DESCRIBING SOME CELL MODIFICATION

THAT LEAD TO THE ADAPTATION TO

CARRY OUT SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS
for Biology 1 – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (STEM –
Specialized Subject)
QUARTER 1/ WEEK 3.a

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit (SLK) will serve as a guide in describing some cell
modification that lead to the adaptation to carry out specific functions. It will
be an aid for learners to learn new ideas and enrich their existing knowledge
about the cell.

In this SLK, the learners will be guided and will be able to gain
knowledge about cell modification, the three types of cell modification, and the
functions of the different types that lead to the adaptation to carry out specific
functions. This SLK is designed to help learners and requires guidance, attention,
and focus.

2
 OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:

 define cell modification;
 enumerate and describe the three types of cell
modification; and
 value the importance of cell modification that lead to
adaptation to carry out specialized functions through
listing.

LEARNING COMPETENCY

Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry

out specialized functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair) (STEM_BIO11/12-
Ia-c-5)

I. What Happened

3
PRE-ACTIVITY/PRE-TEST:

Label Me. Identify and label the correct parts of the cell. Write your answers on
your notebook.

Source: https://researchpedia.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/difference-btw-plant-cell-and-animal-cell.jpg

1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
6. ________________
7. ________________
8. ________________
9. ________________
10. ________________
11. ________________
12. ________________
13. ________________
14. ________________
15. ________________

4
II. What You Need To Know

DISCUSSION:

What is cell modification?

Cell specialization or modification occurs after cell division wherein newly

formed cells are structurally modified so that they can perform their function
efficiently and effectively.

5
Apical modification
It is a cell modification found on the apical surface of the cell.

Cilia and flagella

 Cilia are usually short, hair-like structures that move in waves.
 Flagella are long whip-like structures.
 Formed from microtubules

Source: https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-cilia-and-flagella/
Figure 1. Cilia and flagella.
6
Source: Exploring Life Through Science, General Biology 1, Phoenix Publishing House
Figure 2. Both cilia and flagella function for cell locomotion.

Villi and microvilli

 Villi are finger-like projections that arise from epithelial layer in some
organs. They help to increase surface area allowing for faster and
more efficient adsorption.
 Microvilli are smaller projections that arise from the cell’s surface that
also increase surface area allowing faster and more efficient
adsorption.

Source:https://microbenotes.com/microvilli-structure-and-functions/
Figure 3. Structure of microvilli.

7
 These projections increase the surface area of the small intestine for the
absorption of nutrients, and as a higher surface area = higher rate of
transportation processes such as diffusion, they thus increase the rate of
absorption.

Pseudopods
 Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other
eukaryotic cells
 Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey
 From the Greek word pseudes and podos, meaning “false” and
“feet”.

Source:https://www.quora.com/What-purpose-does-a-pseudopod-serve-to-an-
amoeba
Figure 4. Pseudopods responsible for engulfing prey and for locomotion.

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

 Compound secreted by the cell on its apical surface

 Cell wall in the extracellular structure in plant cells that distinguishes
them from animal cell
 Glycoprotein is the main ingredient of ECM in animal cells.
 They cover external surface, line up internal organs, take up
nutrients, export wastes, and interact with the external environment.

8
 Source: https://www.regentys.com/research/

Figure 5. Extracellular matrix acts like glue to bind the cells together in the tissue and provide
mechanical strength.

Basal Modification

 Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell

desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
 Anchoring junction on the basal surface of the cell
Rivet-like links between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
components such as the basal lamina that underlie epithelia. Primarily
composed of keratin, integrin, and cadherin.

Figure 6. Cell
modification found
on the basal
surface of the cell
hemidesmosomes.

Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg

9
Lateral modification

A cell junction that provides contact between neighboring cells or

between the cell and extracellular matrix.

Tight Junction
 Acts as barriers that regulate the movement of the water and
solutes between epithelial layers
 Prevent leakage of ECF

Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg

Figure 7. Tight junctions join two together to form a leak-proof sheet.

Adhering Junction
 Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell
 Very similar to the anchoring junction of the basal surface of the
cell
 Fasten cells to one another

10
 Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg
Figure 8. Adhesion junctions act like screws together with cytoskeletal fiber to form a strong
sheet.

Gap Junction
 Also known as communicating junctions
 Closable channel that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining
animal cells
 Presence of connexon that allow direct exchange of
chemical between the cytoplasm of the cells

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg
Figure 9. Gap junctions allow small molecules to flow between neighboring cells.

11
III. What Have I Learned

List It!!

I. List down at least three areas/parts where you can find the
specialized cells.

Apical Modification
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________

Basal Modification
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________

Lateral Modification
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________

II. What is cell modification?

III. Enumerate and describe the three types of cell modification
IV. What are some importance of cell modification to carry out
specialized functions?

12
EVALUATION/POST-TEST:

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer in your notebook.

1. What do you call a finger-like projection that arises from epithelial layer in
some organs that helps to increase surface area allowing for faster and more
efficient adsorption?
A. Cilia C. Villi E. Pseudopods
B. Flagella D. Microvilli

2. It is a temporary, irregular lobe formed by amoebas and some eukaryotic cells

that functions to move or engulf prey.
A. Cilia C. Villi E. Pseudopods
B. Flagella D. Microvilli

3. It is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body found on the
apical surface of the cells.
A. Cilia C. Villi E. Pseudopods
B. Flagella D. Microvilli

4. They are usually short, hair-like structures that move in waves with
protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.
A. Cilia C. Villi E. Pseudopods
B. Flagella D. Microvilli
5. A type of junction that act as barriers that regulate the movement of the
water and solutes between epithelial layers.

A. Tight Junction
B. Adhering Junction
C. Gap Junction
D. Microvilli
E. Pseudopods

6. It is also known as communicating junction.

A. Tight Junction
B. Adhering Junction
C. Gap Junction
D. Microvilli
E. Pseudopods

13
7. It acts like screws together with cytoskeletal fiber to form a strong sheet.
A. Tight Junction
B. Adhering Junction
C. Gap Junction
D. Microvilli
E. Pseudopods

8. It is also called a false foot.

A. Cilia C. Villi E. Pseudopods
B. Flagella D. Microvilli

9. Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell

desmosomes/hemidesmosomes.
A. Apical C. Lateral E. All of the above
B. Basal D. Horizontal

10. A cell junction that provide contact between neighboring cells or between
the cell and extracellular matrix.
A. Apical C. Lateral E. All of the above
B. Basal D. Horizontal

14
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

Writer

NOELYN E. SIAPNO
Lay-out Artist
_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
DEXTER D. PAIRA

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE. D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
ARJIE T. PALUMPA

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information
and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

15
REFERENCES:

https://researchpedia.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/difference-btw-plant-
cell-and-animal-cell.jpg

