hvK, `ywU mgm¨v n‡jv t evqy wK c`v_© ? ev isaby †Kb nq ? cÖ_g mgm¨vwUi mgvavb
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n‡e| cix¶vwU mvRv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i wk¶K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zviv GKwU KvwV w`‡q
`vuwocvjøvi `uvwo evbv‡Z cv‡i| `uvwoi `yB cÖv‡šÍ †gvUvgywU mgvb IR‡bi evZvm fiv `yBwU
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cÖvšÍ Dc‡i D‡V hv‡e Ges Ab¨ cÖvšÍ Sz‡j co‡e| Giƒc nevi KviY †ejy‡bi wfZ‡ii
evZv‡mi IRb| †ejyb bv cvIqv †M‡j `y‡Uv Lvwj KvM‡Ri †VvOv w`‡qI G cix¶v Zviv
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G †¶‡Î †VvOv `y‡Uvi Lvwj Ae¯’vq `uvwo fvimv‡g¨ Avmvi ci GKwU †VvOvq
duz w`‡q evZvm f‡i `uvwoi GK cÖv‡šÍ Szwj‡q w`‡e| Zvici djvdj ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡e Ges
wm×vš ‡b‡e|

wØZxq mgm¨vwU n‡”Q t isaby †Kb nq ? Gi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K cÖkœ n‡”Q t m~‡h©i Av‡jv wK mwZ¨
mv`v ? mv`v Av‡jvi Avmj iƒc wK ? Gme cÖ‡kœi Reve †c‡Z n‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K Rvb‡Z
n‡e mv`v Av‡jvi we”QzyiY A_©vr †Kvb gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j mv`v Av‡jvi
mvZwU e‡Y©i wewkøó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| wk¶K Zv‡`i‡K Rvb‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
m¨v I mgvavb wKfv‡e Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY nq, wewfbœ e‡Y©i Av‡jvi †eM GKB gva¨g w`‡q hvevi mgq Zv‡`i
wewfbœ fv‡e †eu‡K hvIqv A_©vr Zv‡`i MwZc_ wewfbœ nIqv| wZwb Zv‡`i‡K isaby wK
Ae¯’vq nq, e„wó nevi ciciB AvKv‡k e„wó KYv I Rjxq ev®ú fvmgvb _vKv, m~‡h©i Av‡jv

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†`Lv hvIqv, m~‡h©i Ae¯’vb I isabyi Ae¯’vb Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z
cv‡ib| e„wói KYv AvKv‡k bv _vK‡j Ab¨ wKfv‡e isaby ev eY©vjx ˆZwi Kiv hvq ? †Ljvi
mgq ‡Q‡j †g‡qiv mvev‡bi †dbvi ey`ey` euv‡ki Kw ev †cu‡ci duvcv Wvj w`‡q AvKv‡k
Qyu‡o gv‡i| GiKg Ae¯’vq wK N‡U wk¶K Zv wk¶v_x©‡`i j¶¨ Ki‡Z ej‡eb| Gi d‡j
Zviv mgm¨vwUi KviY I Zvi mgvavb Lyu‡R cv‡e|

cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z †h mg¯Í myweav j¶¨ Kiv hvq Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨¸‡jv wbæiƒc t
cix¶Y c×wZi
• cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv wb‡RivB cix¶v Kiv m¤úbœ K‡i e‡j mwVK djvdj jv‡fi
myweavmg~n
cÖZ¨vkvq Zviv AZ¨šÍ g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ cix¶v KvR Pvwj‡q _v‡K| G c×wZB n‡jv
weÁvb mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ|
• cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z mwVK djvdj †c‡Z n‡j wk¶v_x©i cÖwZ A½-cÖZ¨½ mRvM ivL‡Z nq,
gb‡KI m‡PZb ivL‡Z nq hv‡Z jä djvd‡j †Kvb µwUwePz¨wZ †`Lv w`‡Z bv cv‡i|
• cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z Kvws¶Z djvdj jvf Kivi d‡j bZzb bZzb cix¶‡Yi K…ZKvh©Zvi
Rb¨ wk¶v_x©i g‡b †KŠZ‚n‡ji D‡`ªK nq Ges Zv‡`i †KŠZ‚njwcÖq gb cieZx©
cix¶‡Yi djvdj Rvbvi Rb¨ Db¥yL _v‡K|
• cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z wkLb ¯’vqx nq| KviY wk¶v_x©iv nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR K‡i ev¯Íe
AwfÁZv cvq| GwU n‡”Q KvR Kivi gva¨‡g †kLv ev Learning by doing|
• G c×wZ‡Z wkLb †KZvex bq e¨envwiK|
• G c×wZ‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv `¶Zv AR©‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q, †hgb-ch©‡e¶Y Kiv,
ch©‡e¶‡Yi djvdj Z_¨ wjwce× Kiv, Gme Z_¨ web¨vm Kiv, Z_¨vejx we‡kølY K‡i
hyw³m½Z wm×v‡šÍ Avmv, cix¶‡Yi Rb¨ hš¿cvwZ mvRv‡bv BZ¨vw`|

cix¶Y c×wZ e¨envi Kivi mgq wk¶K j¶¨ ivL‡eb -

• wk¶v_x©iv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ¯^Zš¿ | Kv‡RB GKB wel‡q mK‡ji AbyivM ev AwfiæwP bvI
_vK‡Z cv‡i| GR‡b¨ wk¶v_x©iv wb‡RivB cix¶‡Yi welq wba©viY Ki‡j mydj cvIqvi
m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| †KD nq‡Zv KxU-cZ½, †cvKvgvKo, †KD djg~j, †KD nq‡Zv
c`v_© we`¨v ev imvqb welq wb‡q cix¶Y Pvjv‡Z AvMÖnx n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs welq
wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î Zv‡`i AvMÖn ev AvKl©‡Yi g~j¨ †`Iqv Avek¨K|
• cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z h_v_© djvdj jvf Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶v_x©i eqm, mvg_©¨, cviMZv,
AbyivM BZ¨vw`i Dci wbf©i K‡i cix¶‡Yi welq wba©viY Kiv Avek¨K|
DwjøwLZ myweavw` _vKv m‡Ë¡I cix¶Y c×wZ wbæwjwLZ Amyweavmg~n †_‡K gy³ bq t
cix¶Y c×wZ
• evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k cix¶Y c×wZ cwiPvjbv Kivi Dc‡hvMx hš¿cvwZ I Amyweavmg~n
DcKi‡Yi AcÖZzjZv †nZz GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v`vb AmyweavRbK| Z‡e ¯’vbxqfv‡e
mnRjf¨ I m¯Ív DcKiY e¨envi K‡i Ges hš¿cvwZ Improvise K‡iI ¯‹zjcvV¨
weÁv‡bi AwaKvsk cix¶Y Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e| wk¶K AvMÖnx n‡j Ges wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K
DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j fv‡jv dj Avkv Kiv hvq|
• cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z mwVK djvdj †c‡Z A‡bK A_©, mgq, kªg I ˆa‡h©i cÖ‡qvRb nq,
Gm‡ei Abycw¯’wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡b weiƒc g‡bvfv‡e m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