BYJU’S The Learning App, Difference Between Cilia And Flagella, accessed June
29, 2020 https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-cilia-and-flagella/

Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos and John Donnie A. Ramos, Exploring Life Through
Science Series, Senior High General Biology 1, pages 54-64

Sagar Aryal, Microvilli- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram, accessed

June 29, 2020 https://microbenotes.com/microvilli-structure-and-functions/

Devanshi Desai, What purpose does a pseudopod serve to an amoeba?,

accessed June 29, 2020https://www.quora.com/What-purpose-does-a-
pseudopod-serve-to-an-amoeba

Regentys, (Asana Medical) Extracellular Matrix (“ECM”), accessed June 29,

2020, https://www.regentys.com/research/

OpenStax College, Types of Cell Junctions, accessed June 29, 2020,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg

17
CHARACTERIZING THE PHASES OF
CELL CYCLE
for General Biology 1 – Senior High School
(Specialized Subject)
Quarter 1/Week 3.b

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit (SLK) is carefully planned and prepared for

learners to be equipped with the basic and necessary concept in
Science and to enhance their technological skills. This module, in
some way, is designed to help them acquire the skills they need in
the 21st century.

In this learning kit, the learners will be able to gain knowledge

in characterizing the phases of cell cycle and its control points. As
they read through the lessons and perform the activities in this
module, they will develop their inventive thinking skills and love for
Science.

As the learners go on with this simple module, may they

understand and appreciate Biology better.

2
 OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:

 describe the different characteristics of the
phases (or parts) of the cell cycle and their
control points,
 identify the cell cycle stages including the
significant checkpoints, and
 infer on the importance of cell cycle
regulation to the normal functioning of the
body.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control

points (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6)

3
I. What Happened

Hi. I’m Rian! …and I’m John!

We are here to join you in your quest towards learning our lesson for
today which is about the CELL CYCLE.

I guess this Are you ready

would be fun! to learn?

4
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:
SCI-QUEST! #1

A. WORD SEARCH HUNT. Find the following words in the puzzle below
and encircle them. (Teachers will provide another copy of this page.)

GAP ZERO GROWTH

SYNTHESIS CHECKPOINT

REPLICATION CELLS

CHROMOSOMES INTERPHASE

Merry-GO-Around the Cycle!

5
II. What I Need To Know
Don’t worry Rian, in this
section, we will go through
the process of cell cycle, its
John, do you have any
phases, and its control
idea when and how
points.
cells divide?

Let us pay close attention so that we will

be able to understand as well as answer
the next challenge after this section!

We heard Sir Paul will help us with our

lesson for today…

Hello! I am teacher Paul and I’m ready

to help you understand the topic on
CELL CYCLE!

Before we proceed, let me ask you

this essential question: HOW DO
HEALTHY CELLS DECIDE WHEN TO
DIVIDE?

Trivia!
The body is made up of about 100 trillion cells, all from a single
fertilized cell at the start of life! Amazing right?
6
 SCI-LEARN!

All organisms reproduce for one reason – to ensure the

survival of their species. Reproduction makes use of the process
of cell division.

Cell division is important for two reasons:

 To be able to produce offspring
 To generate new cells that will replace worn
out or damaged cells

There are two types of cell division, namely mitosis which

happens in body cells or somatic cells and meiosis which
involves the gametes or sex cells.

In order to better understand cell division, you need to

learn first the cell cycle. This cycle involves distinct and regular
phases of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that are
needed to allow growth and repair.

The cell cycle is divided into two main stages:

1. Interphase – non-dividing stage (G1, S, and G2

phases, G0)
2. Cell division – dividing stage (mitosis for somatic
cells and meiosis for sex cells

Self-Check!

What are the two main stages of cell cycle?

Write your answers in your notebook.

1.________________________

2.________________________

7
STAGES OF CELL CYCLE

Figure 1: The stages of

cell cycle.

STAGE 1: INTERPHASE

Interphase is the growth period in the cell cycle

characterized by cell preparation by replication of its genetic
information and all of its organelles.

Three Main Parts of Interphase

Gap 1 (G1) Phase Synthesis (S) Phase Gap 2 (G2) Phase

 Cell carries out its  DNA synthesis  Cells continue to

normal metabolic (replication) occurs; carry out their
functions (example: cells make a copy normal functions
during G1 phase, of its genetic and also undergo
an intestinal cell material in the form further growth and
performs its primary of nuclear DNA synthesis of RNA and
duty to absorb  Cells spend proteins
nutrients) considerable  This stage contains
 Cells increase their amount of time and a critical
size energy to make “checkpoint”
 Cell prepares for copies of its before transitioning
DNA synthesis chromosomes to the next stage
which is cellular
division

8
STAGE 2: CELLULAR DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
(Note: This will be discussed in the next module)

Some cells undergo the cell cycle only once or they stop
dividing and enter the stage known as the gap zero or G 0. In this
stage, cells are unlikely to divide but still continue to perform
normal functions.
Such cells, like neuron cells and heart muscle cells that are
highly differentiated or specialized and that the body cannot
easily replace, are said to be permanently in G0.
Immune cells that are needed at a later time, such as
lymphocytes, remain in G0 for many years until such time that the
body needs to recognize an invader. Only when an invader
binds to the lymphocyte’s receptor that the lymphocyte starts to
divide rapidly to help get rid of the infection.

CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS

In order to prevent mutations/chromosomal aberrations

and ensure major events occur at correct times, several cell
cycle checkpoints are present at various times in the cycle
preventing cells from proceeding to the next stage unless all
criteria had been met.

Figure 2: Stages of cell cycle and their

respective control points.

9
 “Checkpoints” or control points are moments when the
cell can “check” its internal conditions and “decide” whether to
progress to the next phase or remain. It is similar to what happens
during a police operation checkpoint. When you have met the
requirements asked by the police officer in-charge, you can go
pass the checkpoint.

The main activities done during cell checkpoint are summarized

below.

G1 Checkpoint S Checkpoint G2 Checkpoint M Checkpoint

 Restriction  Checks for  Allows  During
point to enter S DNA damage entry into mitosis:
phase before/ mitosis allows entry
 Checks DNA during  Checks to anaphase
damage and replication DNA  Ensures all
favorable  Prevents damage chromosom
conditions reduplication  Ensures es aligned at
 Availability of of DNA DNA is metaphase
growth factors duplicated plate and
 G1 checkpoint attached to
can direct cell the spindle
into fiber
quiescence
(G0) if
conditions are
not favorable

10
ACTIVITIES

A. MATCH ME. Match the following terms correctly to their

corresponding descriptions below. Do this activity in your
notebook.

A. G0 Phase B. G1 Phase C. S Phase

D. G2 Phase E. M Phase

___________ 1. The phase of the cell cycle when DNA packaged

into chromosomes is replicated. Once DNA
replication is complete the cell contains twice its
normal number of chromosomes and becomes
ready to the next stage.

___________ 2. In this phase, a cell is performing its function

without actively preparing to divide, also called as
resting phase. This may be a permanent state for
some cells, while others may restart division if they
get the signal.

___________ 3. This is an intermediate phase occupying the time

between the end of the cell division and the
beginning of DNA replication wherein the cell
grows/increases its size.

___________ 4. This is a multistep process during which the

duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated,
and moved into two new identical daughter cells.

___________ 5. Cells during this stage continue to grow and

produce new proteins. There is a critical
checkpoint in this stage making sure that the
entirety of its DNA and other intracellular
components are properly duplicated.

11
 B. CHECK MATE. Complete the table below by
checking the correct column for each statement. Do this
activity in your notebook

STATEMENT INTERPHASE M PHASE

1. Cell growth occurs
2. Nuclear division occurs
3. Chromosomes are
distributed equally to
daughter cells.
4. Chromosomes are
duplicated.
5. DNA synthesis takes place
6. Cytoplasm divides
immediately after this
period.

12
 III. What I Have Learned

EVALUATION/POST-TEST:

MULTIPLE CHOICE: In your notebook, write the letter of the correct

answer.

_____ 1. During the cell cycle, when are chromosomes

visible?
a. only during interphase
b. only when they are being replicated
c. only during cell division
d. only during the G1 phase

_____ 2. During which phase in the cell cycle does mitosis happen?
a. G1 phase c. M phase
b. G2 phase d. S phase

_____ 3. Which pair includes a phase of the cell cycle and a cellular
process that occurs during that phase?
a. G1 phase – DNA replication
b. G2 phase – preparation for mitosis
c. S phase – cell division
d. M phase – cell growth

_____ 4. During the cell cycle, when does a cell’s DNA

replicate?
a. G1 phase c. S phase
b. G2 phase d. M phase

_____ 5. Which of the following is a correct statement about the

events of the cell cycle?
a. Little happens during G1 and G2 phases
b. DNA replicates during cytokinesis
c. The M phase is usually the longest phase
d. Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases

13
Below is an illustration representing the cell cycle. Use this illustration to
respond to questions 6, 7, 8, and 9 below.

_____ 6. Which phases of the cycle shown above represent

interphase?
a. phases M, G1, and S c. phases S, G2, and M
b. phases G1, S, and G2 d. phases G1 and G2

_____ 7. Which of the following accurately describes the

actions occurring during the phase entitled S?
a. Each chromosome is duplicated; each chromosome
results in two sister chromatids attached at a
centromere
b. The chromosome number is halved in preparation for
cell division.
c. The cell enlarges, proteins are increased, and
organelles duplicated
d. Cell reaches maximum size and adds more protein.

_____ 8. Which of the following accurately describes the actions

occurring during the G1 phase?
a. Each chromosome is duplicated; each chromosome
results in two sister chromatids attached at a
centromere.
b. The chromosome number is halved in preparation for
cell division
c. The cell enlarges, proteins are increased, and
organelles duplicated
d. Cell reaches maximum size and adds more protein.

14
_____ 9. If the circle of the cell cycle also represents the time an
average cell spends in each phase, which of the
following is correct?
a. Cells spend the majority of their time in the mitosis
phase.
b. Cells spend more than 75% of their time in interphase.
c. Cells spend approximately 50% of their time in
interphase.
d. Cells spend approximately 75% of their time in
mitosis and cytokinesis.

_____ 10. Major checkpoints exist to regulate the cycle of cell

reproduction. How do these checkpoints function?
a. Each cell will undergo cell reproduction unless, at
each of three checkpoints, the message changes
from “go” to “stop”.
b. Cells will not undergo cellular reproduction unless, at
each of three checkpoints, the message changes
from “stop” to “go”.
c. Each cell will undergo cell reproduction if, at two of
three checkpoints, a direct message of “stop” is
received.
d. None of the three statements above are correct.

15
REFERENCES

Morales-Ramos, Anna Cherylle, and John Donnie A. Ramos. (2017). Exploring

Life Through Science Series. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Navarette, Bonifacio V. Jr. and Sheila Marie A. Ochoco. (2012).

Discover Science Biology. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.

16
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent
FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief
ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
PABLO A. RAGAY JR.
Writer

PABLO A. RAGAY JR.

ZENLI ROSE B. MONGCUPA
Illustrator/Lay-out Artist
_________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA BUSCATO
LEILIN A. DE LA ZERNA
DEXTER D. PAIRA
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
JUSTIN PAUL KINAMOT
ARJIE T. PALUMPA

17
DESCRIBING THE STAGES OF
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
for General Biology 1 – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
(STEM-Specialized Subject)
QUARTER 1 / WEEK 4.a

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will enable the learners to understand the

different stages of mitosis and meiosis. This will serve as a guide in
describing the stages of mitosis and meiosis.

The activities in this learning kit will strengthen the knowledge in

the different skills in the said competency that can help to improve
their everyday life and their skills.

In this learning kit the learners will gain knowledge in describing

mitosis and meiosis and have fun in doing the activities.

2
 OBJECTIVE:
After this lesson, students shall be able to:
a. identify the different stages of mitosis/ meiosis;
b. describe and differentiate the stages of mitosis/ meiosis; and
c. appreciate the importance of understanding the stages of mitosis
and meiosis through differentiated activities.

LEARNING COMPTENCIES:
Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6. (STEM_BIO11/12-id-f-7

I. What Happened

Can you still It is the smallest structural

remember what a and functional unit of an
cell is based on our organism. As I read in our
previous discussion? book there are two types
of cell division and that is
what we will know today.

3
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:
Let’s Investigate #1
Take a look at the photos below. What have you noticed? Write your
observation.

4
Match Me #2:

Define the prefixes in column A with the meaning in column B. Write the
letter of your choice before the number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B.
___1.Meta A. End
___2. Ana B. Middle
___3. Inter ___4. Pro C. Early
___5. Telo D. Going Away
E. Between

What is the order? #3

Source:http://www.hartlandhighschool.us/subsites/JamesStorey/documents/Biology/Unit%205%20Cell%20
Cycle%20and %20Cancer/Cell%20Cycle%20Worksheet%20KEY.pdf

The diagram above shows the different phases of the cell cycle. List the
correct order of the diagrams from first to last in the cycle. Write the letter on the
corresponding number.

1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
4. _______________
5. _______________
6. _______________

Vectorstock.com

5
II. What You Need To Know
I did not know that, however I read yesterday
that Tim Hunt, who discovered the cyclins, won
the Nobel Prize in medicine 2001, together with
Did you know that the cell
Paul Nurse, who discovered the cyclin-
cycle is a 4-stage process
dependent kinases (CDKs). They also shared the
consisting of Gap 1 (G1),
prize with Leland Hartwell, who pioneered the
Synthesis, Gap 2 (G2) and
research into the checkpoints of the cell cycle.
mitosis?