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• wk¶v_x©‡`i eqm, AwfiæwP, cviMZv I Abyiv‡Mi Dci wfwË K‡i cix¶‡Yi welq
wba©viY Avek¨K| A_P h‡_vchy³ Ávb, AwfÁZv I we‡ePbv kw³i Afv‡ei `iæb
wk¶K g‡nv`qMY welqwfwËK mgm¨v wba©vi‡Yi mgq A‡bK †¶‡ÎB mwVK wm×v‡šÍ
DcbxZ n‡Z cv‡ib bv| d‡j cix¶‡Yi Rb¨ wbw`©ó mgm¨v mgvav‡bi gva¨‡g gywó‡gq
K‡qKRb wk¶v_x© DcK…Z n‡q _v‡K|
• G c×wZ Aíeq¯‹ wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î Dc‡hvMx bq|
• G c×wZ‡Z cVb-cvVb cwiPvj‡b h‡_ó mgq jv‡M Ges AMÖMwZ A‡c¶vK…Z Kg nq|
• Hš¿cvwZ I cix¶‡Y e¨eüZ gvj-gmjv I DcKiYvw` bó n‡Z cv‡i|

cix¶Y c×wZ cwiPvjbvi Dc‡hvMx welqmg~n

c×wZ cwiPvjbvq weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv †hgb cÖK…wZ cvV, mvaviY weÁvb, c`v_© weÁvb, RxeweÁvb, imvqb
hvMx welqmg~n kv¯¿ , K…wlweÁvb BZ¨vw`i †¶‡Î cix¶Y c×wZ AZ¨šÍ mv_©Kfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
GQvov mgvRweÁv‡bi AšÍM©Z f‚‡Mvj, g‡bvweÁvb, mgvR Kj¨vY BZ¨vw` wel‡qI cix¶Y
c×wZ AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Dc‡ivwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ welq, †hgb-fvlv,
BwZnvm, †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q cix¶Y c×wZi e¨envi †Zgb Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv
ivL‡Z cv‡i bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -1
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb t
1. †Kvb& e³e¨wU mwVK ?
K. cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv wbw®Œq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K
L. cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv gyL¨
M. cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i ¯’vqx wk¶‡Yi my‡hvM Kg
N. cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR Ki‡Z nq
2. cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z wkLb †kLv‡bvi Kv‡R wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hv‡Mi KviY †KvbwU ?
K. wk¶‡Ki mwµq f‚wgKv L. cix¶Y c×wZi myweavmg~n
M. cix¶vMv‡i KvR Kivi my‡hvM N. ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM
3. cix¶Y c×wZ‡Z cÖvß djvdj wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡b ¯’vqx nIqvi KviY †Kvb&wU ?
K. wk¶‡Ki kvm‡bi fq I evi evi ¯§iY Kiv‡bv
L. cix¶vMv‡ii AvKl©Yxq hš¿cvwZ I cix¶vi avivevwnKZv
M. dj †c‡Z wk¶v_x©i cÖwZwU A½-cÖZ¨½ I gb mwµq _v‡K
N. ˆeÁvwbK cš’vq mgm¨v mgvavb I Avwe®‹v‡ii Avb›`
4. Dbœqbkxj †`‡k cix¶Y c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M evav †KvbwU ?
K. `¶ I AwfÁ wk¶‡Ki Afve
L. cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ, DcKiY I cix¶vMv‡ii Afve

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M. wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwk¶Y I mg‡qi Afve

N. †kªYx‡Z wk¶v_x© msL¨vi AvwaK¨

msw¶ß DËi-g~jK cÖkœ

1. cix¶Y c×wZ wK I †Kb ? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. cix¶Y c×wZi myweav I Amyweavmg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|

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 Bangladesh Open University

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cvV 2

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi myweavmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi AšÍivq wK wK Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ †Kvb †Kvb wel‡q mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ
mnR K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j, cÖkœ K‡i Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi †c‡q hLb †Kvb welq Avgiv Rvb‡Z
I eyS‡Z †Póv Kwi ZLbBZv cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| cÖK…Z A‡_© G
c×wZ‡Z †Kvb cvV‡K †K›`ª K‡i KZK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU cÖ‡kœi mvnv‡h¨ g~j e³e¨‡K
wk¶v_x©‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq, Ges wk¶v_x©iv †m me cÖ‡kœi Reve w`‡Z wM‡q g~j
e³e¨ Abyaveb hLb Ki‡Z Zrci nq Zv‡K cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ e‡j| cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ wK I †Kb
GKB cÖkœ wewfbœ †gavi wk¶v_x©‡`i wRÁvmv Kiv nq| †Kvb cÖ‡kœi DËi wk¶v_x©i Rvbv ?
bv _vK‡j wk¶K wb‡R †m cÖ‡kœi DËi †`b, c‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i w`‡q mwVK Dˇii
cybive„wË Kwi‡q †bb| Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨KUv cÖ‡kœi Dˇii cybive„wË wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb
cÖwµqvq (Learning process) we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i| GB c×wZi me‡P‡q eo myweav
GB †h, g~j e³e¨ †_‡K wePz¨Z nIqvi my‡hvM wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Dfq c‡¶iB Kg
_v‡K| Z‡e GB c×wZi mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©i K‡i wk¶‡Ki cÖkœ Kivi `¶Zv I
†KŠk‡ji Dci| `¶ I AwfÁ wk¶‡Ki mnvqZvq cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z
cvi‡j cvV`v‡bi g~j j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i|

†kªYx cvV`vb †¶‡Î cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ GKwU DrK…ó c×wZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q| GB
c×wZ‡Z wk¶K I wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKv cÖvq mgvb| wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Dfq‡KB GB
c×wZ‡Z mwµq f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z nq| GB Kvi‡Y †kªYx cvVbvq cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡K
GKwU DbœZZi c×wZ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv P‡j| GB c×wZi myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨
wk¶‡Ki c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ, cv‡Vi c~e© cwiKíbv, cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY cÖ¯‘wZ, msMÖn I cÖ‡qvM
AZ¨vek¨K| AvaywbK hy‡M, c„w_exi DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj Dfq ai‡bi †`‡k cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ
AZ¨šÍ mvdj¨RbKfv‡e Abym„Z n‡q Avm‡Q| Avgv‡`i wk¶K cÖwk¶Y
gnvwe`¨vjq¸‡jvi Abykxjbx cvV`v‡bi mgq cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|

cÖwm× Rvg©vb wk¶vwe` Rb †d«WvwiK nve©vU© †h cÂ-‡mvcvb Ges Zvi AbyMvgx

wk¶vwe`MY cieZx© mg‡q wZb †mvcvb wewkó cvV cwiKíbvi K_v e‡j‡Qb ZvI
mwVKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi Avkªq MÖnY Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖ‡kœvËi Qvov cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv wKsev cvVUxKv cÖ¯‘Z Kivi K_v wPšÍv Kiv hvq

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 Bangladesh Open University

bv| myZivs cÖwk¶‡Yi mgq Abykxjb cvV`vb ev e¨envwiK cvV`v‡b †h c×wZ AbymiY
Kiv nq Ab¨vb¨ mg‡q wk¶K wkw¶KvMY wbR wbR we`¨vj‡q GKB c×wZ †kªYx cvVbvq
AbymiY Ki‡eb, GUvB ¯^vfvweK Ges Awf‡cÖZ|