Vectorstock.com/17337867

DISCUSSION:
Cell division is a very important process in all living organisms.
During the division of a cell, DNA replication and cell growth also
take place.
All these processes, example cell division, DNA replication,
and cell growth, hence, have to take place in a coordinated way
to ensure correct division and formation of progeny cells containing
intact genomes.

The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome,

synthesizes the other constituents of the cell and eventually divides into
two daughter cells is termed cell cycle.
Although cell growth (in terms of cytoplasmic increase) is a
continuous process, DNA synthesis occurs only during one specific stage in
the cell cycle. The replicated chromosomes (DNA) are then distributed to
daughter nuclei by a complex series of events during cell division.

6
 M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the microtubular apparatus
assembles, binds to the chromosomes, and moves the sister
chromatids apart. Called mitosis, this process is the essential step in
the separation of the two daughter genomes. Although mitosis is a
continuous process, it is traditionally subdivided into four stages:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Meiosis—reduces the amount of genetic information. While mitosis in

diploid cells produces daughter cells with a full diploid complement,
meiosis produces haploid gametes or spores with only one set of
chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, gametes combine in
fertilization to reconstitute the diploid complement found in parental
cells. The process involves two successive divisions of a diploid
nucleus.

TABLE COMPARING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

MITOSIS MEIOSIS
NUMBER OF DIVISIONS 1 2
NUMBER OF CELLS 2 4(Tetrad)
PRODUCED
CHROMOSOME SETS 1n›1n;2n›2n 2n›1n
(=n)
PURPOSE Vegetative Sexual reproduction;
growth produce sex cells

Source:http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/WebReadings/PdfReadings/TABLE_COMPARING_MI
TOSIS_AND.pdf

Cytokinesis- The eukaryotic cell has partitioned its replicated genome

into two nuclei positioned at opposite ends of the cell. While mitosis
was going on, the cytoplasmic organelles, including mitochondria
and chloroplasts (if present), were reassorted to areas that will
separate and become the daughter cells. The phase of the cell cycle
when the cell actually divides is called cytokinesis. It generally involves
the cleavage of the cell into roughly equal halves.

7
 STAGES OF MITOSIS STAGES OF MEIOSIS I STAGES OF MEIOSIS II
Prophase is
marked by the
initiation of
condensation of
chromosomal
material. The
chromosomal
material
becomes
untangled during
the process of Prophase of the Meiosis II is
chromatin first meiotic initiated
condensation. division is immediately
The centriole, typically longer after cytokinesis,
which had and more usually before
undergone complex when the
duplication compared to chromosomes
during S phase of prophase of have fully
interphase, now mitosis. It has elongated. In
begins to move been further contrast to
PROPASE towards opposite PROPASE I subdivided into PROPASE II meiosis I, meiosis
poles of the cell. the following five II resembles a
The completion phases based on normal mitosis.
of prophase can chromosomal The nuclear
thus be marked behaviour: membrane
by the following Leptotene, disappears by
characteristic Zygotene, the end of
events: Pachytene, prophase II. The
*Chromosomal Diplotene and chromosomes
material Diakinesis. again become
condenses to compact.
form compact
mitotic
chromosomes.
Chromosomes
are seen to be
composed of two
chromatids
attached
together at the
centromere.
The complete The bivalent At this stage the
disintegration of chromosomes chromosomes
the nuclear align on the align
envelope marks equatorial plate. at the equator
the start of the METAPHASE The microtubules METAPHASE and the
METAPHASE
second phase of I from the II microtubules
mitosis, hence the opposite poles of from opposite
chromosomes are the spindle poles of the
spread through attach to the spindle get
the cytoplasm of pair of attached to the

8
 the cell. homologous. kinetochores of
The key features sister
of metaphase
are:
*Spindle fibres
attach to
kinetochores of
chromosomes.
*Chromosomes
are moved to
spindle equator
and get aligned
along metaphase
plate through
spindle fibres to
both poles.
At the onset of
anaphase, each
chromosome
arranged at the
metaphase plate
is split
simultaneously It begins with the
and the two simultaneous
daughter splitting of the
The homologous
chromatids, now centromere of
chromosomes
referred to as each
separate, while
chromosomes of chromosome
sister chromatids
the future (which was
ANAPHASE remain ANAPHASE
ANAPHASE daughter nuclei, holding the sister
I associated at II
begin their chromatids
their
migration together),
centromeres.
towards allowing
ANAPHASE the ANAPHASE II
two opposite them to move
poles. Key events: toward opposite
*Centromeres poles of the cell.
split and
chromatids
separate.
*Chromatids
move to opposite
poles.
The The nuclear Meiosis ends with
chromosomes membrane and telophase II, in
that have nucleolus which the two
reached their reappear, groups of
respective poles TELOPHASE cytokinesis TELOPHASE chromosomes
TELOPHASE
decondense and I follows and this is II once again get
lose their called as diad of enclosed by a
individuality. The cells. Although in nuclear
individual many cases the envelope;
chromosomes chromosomes do cytokinesis

9
can no longer be undergo some follows resulting
seen and dispersion, they in the formation
chromatin do not reach the of tetrad of cells
material tends to extremely TELOPHASE II
collect in a mass extended state example our
in the two poles. of the TELOPHASE haploid
This is the stage I interphase daughter cells.
which shows the nucleus. The
following key stage between
events: the two meiotic
TELOPHASE divisions is called
*Chromosomes interkinesis and is
cluster at generally short
opposite spindle lived.
poles and their Interkinesis is
identity is lost as followed by
discrete prophase II, a
elements. much simpler
* Nuclear prophase than
envelope prophase I.
assembles
around the
chromosome
clusters.
* Nucleolus, golgi
complex and ER
reform.
Source: www.ncert.nic.in

10
MITOSIS

11
III. WHAT HAVE I LEARNED?

Meiosis involves two

sequential cycles of nuclear
and cell division called
meiosis I and meiosis II but
only a single cycle of DNA
replication.

Mitosis results in the

production of diploid Meiosis is the
daughter cells with mechanism by which
identical genetic conservation of specific
complement usually. chromosome number
The growth of of each species is
multicellular achieved across
organisms is due to generations in sexually
mitosis. reproducing organisms.

12
EVALUATION/POST TEST:

True or False #1.

Determine if the following statements are correct or incorrect. If the statement is
correct write T however if the statement is incorrect write F. Write your answers in
your notebook.

___1. A cell’s DNA is replicated during the M phase of the cell cycle.
___2. Another word for chromosome is chromatid, which is an exact copy of the
original Chromosome.
___3. The stage in which a cell divides is called the mitotic phase.
___4. In meiosis, cellular division occurs three times.
___5. Plant and animal cells have many differences. One difference is the plant
cells have a cell plate.
___6. Meiosis usually results in the formation of four genetically identical cells.
___7. Chromosome number is not changed during mitosis.
___8. Crossing-over rarely occurs in meiosis because homologous chromosomes
rarely form during mitosis.
___9. Cells divide to repair tissues, to grow and to reproduce.
___10. Two members of a pair are called homologous chromosomes.

Know More! #2

Directions: The drawings A to E show stages of mitosis in plant cell. Answer questions
1 to 6. Write only the letter of your answer in your notebook.

A B C D E
Which of the drawings A to E shows
1. interphase? __________ (DNA is replicated)
2. prophase? __________ (chromosomes – 2 sister chromatids – shorten)
3. metaphase? __________ (sister chromatids line up)
4. anaphase? __________ (sister chromatids separate?
5. telophase? __________ (new nucleus forms at each end)
6. cytokinesis? __________ (cell contents divided between 2 daughter cells)

13
Name that thing! #3:
In your notebook, label the following stages of meiosis:

Let’s Create Something #4:

Show the stages of mitosis and meiosis by describing what happens in each stage.
You got to pick what type of presentation you prefer.
1. Newspaper
article
2. Poem/ Song
3. Create a Possible Rubrics:
model 20 pts Knowledge- a clear understanding of mitosis
4. Animated and meiosis and correct illustration of each phase
movie
20 pts Creativity- demonstrates a high level of creativity

10 pts Presentation- output is clear, thought out and

easy to understand

14
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

EASTER ROSE U. TOLOMIA

Writer

NOELYN E. SIAPNO
Lay-out Artist
_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
DEXTER D. PAIRA

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE. D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
ARJIE T. PALUMPA

DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information
and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

15
REFERENCES:
Wilkins, A.S., & Holiday, R. (2009). The Evolutuin of Meiosis from Mitosis. Genetics,
181 (1), 3-12.

McKee, B. D. (2004). Homologous Pairing and Chromosome Dynamics in Meiosis

and Mitosis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and expression,
1667 (1-3), 165-180.

Sullivan, M., & Morgan, D. O. (2007). Finishing Mitosis, One Step at a Time. Nature
reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 8(11), Sciences, 178(1052), 277-299.

Retrieved from https://youtu.be/xsrH050wnIA

Retrieved from https://youtu.be/VzDMG7ke69

Ramos, A. (2017) Exploring Life Through Science Series: General Biology 1. Phoenix
Publishing House Inc.

17
EXPLAINING THE SIGNIFICANCE
OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
for GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 -Senior High School (STEM)
Quarter 1/ Week 4.b

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as a guide in

explaining the significance or applications of
mitosis/meiosis

In this learning kit the pupils will be gained

knowledge in explaining the significance or
applications of mitosis/meiosis.

2
OBJECTIVE:

K: Explain the application of mitosis and significance of

meiosis
S: Construct a Venn diagram showing the application of
mitosis and importance of meiosis.
A: Display appreciation to the important role played by
mitosis and meiosis in the lives of organism.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis.

STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9

I. WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-TEST:

Multiple Choice. Read carefully and choose the letter that best corresponds to
your answer.

1. Which of the following does not occur by mitosis?

a. Growth b. production of gametes c. repair d. development

2. All the following statements are correct for mitosis and meiosis except
a. Meiosis is associated with asexual reproduction.
b. Mitosis facilitates growth and tissue repair.
c. All the events distinctive to meiosis occur during meiosis I.
d. In mitosis, chromosomes line up in the equatorial plate in metaphase.

3
3. Which of the following is the reason why a cell replicate?
a. replacement c. growth
b. repair d. all of these

4. In a single celled organism, mitosis is used for

a. development c. reproduction
b. growth d. repair

5. Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?

a. It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have triple the
chromosome number of the organism.
b. It allows gametes to have twice the original number of
chromosomes of the organism.
c. It creates genetically diverse haploid gametes which by
fertilization create a diploid genetically unique zygote.
d. It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have half the
original number of chromosomes of the organism.

6.Cell division is also called

a. cell multiplication c. cell reproduction
b. cell duplication d. all of these

7. This occurs when old cells in the body die and new cells form.
a. growth and development c. asexual reproduction
b. cell replacement d. sexual reproduction

8. Production of offspring from single parent without the involvement of gametes

a. asexual reproduction c. sexual reproduction
b. crossing over d. random fertilization

9. The following are forms of asexual reproduction common in simple

plants and animals except
a. budding c. binary fission
b. fragmentation d. vegetative reproduction

10. The following mechanism of meiosis contributes to the genetic

variation except
a. independent assortment c. crossing over
b. random fertilization d. synapsis

4
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

Why must cells divide?

About two trillion cells are produced by the adult human body each day.
That is an amazing 25 million new cells per second! How can the body do this
fascination action? The answer lies in the ability of individual cells to divide.
For the life of a cell, dividing is one of its tasks to keep you alive. Cell division is
also known as cell reproduction. Cell division is naturally linked to the cell
theory, which states that all living things are composed of cells, and that all
cells come from preexisting cells. This emphasize how important it is for the cell
to divide and that no cell exist today if not from a previous parent cell.
There are two types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis allows
organisms to reproduce asexually, grow and repair of worn-out or damaged
tissues. Meiosis on the other hand, is important in sexual reproduction and
genetic diversity among sexually reproducing organism.

APPLICATIONS OF MITOSIS

Growth and Development

Cell division is associated with growth and development. Even humans are
products of numerous cellular divisions, as life begins with only a single cell
from the fusion of the
parents’ sex
cells. In about
nine months,
that single cell
becomes trillions
of cells due to
the numerous
cell divisions that
occur during the
embryonic
development.

Fig. 1. Mitosis is associated with growth and development of humans from

conception to birth.

5
Cell Replacement

Cell replacement occurs when old cells in the body die and new cells
form. At this moment, thousands of your cells are produced, such as your red
blood cells, intestinal cells, and skin cells. Cells in your epidermis are
continuously being replaced because dead skin cells are sloughed off in
activities like washing your hands. Cell divisions occurs in red bone marrow of
your bones such as in the ribs, breastbone, vertebrae, and hips to
continuously make new blood cells to replace the dying ones. Wound
healing also involves growth of new cells out of cell division. If your skin is
injured with a cut, cellular repair will also happen with the production of new
cells on the site of injury.

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring from a single parent

without the involvement of gametes. The offspring is genetically identical with
each other and to the single parent.
If you have experienced growing a plant
from stem cutting or observed a starfish
growing another arm, then you have
observed that some higher forms of
organisms can also reproduce asexually
by cell division. New organisms are
produced from the series of mitotic
reproduction genetically the same as the
parent organism. This process is common
in simple plants and
animals through budding, fragmentation,
and vegetative reproduction.