c×wZi myweavmg~n cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M wb¤œwjwLZ myweavmg~n j¶¨ Kiv hvq t
• cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z ˆ`bw›`b cv‡V myôz Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb AwZwi³ e¨‡qi cÖ‡qvRb
bv nIqv‡Z Dbœqbkxj †`‡k GB c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡qv‡M A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi m„wó nq bv|
`vgx wk‡¶vcKiY Qvov GB c×wZ †kªYxK‡¶ cÖv‡Yi mÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ g‡bi fve Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM
†c‡q _v‡K| cvV¨wel‡qi †h Ask wk¶v_x©‡`i Kv‡Q RwUj e‡j g‡b nq cÖkœ wRÁvmv
¶K-wk¶v_x©i
K‡i Zviv wk¶‡Ki KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I mwVK e¨vL¨v †R‡b wb‡Z cv‡i|
¯úwiK wewbgq
wk¶K I cÖ‡kœi mnvqZvi wk¶v_x©‡`i cviMZv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cv‡ib|
cÖ‡kœvˇii cybive„wËi mnvqZvq cv‡Vi g~j e³e¨ Abyave‡b wk¶v_x©‡`i mvnvh¨
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_x©iv cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx wKbv ev Zviv AbymiY Ki‡Q wKbv ZvI
wk¶K cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cv‡ib|
• cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶K-wkw¶Kv cÖK…ó wk¶Y c×wZi K‡qKwU bxwZ †hgb t
‰eÁvwbK bxwZ (1) g~Z© †_‡K Ag~Z© (2) mnR †_‡K RwUj (3) Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv (4) wbw`©ó †_‡K
AbymiY
Awbw`©ó (5) we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY (6) mgMÖ †_‡K Ask BZ¨vw` AZ¨šÍ mnR I
mvejxjfv‡e AbymiY K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i Ávb e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv `vb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
• cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wk¶K-wkw¶Kv cvV mnvqK kªeY-
`k©b g~jK DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Abylw½K DcKiY I hš¿cvwZi e¨envi
v c×wZi weKí
cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi gvb AviI DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †kªYx cvVbvq wk¶v_x©‡`i
Drmvn DÏxcbv e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i| †kªYx cvVbvi †¶‡Î mbvZb e³…Zv`vb c×wZi
mnR weKí n‡jv cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ|

• †kªYx‡Z QvÎ/QvÎx msL¨v AZ¨šÍ †ewk bv n‡j (50 Gi †ewk) cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ
ev¯Íevq‡b Lye GKwU mgm¨v m„wó nq bv| Z‡e wk¶v_x©i msL¨v GK k‡Zi AwaK n‡j
cÖkœ DËi c×wZi mdj ev¯Íevqb †Kvbµ‡gB m¤¢e bq|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M Amyweav

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi DwjøwLZ myweavmg~n _vKv m‡Ë¡I GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi wKQy AšÍivqI
i‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc t
• cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M cÖkœgvjv Dc¯’vc‡b avivevwnKZv h_v_©fv‡e iw¶Z bv n‡j
Lj Dc¯’vcb D³ c×wZi g~j D‡Ïk¨ e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY welqe¯‘i G‡jv‡g‡jv
Dc¯’vcb wk¶v_x©i g‡b welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fzj aviYvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i|

cÖm½ wePz¨wZ • cÖkœ msMVb I Dc¯’vc‡b m~¶ wPšÍvi Afve †`Lv w`‡j g~j welqe¯‘ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i
covi m¤¢vebv _v‡K Ges g~j cÖm½ ev` w`‡q A‡bK AevšÍi wel‡qi AeZviYvq

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A‡bK mgq bó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| d‡j wk¶‡Ki AvšÍwiKZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I
wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ g~j welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcb m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
• cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ cÖkœvejx wk¶v_x©‡`i cviMZvi ¯Íi Dc‡hvMx bv n‡j Zv
†_‡K mydj Avkv Kiv hvq bv| cÖkœ Lye mnR cÖK…wZi n‡j wkïiv cv‡V AvKl©Y
Abyfe Ki‡e bv| Avevi cÖkœ Lye RwUj n‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i KvQ †_‡K Avkvbyiƒc mvov
cvIqv m¤¢eci nq bv|
• cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi mdj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K-wkw¶Kvi wk¶vMZ I cÖwk¶YMZ
†hvM¨Zv I AwfÁZvi cÖ‡qvRb| DrK…ó gv‡bi cÖkœ ˆZwi Ges welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© †h wk¶‡Ki Bw¯úZ †hvM¨Zvi
Afve
†Kvb ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi mvg_©¨ me wk¶K-wkw¶Kvi _v‡K bv m‡e©vcwi
wk¶K-wkw¶Kvi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ h_v_© bv n‡j cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z mvdj¨
AR©b m¤¢eci bq|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dc‡hvwMZv

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ †h †Kvb wel‡qi cvV`v‡b mv_©Kfv‡e e¨eüZ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L| bvbv
†`vlµwU _vKv m‡Ë¡I eûw`b hver Avgv‡`i †`‡k mbvZb e³…Zv`vb c×wZ Abym„Z n‡q
Avm‡Q| c~‡e©B Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, e³…Zv`vb c×wZ bvbv Kvi‡Y AvaywbK hy‡M
AbymiY Kiv nq bv| e³…Zv`vb c×wZi weKí wn‡m‡e cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ mv_©Kfv‡e e¨envi e³…Zv c×wZi weKí
Kiv hvq| gvZ…fvlv A_ev we‡`kx fvlv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i BwZnvm, †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ,
Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb, mgvRweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv, MwYZ, mvaviY weÁvb, c`v_©weÁvb, imvqb
kv¯¿ , RxeweÁvb, K…wl weÁvb, cÖf…wZi †h †Kvb wel‡qi cvV`v‡b AZ¨šÍ
mvdj¨RbKfv‡e cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i
cvV mnvqK kªeY `k©bg~jK DcKi‡Yi D™¢veb, cÖ¯‘Z, msMÖn I cÖ‡qvM Ges wewfbœ
ai‡bi ˆeÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ e¨envi cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi gv‡bvbœq‡b we‡klfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi myôz ev¯Íevq‡b wk¶K I wk¶v_x©i mwµqZv
mgvbfv‡e Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶‡Ki wbw®ŒqZv †hgb wk¶K-wk¶v_x© †Kw›`ªK
c×wZi ev¯Íevq‡b AšÍivq m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, Aci c‡¶ wk¶v_x©i wbw¯ŒqZvI GB c×wZi cvV`vb c×wZ
ev¯Íevq‡b weivU evavi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gw`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j cÖ‡kœ&vËi c×wZ‡K
wk¶K-wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK cvV`vb c×wZ bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv P‡j|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi bxwZgvjv

• wk¶K-wkw¶Kv Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ Lye fv‡jv gZ Abyaveb K‡i cÖkœ ˆZwi Ki‡eb;
• cvV¨ welqe¯‘i wewfbœ w`K m¤^‡Ü cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e;
• mgMÖ cvV ‡_‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e;
• cÖ‡kœi fvlv ¯úó, mnR I ب_©Zvgy³ n‡Z n‡e;
• cv‡Vi D‡Ï‡k¨i cÖwZ †Lqvj ‡i‡L cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e;
• Ggb cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e hvi Reve ïay nuv ev bv †evaK n‡e bv;
• mgMÖ †kªYxi w`‡K j¶¨ K‡i cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e;

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• cÖkœvejx wk¶v_x©i eqm, AwfÁZv, eyw×, cwVZ wel‡qi Ávb I Abyaveb ¶gZvi
mv‡_ mgÄm¨ c~Y© n‡e;
• cÖkœ wk¶v_x©‡K wPšÍvi †LvivK I eyw× PP©vi my‡hvM w`‡e;
• cÖkœvejxi g‡a¨ cvi¯úh© I avivevwnKZv i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e †hb me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi Reve
GKÎ Ki‡j m¤ú~Y© cvVbxq welqwUi g~jfve dz‡V D‡V|

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 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -2
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb t
1. †Kvb& e³e¨wU mwVK ?
K. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKvB cÖavb
L. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKvB cÖavb
M. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKv †MŠY
N. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z wk¶K I wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKv mgvb

2. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi AšÍivq wn‡m‡e wPwýZ ?

K. Dc¯’vwcZ cÖkœgvjvi †¶‡Î avivevwnKZv msi¶Y, ¯Íi Dc‡hvMx mnRKiY
Ges welqe¯‘i mv‡_ mswkøó Ki‡Y wk¶‡Ki e¨_©Zv
L. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z cvV mnvqK DcKiY e¨env‡ii my‡hvM bv _vKv
M. GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i eyw×i `iRv AM©jgy³ Kiv hvq bv
N. GB c×wZ‡Z we‡kl †Kvb GKwU welq gvÎ cvV`vb Kiv hvq
3. ‡Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK ?
K. wk¶K cÖ_‡g D”P †gam¤úbœ wk¶v_x©‡`i cÖkœ wR‡Ám Ki‡eb
L. cÖ_‡g wb¤œ †gavm¤úbœ wk¶v_x©‡`i cÖkœ wR‡Ám Ki‡eb
M. cÖ_g Mo †gavm¤úbœ wk¶v_x©‡`i cÖkœ wR‡Ám Ki‡eb
N. cÖ_‡g †h †Kvb wk¶v_x©‡K cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i

msw¶ß DËi-g~jK cÖkœ

1. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi Dc‡hvwMZv eY©bv Kiæb|
2. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ wKfv‡e e³…Zv c×wZi µwU wbimY Ki‡Z cv‡i ?

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Av‡jvPbv, c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv, †mwgbvi I wm‡¤úvwRqv cvV 3

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

Av‡jvPbv c×wZi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;

c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv c×wZi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

Av‡jvPbv I c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv c×wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

‡mwgbvi c×wZi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

wm‡¤úvwRqv c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cvV`vb c×wZ¸‡jvi myweavmg~n mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

cvV`vb c×wZ¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dc‡hvwMZv hvPvB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Av‡jvPbv c×wZ
†Kvb GKwU mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ K‡qKR‡bi wPšÍv I gZ wewbgq‡KB ejv nq Av‡jvPbv c×wZ t wK I †Kb ?
Av‡jvPbv ev Discussion| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv GKB D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q A_©vr †Kvb
GKwU mgm¨vi mgvavb †ei Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgm¨vwUi wewfbœ
w`K m¤ú‡K© gZ wewbgq Ki‡e, Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡e, GwUi ¯^iƒc I cwiwa m¤^‡Ü ¯úó aviYv D‡Ïk¨gyLxbZv I mgm¨vi
Ki‡e Ges Gi wcQ‡b wK KviY Zv mbv³ Ki‡e| mew`K we‡ePbvi ci mgm¨vi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb
mgvavb m¤^‡Ü wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡e| wk¶v_x©iv gy‡LvgywL e‡m ¯^vaxbfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jI
mg¯ Av‡jvPbv wk¶K-wkw¶Kv ev `j‡bZv KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ n‡e|

†h c×wZ AbymiY K‡i cvV¨ welqe¯‘i g~j e³e¨ wk¶v_x©iv wb‡Riv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_
Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv AvqË Ki‡Z †Kvb RwUj mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb
n‡j Zviv welq wk¶‡Ki civgk© I Zuvi mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mwVK mgvavb Lyu‡R
cvq, Zv‡K Av‡jvPbv c×wZ bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv ¯^wkw¶Z nIqvi
my‡hvM cvq| Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z mwµqfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi wbwgË wk¶v_x©iv Av‡jvPbv
Cvi¯úvwiK wPšÍv I gZ
Abyôv‡bi cÖv°v‡j cvV mswkøó welq m¤ú‡K© wb‡RivB eBcy¯ÍK msMÖn K‡i wK¤^v wewfbœ
wewbgq
MÖš’vMv‡i Aa¨qb K‡i cvV¨ welq m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw` †R‡b wb‡Z Zrci n‡Z cv‡i|
GLv‡b wk¶K-wkw¶Kv cvV¨ welq mswk­ó mnvqK MÖš’vejxi ZvwjKv mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
cvV¨ welqwU `xN© n‡j wk¶K cvV¨ welqwU wewfbœ As‡k wPwýZ K‡i cvVwU‡K K‡qKwU As‡k
fvM Ki‡eb| wk¶v_x©‡`i K‡qKwU `‡j wef³ K‡i cvVwUi GKwU ev `ywU Ask GK `j‡K
w`‡eb| wewfbœ cy¯ÍK-cyw¯ÍKv, cÎ-cwÎKv BZ¨vw` †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wk¶v_x©iv hLb
Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡e ZLb ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i wPšÍv fvebv, a¨vb
aviYv BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ wKQyUv cv_©K¨ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| wk¶K-wkw¶Kv cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a GB gZ
cv_©‡K¨i Aemvb NwU‡q mwVK wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Z Zv‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv `vb
Ki‡eb| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v jvf Ki‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i wbR¯^ AwfgZ MV‡bi my‡hvM nq Ges
¯^‡Póvq Ávb AR©b Kivi d‡j jäÁvb AwfÁZvq cwiYZ nq Ges †mB AwfÁZv Zv‡`i
g‡b `xN©¯’vqx nq Ges Zv‡`i ¯§„wZc‡U Zv `xN©Kvj ch©šÍ D¾¡j _v‡K|

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GB c×wZ‡Z Ávb AR©b Ki‡j welqe¯‘ AvqË Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v_x©‡`i gyL¯’ we`¨vi Dci
wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq bv| welqe¯‘ Lye fv‡jvfv‡e AvqË Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY
KivI m¤¢eci bq| myZivs Av‡jvPbv c×wZ GKwU DbœZgv‡bi wkLb cwµqv| GB c×wZ‡Z
wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv bMY¨, wk¶v_x©‡`i f‚wgKvB cÖavb| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶K †KejgvÎ
_x©i f‚wgKv gyL¨
c_cÖ`k©‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb Zv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq Dcw¯’Z †_‡K wk¶v_x©‡`i
Av‡jvPbvi aviv ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb w`‡q _v‡Kb|
wkï †Kw›`ªK wk¶v e¨e¯’vi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ ¯^vaxbZv, mwµqZv, m„RbkxjZv, AšÍR©vZ k„sLjv
BZ¨vw`| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ mvdj¨RbKfv‡e wk¶v_x©iv Abykxjb Kivi my‡hvM
cvq|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z wk¶K wb‡R cÖkœKvixi f‚wgKvq _vKvi `iæY wk¶‡Ki wbR¯^ wPšÍv vfvebv
cÖvavb¨ cvIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K| Acic‡¶ Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv wb‡RivB Av‡jvPbvq
AskMÖnY Kivi d‡j Zv‡`i wPšÍvfvebvi cÖwZdjbB †mLv‡b j¶¨ Kiv hvq| cÖ‡kœvËi
šÍR©vZ k„sLj c×wZi Zzjbvq Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i mwµqZv wk¶‡Ki †P‡q †ewk Ges
wk¶v_x©‡`i m„Rbkxj cÖwZfvi D‡b¥‡l GB c×wZi cÖvavb¨ Ab¯^xKvh©| AšÍR©vZ k„sLjv i¶vI
cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi Zzjbvq GB c×wZi gva¨‡g AwaK djcÖm | KviY Av‡jvPbv c×wZ†Z
k„sLjv i¶vi `vwqZ¡ wk¶v_x©‡`i DciB eZ©vq e‡j wk¶‡Ki mivmwi GB `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨
gv_v Nvgv‡Z nq bv|