6
 For most bacteria and other
unicellular organisms, reproduction
involves a simple cell division. Before the
bacterium cell starts to divide, its DNA
circle makes a copy of itself. After it is
copied, the cell must reach its
appropriate size, then it splits into two
equal halves. During the cell division, the
cell is gradually constricted at its center,
like a tightening belt around an
elongated balloon. Eventually, the cell
pinches apart, splits into two, then a new
cell wall forms between two daughter
cells. This process is known as binary
fission. The faster rate of cell division is
attributed to its cell structure lacking a
nucleus. Since they have less DNA in the
form of a single circular chromosome
and no spindle fibers, then it makes it
faster for the bacterium to divide.

Cell division is important for both unicellular and multicellular

organism. Prokaryotes use cell division for reproduction, while
multicellular organism use it for growth, development, and repair. In all
previous examples, the new cells contain the same set, number, and
types of chromosomes as the parent cells.’ Cell division makes it
possible for organisms to reproduce even asexually. Examining the
cell’s nucleus, it will reveal the genetic material organized in
chromosomes.

IMPORTANCE OF MEIOSIS

Through the process of meiosis, rapid generation of new genetic

combinations happen to sex cells during their development. There are three
mechanisms that contribute to this genetic variation: independent
assortment, crossing-over, and random fertilization.

Independent Assortment

Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. In fact,

these 23 chromosomes that you receive from your parents are a
matter of chance.

7
 The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is
called independent assortment. In metaphase I, maternal and paternal
chromosomes lined up at the equator of the cell, but eventually, these are
pulled apart randomly at opposite poles in anaphase I. Each of the 23 pairs
segregates or separates independently. Each daughter cell gets one
chromosome from each homologous pair.
Independent assortment as shown in figure 5 with just four pairs of
homologous chromosomes for simplified illustration. With four pairs of
homologous chromosomes, you may come up with 24 or 16 possible
combinations. Thus, 223 (about eight million) with different gene
combinations can be produced from one original cell by this mechanism
alone for humans.

Fig. 5. The alignment of chromosomes in the middle of the metaphase plate is random
and can result in astounding possibilities in genetic variability.

8
Crossing-Over and Random Fertilization

Another factor that contributes to genetic variation is crossing-over. This

occur during prophase I of meiosis, where chromosomes line up in the
process called synapsis, while sections of their DNA are exchanged. DNA
exchange during crossover adds more recombination probabilities to the
independent assortment of chromosomes that occur later in meiosis. The
number of genetic combinations in the gametes is practically unlimited. In
addition, because the zygote that forms a new individual is created by the
random fusion of two gametes, fertilization squares the number of possible
outcomes (223 x 223 = 64 trillion).

Fig. 6. Crossing-over between homologous chromosomes adds to

genetic variability.

POINTS TO PONDER
✓ Cell division plays various important roles in the normal
functioning of an organism.

✓ Growth, cell replacement and asexual reproduction are ways

by which mitosis is needed in the body.
✓ Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission.

✓ Crossing-over, independent assortment and random fertilization

are events that produce genetic variation among sexually
reproducing organism through the process of meiosis.

9
Activity 1

Construct a Venn diagram showing the significance of mitosis and

meiosis. Get your answers from the box below. Write your answer on
a sheet of paper.

crossing-over no genetic variation

cell replacement produce new cells independent assortment

start with a single parent cell cellular proliferation

random fertilization cell reproduction sexual reproduction

asexual reproduction genetic variation is increased

binary fission cell division growth wound healing

10
III. WHAT HAVE I LEARNED

POST TEST:
Multiple Choice. Read carefully and choose the letter that best corresponds
to your answer. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

a. This process ensures that chromosomes are evenly divided into
daughter cells.
b. This process can lead to genetic variation in daughter cells.
c. This process can create gaps in the chromosome DNA or RNA to
bind.
d. This process allows for spindles to connect to the
chromosomes to pull chromosomes apart.
2. Which of the following best explains why meiosis results in greater
genetic diversity than mitosis?
a. After meiosis, daughter cells are diploid and have twice as
much as genetic material which can be divided in many more
possible combinations.
b. After meiosis, haploid daughter cells are fertilized which doubles
their number of chromosomes and increase the number of
possible genes.
c. During meiosis, chromosomes assort themselves independently
of each other, which allows for more different possible
combinations of chromosomes.
d. During meiosis, more daughter cells are produced which
increases the likelihood that fertilization will occur.
3. Which of the following processes does not occur in a cell during
binary fission?
a. replication of DNA
b. pinching in of the cell membrane
c. formation of pairs of chromosomes
d. production of two daughter cells
4. Comparing mitosis and meiosis, which of the following is an
accurate statement?
a. Most plant and animal cells undergo mitosis however only
animals can perform meiosis.
b. Most plant and animal cells undergo mitosis however only
plants can perform meiosis.
c. Most plant and animal cells undergo mitosis; both plants and
animals can perform meiosis.
d. Plants perform mitosis while animals perform meiosis.

11
5. Continuous variations are attributed to

a. polyploidy c. mutation
b. crossing over d. chromosomal aberrations

6. What is the function of mitosis in multicellular organism?

a. genetic diversity through sexual reproduction

b. cell reproduction and general growth and repair
c. both a & b
d. none of the above

7. If crossing over will not happen,

a. cells cannot complete meiosis

b. genetic recombination may be affected
c. chromosomes will undergo nondisjunction
d. meiosis cannot produce haploid sex cells

8. Why do cells undergo meiosis?

c. to produce sex cells
a. to help repair the cell d. none of these
b. to help the cell grow

9. Mitosis allows organisms to do the following except to

a. grows c. reproduce sexually

b. repair tissues d. generates genetic diversity

10. Independent assortment of chromosomes at metaphase 1

results in an increase in the variability of

a. sex chromosome c. sister chromatids

b. homologous chromosomes d. recombination of genetic traits

12
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM

Writer

CRISTY A. ELNAS
ANGELICA G. BAJAR
ILLUSTRATOR/LAY-OUT ARTIST
______________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM

LEILIN A. DE LA ZERNA
MA. OFELIA BUSCATO
DEXTER D. PAIRA
LIEZEL A. AGOR
JOAN Y. BUBULI
EUFRATES G. ANSOK, JR.

BETA QA TEAM

ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYADAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
RANJIEL D. ESTIMAR
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
ARJIE T. PALUMPA

13
 IDENTIFYING DISORDERS AND
DISEASES THAT RESULT FROM THE
MALFUNCTION OF CELL
for General Biology 1- SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (STEM)
Quarter 1/ Week 5.a

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as a guide in

identifying disorders and diseases that result from the
malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.

In this learning kit the pupils will be gained

knowledge identifying disorders and diseases that result
from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.