v c×wZ t ev¯Íevq‡b Av‡jvPbv c×wZ GKwU DbœZgv‡bi c×wZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I GB c×wZi mdj ev¯Íevqb †ek
AšÍivqmg~n KwVb| (1) eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ AvbyôvwbK I cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v e¨e¯’vi Aax‡b wewfbœ wel‡qi
Rb¨ mywbw`©ó ˆ`bw›`b †kªYx cvVbvi Kvh©ZvwjKvq AšÍM©Z 30-45 wgwbU mg‡qi g‡a¨
Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb m¤¢eci bq| (2) Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi
DbœZ gvbm¤úbœ MÖš’vMv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb Zv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki A‡bK gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q †bB| (3)
wbæ gva¨wgK ch©v‡q Acwic° wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ GB c×wZ †ek AmyweavRbK| (4) GB
c×wZ DbœZ †gavi ¯^í msL¨K wk¶v_x©i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI gvSvwi I wb¤œ †gavm¤úbœ
wk¶v_x©i Rb¨ we‡kl djcÖm nq bv| (5) ¯^wkw¶Z nIqvi cÖeYZv I gvbwmKZv A‡bK
wk¶v_x©i bv _vKvi `iæb AwaKvsk wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨B GB c×wZ‡Z duvwK †`Iqvi cÖeYZv m„wó
n‡Z cv‡i| (6) gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q cvV¨ me wel‡qi cvV`v‡b (we‡kl K‡i c`v_© weÁvb,
Rxe weÁvb, imvqb kv¯¿ , MwYZ BZ¨vw`‡Z) GB c×wZ Lye GKUv mydj w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv c×wZ

Bs‡iwR 'Panel' k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ g‡bvbxZ GK`j †jvK (A group of
persons chosen for some purpose) | myZivs c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv c×wZ ej‡Z GKwU
mymsMwVZ I g‡bvbxZ wk¶v_x©`‡ji GKwU we‡kl wel‡qi AšÍM©Z GK ev GKvwaK mgm¨v
bv c×wZi GKwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv‡K †evSvq| c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv c×wZ mvaviY Av‡jvPbv c×wZi GKwU
wewkó iƒc wewkó iƒc| GB Av‡jvPbvq †kªYxK‡¶i mgMÖ wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ †_‡K K‡qK Rb‡K Av‡M †_‡K
g‡bvbqb `vb K‡i c¨v‡bj ˆZwi Kiv nq| Av‡jvP¨ welqwUB †mB c¨v‡bjfz³ wk¶v_x©iv
fv‡jvfv‡e wPšÍvfvebv K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ZË¡ I Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Zv †kªYxi mKj
wk¶v_x©‡`i mvg‡b G‡m DuPz cøvUdi‡g e‡m ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Pvjvq| c¨v‡b‡j
mvaviYZ Pvi †_‡K AvU Rb cÖwZwbwa ivLv nq| wk¶K mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z †_‡K

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 Bangladesh Open University

cÖwZwbwa‡`i Av‡jvPbv cwiPvjbv K‡ib| mfvcwZ cÖ_‡gB Av‡jvP¨ welqwU †kªYxK‡¶ mevi
m¤§y‡L Zz‡j a‡ib Ges Av‡jvPbvi ïiæ‡Z cÖwZwbwa‡`i ¯^-¯^ f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v K‡i †`b| wewfbœ
R‡bi Av‡jvPbvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi `vwqZ¡I mfvcwZ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| Z‡e
c¨v‡b‡ji e³viv hLb Zv‡`i e³e¨ †ck Ki‡e ZLb Zv e³…Zvi AvKv‡i `uvwo‡q ej‡e bv,
wbR wbR RvqMvq e‡m K‡_vcK_‡bi fw½‡Z Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e|

mvaviY Av‡jvPbv c×wZi †h me ¸Yv¸Y i‡q‡Q ev H c×wZ Abymi‡Y †h mg¯Í my‡hvM-

myweav cvIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q, c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡ZI GKB ai‡bi myweav ev ¸Yvejx
we`¨gvb| GB c×wZ Abymi‡Y I mvaviY Av‡jvPbv c×wZi Abyiƒc AšÍivqmg~n
cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó K‡i _v‡K| myZivs c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv c×wZi ¸Yvejx ev †`vlµwU
¯^Zš¿fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Av‡Mi cv‡V G wel‡q wek`fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
†mwgbvi
Bs‡iwR 'Seminar' k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYvi Rb¨ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKwU
†QvU K¬vm| myZivs †mwgbvi Av‡jvPbv c×wZ mvaviYZ eq¯‹ I cwiYZ eyw×m¤úbœ
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Rb¨B AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx| K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vjq ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_x©ivB cÖavbZ
†mwgbvi RvZxq Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi &D”P †kªYx‡ZI †mwgbvi Av‡jvPbv D”PZi †kªYx‡Z cÖ‡qv‡Mi
c×wZ AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †mwgbv‡ii AšÍfz©³ QvÎ-QvÎxiv wbR wbR `vwq‡Z¡B mgm¨v Dc‡hvMx
mgvav‡bi cš’v D™¢ve‡b †j‡M hvq Ges MÖš’vMv‡i wM‡q cÖvmw½K MÖš’vw` †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
msMÖn K‡i Zv‡`i e³e¨ welqwU‡K Z_¨vkªqx K‡i †Zv‡j| GB KvR Zviv e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póvq
GKK I ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i Avevi 2/5 R‡bi †QvU `j MVb K‡iI Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wKQyw`b Z_¨vw` msMÖ‡ni ci wba©vwiZ w`‡b Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq| GB Av‡jvPbv mfvq ev
†mwgbv‡i c~‡e© msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i wi‡cvU© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq Ges Zvi g j¨vqb
Kiv nq|
†mwgbvi Av‡jvPbv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wPšÍv Kievi ¶gZv evovq Ges ¯^qswk¶v AR©b Kievi
Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMvq|
c„w_exi DbœZ †`kmg~‡n wk¶v_x©‡`i GB c×wZ AbymiY Kivi h‡_ó my‡hvM myweav i‡q‡Q|
Z‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k †mwgbvi c×wZ Abymi‡Yi cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q|
AšÍivqmg~n
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z DbœZ gvbm¤úbœ MÖš’vMv‡ii GKvšÍ Afve, wb¤œ
gva¨wgK wk¶v_x©‡`i Áv‡bi cwiwa I gvbwmK cwic°Zv †mwgbvi Av‡jvPbv c×wZ
Abymi‡Yi Dc‡hvMx bq| Zv Qvov Avgv‡`i †`‡k eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wk¶vµg I cvV¨g~wP
Abyhvqx ˆ`wbK K¬vk iæwUb AbymiY K‡i †kªYx cvVbvi weKí c×wZ wn‡m‡e †mwgbvi c×wZ
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| mncvVµwgK Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ †mwgbvi c×wZ Abym„Z
n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †kªYx cvVbvqI G c×wZ gv‡S gv‡S e¨envi Kiv hvq|
wm‡¤úvwRqvg
Bs‡iwR 'Symposium' k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© †Kvb GK cÖm‡½i Dci wewfbœ g‡Zi
msMÖn| wm‡¤úvwRqv kãwU wm‡¤úvwRqvg k‡ãiB eûeP‡bi iƒc| hvi A_© `uvovq GKvwaK
cÖm‡½i Dci wewfbœ g‡Zi msMÖn| GwUI GK cÖKvi `jMZ Av‡jvPbv, Z‡e cwiPvjbvi w`K c~e© wba©vwiZ wel‡q cÖeÜ
†_‡K Gi wKQy ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| wm‡¤úvwRqv Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wk¶v_x© iPbv I Dc¯’vcb
Av‡jvP¨ welq ev mgm¨vi Dci Av‡MB cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i wb‡q Av‡m A_ev e³e¨ welq w¯’i
K‡i G‡m e³…Zv †`q| †kªvZvgÛjxi ga¨ †_‡K wewfbœ e³v e³e¨ welqwUi Dci bZzb Z_¨

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cwi‡ekb K‡i| GB fv‡e K‡qKwU e³…Zvi gva¨‡g welq¸‡jv fvjfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ I

we‡køwlZ nq| e³viv c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q Av‡m e‡j Av‡jvPbvwU †ek mymsnZ iƒc jvf K‡i|
wewfbœ e³v mgm¨vi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K; d‡j Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi mgvavb
c~Y©Zv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GB wm‡¤úvwRqvi KvR cwiPvjbv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKRb mfvcwZ wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb| wZwb
iPvjb c×wZ wk¶KB n‡q _v‡Kb, Z‡e cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i ga¨ †_‡KI mfvcwZ wbe©vPb Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| e³…Zv †k‡l mfvcwZ g~j e³e¨¸‡jvi GKwU msw¶ßmvi cÖ`vb K‡ib| GwU
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvKv‡i msi¶Y Kiv nq|
GB c×wZI †kªYx cvVbv‡¶‡Î Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb
ivL‡Z mg_© bq| Z‡e †mwgbvi c×wZi g‡Zv wm‡¤úvwRqv c×wZI mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi
Aax‡b gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges †kªYx cvVbvqI c~e©cwiKíbv
†gvZv‡eK gv‡S gv‡S e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -3
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K e„ËvwqZ
Kiæb t
1. wb‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK?
K. MwY‡Zi AwaKvsk cvV`v‡b Av‡jvPbv c×wZi Dc‡hvMx
L. c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbvq mvaviYZ 4 †_‡K 8 Rb cÖwZwbwa g‡bvbxZ nq
M. wb¤œ gva¨wgK ch©v‡q †mwgbvi c×wZ mv_©Kfv‡e Abym„Z n‡Z cv‡i
N. wm‡¤úvwRqv c×wZ‡Z GKB Awa‡ek‡b hZ Rb D”Qv wk¶v_x© Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q cÖeÜ
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i
2. wb‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK ?
K. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv ¯^wkw¶Z nIqvi my‡hvM cvq
L. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i gyL¯’ we`¨vi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq
M. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv cÖavb
N. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ MwYZ I weÁvb wel‡qi cvV`v‡b djcÖm Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK ?
K. c¨v‡bj c×wZ‡Z †kªYxi me †Q‡j‡g‡qivB Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i
L. c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbvq e³viv e³…Zvi AvKv‡i Zv‡`i e³e¨ †ck K‡i
M. Av‡jvPbv I cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZØq g~jZ GKB
N. ‡mwgbv‡ii AšÍfz©³ QvÎ-QvÎxiv wbR wbR `vwq‡Z¡B mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R †bq
4. wb‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK?
K. wb¤œ gva¨wgK ch©v‡q †mwgbvi c×wZ mv_©Kfv‡e Abym„Z n‡Z cv‡i
L. mvaviY Av‡jvPbv I c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv c×wZi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB
M. wm‡¤úvwRqv c×wZ‡Z `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wk¶v_x© Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi Dci cÖeÜ iPbv
Kivi ci wm‡¤úvwRqv‡g Ask †bq
N. Avgv‡`i gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~‡n †kªYx cvVbvq †mwgbvi c×wZ djcÖm fv‡e
e¨envi Kiv mnR

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msw¶ß DËi-g~jK cÖkœ

1. ÔAv‡jvPbvÕ wKfv‡e AbywôZ nq ? Av‡jvPbv c×wZi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv wK ?
2. ÔAv‡jvPbvÕ I Ôc¨v‡bjÕ Av‡jvPbvi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Kiæb|
3. †mwgbvi I wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gi ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb| G `ywU c×wZi e¨envwiK Dc‡hvwMZv
wK ?

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 Bangladesh Open University

f‚wgKvwfbq, Avwew®Œqv I mv¶vrKvi c×wZ cvV 4

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

f‚wgKvwfbq Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

cvV`vb c×wZ wn‡m‡e f‚wgKvwfb‡qi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

‡Kvb& †Kvb& wel‡qi cvV`v‡b f‚wgKvwfbq djcÖm Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

Avwew®Œqv c×wZi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;

Avwew®Œqv c×wZ wKfv‡e Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

mv¶vrKvi Kv‡K e‡j Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cvV`vb c×wZ wn‡m‡e mv¶vrKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ KZUzKz Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

wKfv‡e mv¶vrKvi c×wZ ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

‡h me wel‡qi cvV`v‡b mv¶vrKvi c×wZ Abym„Z n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKvwfbq (Role Play) c×wZ

cvV¨welq‡K bvUK AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g cov‡kvbvi e¨e¯’v cÖvPxb Kvj
†_‡KB P‡j Avm‡Q| †kªYxK‡¶i cVbcvVbvi GK‡Nu‡qwg `~i Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B GwU Kiv
n‡Zv| ¯^Zš¿ cvV`vb c×wZ wn‡m‡e f‚wgKvwfb‡qi g~j¨ ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q mv¤úÖwZK Kv‡j|

†QvU wkïiv AZ¨šÍ AbyKiYwcÖq| wkïiv we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nevi Av‡M †_‡KB gv-evev, ¯^Ztù‚Z©Zv
fvB-‡evb, BZ¨vw` AvcbR‡bi Kv‡Ri AbyKiY K‡i cÖPzi Avb›` cvq| Zviv cyZzj wb‡q
†Ljv Ki‡Z, cyZz‡ji we‡q w`‡Z, ivbœv-evbœv Ki‡Z, †`vKvbx, Pvlx, Kvgvi †m‡R eo‡`i
AbyKiY Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í nq| Gme KvR Ki‡Z †Kvb mgqB Zv‡`i‡K Av‡`k Dc‡`k ev
wb‡`©k w`‡Z nq bv| ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡eB Zviv Gme K‡i _v‡K|

wkï‡`i GB ¯^Zt¯d‚Z© AvMÖn‡K wkLb †kLv‡bvi Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j mydj
cvIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q g‡b K‡iB, wewfbœ †`‡ki wk¶vwe`MY f‚wgKvwfb‡qi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i Avb›`
wk¶v`v‡bi K_v wPšÍv K‡i‡Qb| G Qvov wkïiv ¯^fveZB bvUK ïb‡Z I †`L‡Z
fv‡jvev‡m, bvUK Ki‡Z Av‡iv †ewk fvjev‡m| myZivs wk¶Yxq welq‡K bvUK AvKv‡i
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i w`‡q Awfbq Kiv‡j Zv‡Z AvkvcÖ` mydj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv
i‡q‡Q| Gme K_v †f‡eB f‚wgKvwfbq‡K AvaywbK hy‡M ¯^Zš¿ c×wZ wn‡m‡e e¨envi
Ki‡Z wk¶vwe`iv GKgZ n‡q‡Qb|
Awfbq KwíZ welq Ges AZxZ NUbv‡K ev¯Í‡ei g‡Zv cÖZ¨¶†MvPi K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j
AZxZ I Am¤¢e NUbv `k©‡Ki Kv‡Q AwZ mn‡R cÖwZfvZ nq Ges Zv †_‡K cÖZ¨¶
AwfÁZv AR©b m¤¢eci nq| Yoakam & Simoson -Gi fvlvqt "Dramatization
reproduces more nearly the reality of life than the cold characters of the
printed page. Because of its concrete appeal to the sense of right particularly

Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 74

 Bangladesh Open University

as well as to the sense of hearing and because of the bodily action involved
dramatization makes a special appeal to children."
f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi Avi GKwU myweav n‡jv bvU‡Ki welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fvj iKg Ávb
¯‘i Ici AwaKvi n‡jB Awfb‡q wewfbœ Pwi‡Î iƒc ev nvefve dzwU‡q †Zvjv m¤¢e| myZivs wk¶v_x©iv hLb
†Kvb welq wb‡q bvUK iPbv K‡i I Awfbq K‡i A_ev H wel‡qi Dci iwPZ bvU‡Ki
wewfbœ Pwi‡Î Awfbq K‡i ZLb †mB welqe¯‘i Dci Zv‡`i m¤ú~Y© AwaKvi Rb¥vq|

mvwnZ¨ I BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘ Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ mv_©Kfv‡e †kLv‡bv hvq|

ZvQvov Ab¨vb¨ welqI Awfb‡qvc‡hvMx bvUK AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq Zvn‡j dj
fv‡jvB nq|

mvaviY cv‡Vi mgq GB c×wZ AbymiY K‡i i½gÂ, †cvkvK-cwi‡”Q`, `„k¨cU BZ¨vw`
msMÖn bv Ki‡jI P‡j| Z‡e Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g we‡kl cv‡Vi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡j
Awfbq‡KI m¤ú~Y© iƒc w`‡Z n‡e|

Avwew®Œqv c×wZ (Discovery or Heuristic Method)

Aa¨vcK Avg©÷ªs weÁv‡bi wkLb †kLv‡bvi Rb¨B Avwew®Œqv c×wZi (Heuristic Method)
D™¢veb K‡ib| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x© wb‡RB n‡e Avwe®‹viK| †m n‡e Kj¤^vm|
Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹v‡ii g‡a¨ w`‡q n‡e Zvi c~Y© Ávb mÂq| GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi
¶v_x©i †KŠZ‚nj
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv weÁvb, BwZnvm, f‚‡Mvj ev e¨vKi‡Yi gZ wel‡qi ïay Z_¨ I ZË¡MZ Ávb
†`Iqv nq| Dciš‘ †mB Z_¨¸‡jv wKfv‡e msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q Ges G¸‡jv n‡Z †Kgb Z‡Ë¡i
m„wó n‡jv, wKfv‡e †m¸‡jvi h_vh_ e¨envi I e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq BZ¨vw` m¤^‡Ü †KŠZ‚nj
m„wó Kiv| GB c×wZ‡Z cvV MÖnY Ki‡j wk¶v_x©i gb n‡e AbymwÜrmy, mgv‡jvPK,
m„wókxj I mnvbyf‚wZkxj|

GB c×wZi g~j m~Î n‡jv Av‡ivn c×wZ| eB †_‡K †nvK, wk¶‡Ki KvQ †_‡K †nvK,
nx c×wZ wbf©i wewfbœ cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡gB †nvK, wk¶v_x©‡KB e¨w³MZ cÖPóvq Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi
¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z n‡e| myZivs GB c×wZ wk¶v_x©‡`i e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póv I Kv‡Ri Dci ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc K‡i Zv ejvB evûj¨|

wk¶vi †¶‡Î GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi A_© G bq †h, wk¶v_x©‡K wKQyB ejv n‡e bv| meB †m
Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡e wKsev cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x©‡K GKRb M‡elK ev ˆeÁvwbK K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e
ZvI bq| ˆeÁvwbK myjf `„wófw½, hyw³, wµqv-c×wZi e¨envi BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©
‡PZbZv m„wó wk¶v_x©‡`i m‡PZb KivB GB c×wZ Abymi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU
†KŠZ‚njx AbymwÜrmy I mgv‡jvPK gb ˆZwi nq| †Kvb Z_¨ msev`cÎ ev eB-cy¯ÍK
†hLvb †_‡KB msM„nxZ †Kvb bv †Kb Zvi mZ¨Zv ev cÖgvwYKZv Zviv hvPvB Ki‡Z †k‡L,
Ggb wK wk¶‡Ki cvV`v‡bi g‡a¨ †KvbwU MÖnYxq I †KvbwU eR©bxq Zviv eyS‡Z wk‡L|
GB c×wZ Áv‡b mÂq e„w× †_‡KI wk¶v_x©i gvbwmKZv e„w× ev AMÖMwZi Dci we‡kl
¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i|

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weÁvb Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qI GB c×wZ AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| fvlv wk¶vi e¨vcv‡i
we‡klZ e¨vKi‡Yi †¶‡Î wk¶v_x©iv wKQy msL¨K D`vniY msMÖn K‡i Zv‡`i mvaviY ag©
AbymÜvb Kivi ci Zv †_‡K m~Î Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvwnZ¨ cv‡Vi †¶‡Î KweZvi
†mŠ›`h© Dcjwä ev Kwei iPbv ˆkjx wbiƒcY BZ¨vw` GB c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Av‡ivn
cÖYvjxi gva¨‡g cov‡bv m¤¢e| Abyiƒcfv‡e BwZnv‡mi †¶‡Î g~j `wjj¸‡jvi Zzjbvg~jK
Av‡jvPbv K‡i A_ev †Kvb cÖvgvY¨ HwZnvwmK weeiY †_‡K †Kvb wm×všÍ M„nxZ n‡j GB
c×wZi myôz cÖ‡qvM nq| A_©bxwZ, †cŠi weÁvb I ivRbxwZi †¶‡Î msev`c‡Îi wewfbœ
msev` †_‡K hLb wm×všÍ MVb Kiv nq ZLbB GB c×wZi mv_©K cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e|

wk¶v_x©‡K Avwe®‹vi‡Ki Avm‡b ewm‡q w`‡j †m wb‡Ri †Pbv-Rvbv AwfÁZvi RMr †_‡K
Z_¨ I cÖgvY msMÖn K‡i †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nevi †Póv Ki‡e| †m †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki
f‚wgKv n‡e ïay †cÖiYv`vZvi|

mv¶vrKvi (Interview)
‡Kvb mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© mswkøó eB-cy¯ÍK, cÎ-cwÎKv wK¤^v miKvix, †emiKvix Z_¨ weeiYx
AvkvcÖ` mgvav‡b †cŠuQ‡Z h‡_vchy³ ev wbf©i‡hvM¨ we‡ewPZ bv n‡j mswkøó wel‡qi
we‡klÁ‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK e¨w³‡Z¡i gZvgZ MÖnY cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡ePbv n‡j c~e© wba©vwiZ
cÖkœc‡Îi gva¨‡g ev e¨w³MZfv‡e wRÁvmvev‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i mv‡_ †h mv¶vrKvi M‡elYv cwiPvjbvq
Abyôvb cwiPvjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K mv¶vrKvi c×wZ ejv nq| Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v`vb c×wZi e¨eüZ
g‡Zv mv¶vrKvi c×wZ mycwiwPZ c×wZ bq| †Kvb †gŠwjK wel‡qi Dci weÁvbm¤§Z I
wbf©i‡hvM¨ M‡elYv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B GB ai‡bi mv¶vrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| eB-
cy¯ÍK, miKvix, †emiKvix Z_¨ weeiYx‡Z cÖvß Z‡_¨i mZ¨Zv hvPvB‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ mswkøó
e¨w³e‡M©i gZvgZ mv¶vrKvi Gi gva¨‡g MÖnY Kiv nq|

hy‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wk¶v‡¶‡Î bZzb bZzb cvV`vb c×wZi cÖewZ©Z n‡”Q |
Avwew®Œqv c×wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ ˆeÁvwbK `„wófw½ m„wó Kiv nq| A_©vr Zviv
hv‡Z †Kvb mgm¨v m¤^‡Ü h_vh_ I ch©vß Z_¨ †hvMvo bv K‡i Ges Gme Z_¨ wePvi
we‡kølY bv K‡i H mgm¨vi mgvavb wel‡q †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ bv †cŠuQvq †m m¤ú‡K© cÖwk¶Y mgm¨v mgvav‡b ˆeÁvwbK
†`Iqvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq| wVK †Zgwb mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AvIZvaxb †Kvb Z_¨ ev ZË¡ `„wófw½ MVb
hvPvB evQvB Ki‡Z n‡j mv¶vrKvi c×wZi Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| D”Pwk¶v¯Í‡i
mv¶vrKvi c×wZ eûw`b †_‡K wewfbœ †`‡k Abym„Z n‡q Avm‡Q| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii Dc‡ii
†kªYx‡Z mv¶vrKvi c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e wKbv G wb‡qI wk¶we`M‡Yi g‡b bvbv
wPšÍvfvebv `vbv †eu‡a D‡V‡Q| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mv¶vrKvi c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j
mv¶vrKvi †K MÖnY Ki‡e, wKfv‡e MÖnY Ki‡e Ges Kv‡`i mv¶vrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡e, G
cÖkœ¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ ¯^vfvweKfv‡e G‡m hvq| wk¶K-wkw¶Kv wb‡R mv¶vrKvi wb‡Z cv‡ib
Ges †m‡¶‡Î wk¶v_x©iv welqx wn‡m‡e mv¶vrKvi w`‡Z cv‡i| GB RvZxq mv¶vrKvi
Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g wKfv‡e mv¶vrKvi MÖnY Ki‡Z nq †mB Kjv‡KŠkj ev c×wZ Zviv
AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i| cieZx© mg‡q wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K †KD †KD mv¶vrKvi wb‡Z
cv‡i| Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v_x©iv welqx wn‡m‡e mv¶vrKvi w`‡Z cv‡i| welqe¯‘ ev mgm¨vi
cÖ‡qvR‡b wk¶v_x©iv we`¨vj‡q Ab¨vb¨ †kªYxi wk¶v_x©‡`i gZvgZ, Ab¨ †Kvb we`¨vj‡qi

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 Bangladesh Open University

wk¶v_x©‡`i gZvgZ, GgbwK cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Dc‡hvMx gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi evB‡i welq ev

mgm¨vi mv‡_ RwoZ Ab¨ †Kvb we‡kl‡Ái gZvgZI mv¶vrKv‡ii gva¨‡g MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

mv¶vrKvi Abyôv‡b cÖvß djvdj wbf©i‡hvM¨, wbi‡c¶ I h_v_© nIqvi cÖ‡qvR‡b

hv‡`i‡K welqx wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ Kiv n‡e Zviv †Mvôx ev `‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi †hvM¨Zv
m¤úbœ n‡e| g‡b Kiv hvK, †Kvb GKwU gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi 7g †kªYx‡Z cvV¨
wbe©vP‡b mZK©Zv welq¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi †Kvb welq fvj jv‡M, GB m¤ú‡K© GKwU RwicKvh© Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨
mv¶vrKvi †bqv n‡e| D³ we`¨vj‡qi 7g †kªYx‡Z me©‡gvU 150 Rb QvÎ-QvÎx i‡q‡Q|
mevi mv¶vrKvi MÖnY Ki‡Z A‡bK mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb| GB Kvi‡Y 150 R‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡K
nq‡Zv 15 Rb wk¶v_x©i mv¶vrKvi MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hw` 150 Rb wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨
100 Rb QvÎ Avi 50 Rb QvÎx _v‡K Z‡e 10 Rb QvÎ Ges 5 Rb QvÎxi mv¶vrKvi
MÖnY Ki‡j Zv cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK n‡e| Avevi 150 Rb wk¶v_x©‡`i ga¨ †_‡K Kv‡`i
g‡bvbxZ Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j wewfbœ †gavi wk¶v_x©i gZvgZ †bqv Avek¨K|
ïay DbœZ †gav Qv·`i gZvgZ wb‡j djvdj GKiKg n‡e, Avevi ïay wb¤œ †gavi
wk¶v_x©i gZvgZ wb‡j djvdj GKiKg n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs c~e©eZx© eQ‡ii evwl©K
djvdj †`‡L wewfbœ †gavi wk¶v_x©‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GB 15 Rb welqx‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z
n‡e|

mv¶vrKvi †bqvi ci wewfbœ gZvgZ mwbœ‡ewkZ (Tabulation) K‡i mwVK wm×v‡šÍ

DcbxZ n‡Z n‡e| Dc‡iv³ D`vni‡Yi djvdj wbY©q Ki‡Z wM‡q nq‡Zv †`Lv hv‡e,
evsjv welqwU AwaKvsk wk¶v_x©i fv‡jv jv‡M Zvici welqZvwjKvq nq‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ welq
†hgb mgvR cvV, weÁvb, MwYZ BZ¨vw` Avm‡Z cv‡i|

mv¶vrKvi c×wZ †kªYx cvVbvi †¶‡Î gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
Amyweav i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB c×wZwU mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi Aax‡b gv‡S gv‡S cÖ‡qvM
wiK Dc‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cvi‡j wk¶v_x©iv mv¶vrKvi MÖn‡Yi Kjv‡KŠkj AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mwgbvi,
wm‡¤úvwRqv, Mí ejv, Ave„wË, f‚wgKvwfbq, weZK©, e³…Zv BZ¨vw` Abyôv‡bi g‡Zv
mv¶vrKvi c×wZI mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi Rb¨ h‡_ó mv_©KZvi mv‡_ gva¨wgK
we`¨vj‡q Abym„Z n‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -4
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb t
1. wb¤œewY©Z †Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK ?
K. Awfbq KwíZ welq Ges AZxZ NUbv‡K cÖZ¨¶†MvPi K‡i †Zv‡j|

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 Bangladesh Open University

L. mvaviY cv‡Vi mgq f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡jI †cvkvK-cwi”Q`,

`„k¨cU BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
M. Avwew®Œqv c×wZ e¨env‡ii D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wk¶v_x©‡K ˆeÁvwbK ev Avwe®‹viK evbv‡bv|
N. Avwew®Œqv c×wZ weÁvb Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qI AbymiY Kiv m¤¢e|

2. wb‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK bq ?

K. Avwew®Œqv c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©‡K Avwe®‹v‡ii f‚wgKvq †`Lv nq
L. Avwew®Œqv c×wZ AbymiY Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v_x©i gb‡K AbymwÜrmy,
mgv‡jvPK I m„wókxj K‡i †Zv‡j
M. Avwew®Œqv c×wZi ¸iæZ¡ GBLv‡b †h GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨
ˆeÁvwbK `„wófw½ ˆZwi Kiv hvq
N. Avwew®Œqv c×wZ weÁvb Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q AbymiY Kiv m¤¢e bq

3. e¨vKi‡Yi m~Î †kLv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb c×wZwU me‡P‡q Dc‡hvMx ?

K. f‚wgKvwfbq L. mv¶vrKvi
M. Avwew®Œqv N. Av‡jvPbv

msw¶ß DËi-g~jK cÖkœ

1. cix¶Y c×wZ wK ? G c×wZ wk¶v`v‡b wK Kv‡R jv‡M ?
2. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi ¸Yv¸Y eY©bv Kiæb|
3. Av‡jvPbv I c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbvi g‡a¨ wK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q ?
4. Avwew®Œqv c×wZ wK ? G c×wZi Dc‡hvwMZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv t BDwbU 5

cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb -1
1| N 2| L 3| M 4| L

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -2
1| N 2| K 3| K

cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb -3
1| L 2| K 3| N 4| M

cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb -4
1| K 2| N 3| M

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 Bangladesh Open University

Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 79