2
 OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
 determine the associated disorders and diseases as a
result of malfunction of cell during the process of cell cycle

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Identify disorders and diseases that result from the

malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

Hello! I’m Rian… And I’m John!

We are back again for a new lesson to learn

today which is about the different disorders
and diseases that result from the
malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.

Get ready as
we learn this Let’s get
exciting started!
topic for
today!

3
PRE-ACTIVITY:

SCI-QUEST! #1

CON-NECT. Draw lines to connect the boxes that will

form the correct words. Use the given clues as your
guide.

1. A process wherein cancer cells spread metas gery

all throughout the body

2. Treatment which uses certain drugs to kill chemot mor

actively dividing cells

3. A group of diseases characterized by can gnant

uncontrolled and abnormal cell division

4. Harmful abnormal cells which have break mali tasis

away or spread from its point of origin

5. A disorganized solid mass of cells tu cer

6. Removal of a cancerous body part

sur heraphy

4
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
That’s true Rian!
I’m glad too that
You know John, we are normal.
we are so lucky
to be born
without any
It is just so
defects or
amazing to think
abnormalities. that even the
slightest change
in or genes can
change the way
we look today!
Oh, I didn’t know
that John!
Maybe I should
listen to teacher
Paul’s discussion
today. That’s a great
idea Rian!

Hello! I am teacher Paul! Our topic for

today is very interesting as we are
going to tackle what might happen
when there are aberrations during cell
cycle.

Before we proceed, let me ask

you this essential question:
1. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BODY
WHEN THERE IS UNCONTROLLED
CELL GROWTH?
2. HOW DO ABNORMALITIES IN
CHROMOSOMES HAPPEN?

5
 SCI-LEARN!

DISCUSSION:

The key to understanding the different disorders

and diseases as a result of the malfunction of cells lies on
our knowledge of the cell cycle. If you can still recall in
your previous module, we have tackled that cell cycle
has different phases and each part has its own
checkpoint in order to monitor the activities of the cell.
Failure to regulate cell activities may
result to various disease and disorder.
Some of these are mentioned below.

CANCER
One of the most common
disorder we know today but without
cure yet is cancer. Cancer refers to a
group of diseases characterized by
uncontrolled and abnormal cell
division. It occurs when there is a
disruption in the cell cycle. Instead of
stopping and starting at appropriate
points, cancerous cells divide Figure 1: Comparison between a normal cell
continuously until a disorganized and a cancer cell undergoing cell division.

solid mass of cells called tumor is formed.

Tumors can be categorized as benign or

malignant. Benign tumors are cancer cells that remain
clustered together, which may be harmless or not and
can probably be cured when removed out of the body.
Malignant tumors are cancer cells that has break away
or metastasized. This cancer cells are transported to the
bloodstream of the lymphatic system to the other parts
and form more tumors.
6
What causes cancerous cells?

 Cancer is caused mainly by changes or

mutations to the DNA within cells.

What are some of the risk factor contributing to

cancer?
 Lifestyle factors (e.g.: smoking, high-fat diet,
working with toxic chemicals)
 Family history, inheritance, and genetics (e.g.,
inheritance of breast cancer)
 Some genetic disorder
 Exposure to certain viruses (e.g., cervical
cancer which is caused by human papilloma
virus)
 Environmental exposures (e.g., exposure to
pesticides and fertilizers, radiations, and
carcinogens)

Why are tumors dangerous inside the body?

 Generally, cancer cells do not perform the
specialized functions of the normal cells in the
body
 Example, if the cancer cells are in the brain,
they do not perform their supposed function
which is to transmit electrical signals for
response. Moreover, if they continue to grow
and form tumors, it can cramp the brain in
the limited skull. This might affect the other
parts of the brain and their functions because
cancer cells also compete for nutrients and
blood supply with other healthy cells. If left
unchecked, it may hinder the proper
functioning of the body.
7
How is cancer treated?

 Chemotherapy – uses certain drugs to kill

actively dividing cells. This procedure is
systemic, which means that drugs are
introduced throughout the body orally (taken
by mouth) or intravenously (injection).
 Surgery – involves removal of the cancerous
body part
 Radiation therapy – involves the exposure of
X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink the tumor
size

Self-Check!
What are the possible things that might happen to cancer
cells?
______________________________________________________________________

8
 GENETIC DISORDERS

A change in the number or structure of

chromosomes can dramatically change the traits of an
organism and can cause serious problems. Abnormal
chromosomes most often happen as a result of an error
during cell division. Chromosome abnormalities often
happen due to one or more of these:
 Errors during dividing of sex cells (meiosis)
 Errors during dividing of other cells (mitosis)
 Exposure to substances that can cause birth
defects (teratogens)

Figure 2: Normal human karyotype. Male karyotype (left) and female

karyotype (right).

Karyotyping is the process by which photographs

of chromosomes are taken in order to determine the
chromosome complement of an individual, including the
number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.

Numerical abnormality also called aneuploidy, a

condition which occurs when an individual has a missing
chromosome from a pair (monosomy) or has more than
two chromosomes of a pair (trisomy, tetrasomy, etc.).

9
 Examples of chromosomal abnormalities under this
category include the following:
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
 The most common disorder of trisomy is
Down syndrome, wherein the 21st
chromosome has three instead of two
chromosomes.
 Most cases of Down syndrome are not
due to inheritance but on random
mistakes during formation of
reproductive cells of the parents. Figure 3: Child
 Physical manifestations: Short neck, with with Down
Syndrome (file
excess skin at back of the neck.
retrieved from
Flattened facial profile and nose. Small Google marked as
head, ears, and mouth. Upward slanting “labeled for reuse”)

eyes.

Turner Syndrome (45, XO)

 A condition that affects only female as
a result of one of the X chromosomes
(sex chromosome) is missing or partially

missing. Figure 4: Turner

Syndrome (file
 Physical manifestations: Webbed neck, retrieved from
short stature, swollen hands and feet. Google marked as
“labeled for reuse”)
Some have skeletal abnormalities,
kidney problems, and/or congenital
heart defect.

Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY)

 A condition resulting from two or
more X chromosomes in males
 Manifestations are typically more
severe if three or more X
chromosomes are present as in (48,
XXXY) or (49, XXXXY). Figure 5: Klinefelter
Syndrome (file retrieved
from Google marked as
10 “labeled for reuse”)
  Physical manifestations: Primary features
are infertility and small poorly
functioning testicles. Sometimes includes
weaker muscle, greater height, poor
coordination, less body hair, breast growth and
less interest in sex.

Trisomy X Syndrome (47, XXX)

 Characterized by the presence of
extra X chromosome in each cell of
a female
 Physical manifestations: Often taller
than normal, affected individuals
have usually mild symptoms to none Figure 6: Trisomy X (file
at all. Occasionally there are learning retrieved from Google
marked as “labeled for
difficulties, delayed speech, reuse”)
decreased muscle tone, seizures, or
kidney problems.

Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

 Caused by having an additional
copy of chromosome 13 in some or
all of the body’s cells.
 Physical manifestations: Clenched
hands, cleft lip or palate, extra
fingers or toes (polydactyly), hernias, Figure 7: Patau
Syndrome (file retrieved
kidney, wrist or scalp problems, low- from Google marked as
set ears, small head, undescended “labeled for reuse”)

testis.

11
 Edward Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
 Caused by having additional copy of
chromosome 18
 Physical manifestations: Cleft palate,

Clenched fists, defects of lungs, Fig. 8: Edward

kidneys and stomach, deformed feet, Syndrome (file
retrieved from Google
heart defects, low-set ears, marked as “labeled for

severe developmental delays, chest reuse”)

deformity, slowed growth, small head,

small jaw.

Structural abnormalities occur when the chromosome’s

structure is altered, which can take several forms such
as: Deletion – a portion of a chromosome is missing or
deleted; Duplication – segment of a chromosome is
repeated twice; Translocation – transfer of a section of
one chromosome to non-homologous chromosome;
Inversion – a section of the chromosome becomes
changed by rotation at 180 degrees

Cri-du-chat Syndrome (5p minus syndrome)

 A genetic condition caused by the
deletion of genetic material on the small
arm (p arm) of chromosome 5
 Physical manifestations: mentally
retarded, has abnormal development Figure 8: Child with Cri-du-
of glottis and larynx resulting from a chat Syndrome (file
retrieved from Google
crying sounds that sound like the marked as “labeled for
reuse”)
meowing of a cat.

Remember
A change (even a very slight change) in the number or structures of
…
chromosomes can drastically change the traits of an organism and can cause serious
disorders, diseases, or abnormalities.

12
ACTIVITIES

A. TRUE or FALSE? Write TRUE if the statement is correct

and FALSE if not. Write your answer on the blank space
provided before the item.
___________ 1. Genetic disorders are results of the
changes occurring in the DNA.
___________ 2. Triple X Syndrome results in XYXX males.
___________ 3. A karyotype is a picture of a cell’s chromosomes.
___________ 4. Down syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21.
___________ 5. Tumors are solid masses of cancer cells.

B. MATCH ME! Match the following terms correctly

related to cell cycle to their corresponding description.
Write the letter only before each item.

___1. Trisomy X A. cancer cells remained

clustered together
___2. Patau Syndrome B. deletion of small p arm of
chromosome 5
___ 3. Cri-du-chat Syndrome C. additional copy of
chromosome 13 (trisomy)
___4. Tumor D. three copies of
chromosome 18
___ 5. Klinefelter Syndrome E. condition with XXY
genotype
___6. Edward Syndrome F. presence of extra X
chromosome in female

13
 III. WHAT HAVE I LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST-TEST:

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the letter of the correct answer in

your notebook.

_____1. A chromosomal abnormality that causes a woman to be

unusually short in stature, to have webbed neck,
and to generally lack feminine secondary sexual
characteristics refers to?
a. Triple X Syndrome c. Klinefelter Syndrome
b. Turner Syndrome d. Down Syndrome
_____2. A man who has feminine body contours with large
breasts; small penis, testis, and prostate gland;
relatively little body hair; and are sterile can be
diagnosed to have _____________.
a. Triple X Syndrome c. Klinefelter Syndrome
b. Turner Syndrome d. Down Syndrome
_____3. The basic difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is__.
a. cancer cells divide continuously but normal cells do not
divide
b. normal cell is bigger than cancer cell
c. normal cells are immortal but cancer cells are mortal
d. cancer cells divide does not differentiate like normal cells
_____4. Migration of cancer cells from the site of origin to the
other parts of the body forming secondary tumors is
called_____.
a. proliferation c. malignant
b. benign d. metastasis

_____5. A doctor may use _______________ to examine the

chromosomes in a cell to identify presence of
chromosomal aberrations.
a. karyotype c. Chemotherapy
b. X-ray d. Radiation therapy
_____6. Which sex chromosomes would indicate an abnormal
human male individual?
a. XX b. X c. XY d. XXY
14
 For numbers, 7, 8, 9, and 10, refer to the choices presented
below and choose the correct disorder or disease which
corresponds to its karyotype.

a.

b.

c. d.

___________ 7. Down Syndrome

___________ 8. Edward Syndrome
___________ 9. Patau Syndrome
___________ 10. Turner Syndrome

----- END ----

15
 REFERENCES
Morales-Ramos, Anna Cherylle, and John Donnie A. Ramos. 2017.
Exploring Life Through Science Series. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.

Navarette, Bonifacio V. Jr., and Sheila Marie A. Ochoco. 2012.

Discover Science Biology. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.

Images for reference taken from:

https://www.google.com/search?q=turner+syndrome&tbm=ish&hl=en&
tbs&bih=566&bw=360&prmd=inv&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwiCkPfwlqbqAhW
IG-wKHQETBOgQ3J8EegQIARAH#imgrc=0bnXbt7hf5emoM

https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-
image.php?image=156019&picture=child-with-down-syndrome

https://www.google.com?search?q=klinefelter+syndrome&tbm=isch&t
bs=sur:fc&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwi@teGC2KbqAhXPuKQKHVNzDfEQ3J8Ee
gQIARAH&biw=360&bih=342#imgrc=gT0aYzJWn2E3aM

https://www.google.com/search?q=trisomy+x&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE
wiBKeG2KbqAhVQNuwKHYfsCQAQ2cCegQIABAC&oq=trisomy+&gs_lc
p=ChJtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1pbWcQARgDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQI
ABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDOgcIIxDqAhAnOgQIIxAnULKAB1iulgdgjqAH
aAJwAHgAgAH1BIgBgRuSAQczLTMuNC4xmAEAoAEBsAEF&sclient=mo
bile-gws-wiz

https://www.google.com/search?q=patau+syndrome&tbm=isch&hl=e
n&tbs&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwjAo47p2KbqAhVUgaQKHe57CGsQ3J8Eeg
QIARAH&biw=360&bih=566#imgrc=zEZL7z3Mxwx8aM

https://www.google.com/search?q=edwards+syndrome&tbm=isch&hl
=en&tbs&bih=566&biw=360&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwjckbur2abqAhXkwAI
HHZyeDQwQ3J8EegQIARAH#imgrc=8wPEf6xKzYlXvM

https://www.google.com/search?q=cri+du+chat+syndrome&tbm=isch
&hl=en&tbs=sur:fc&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwjm6qCM2qbqAhUH3KQKHd-
oDDAQ3J8EegQIARAH&biw=360&bih=566

16
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

PABLO ACIERTO RAGAY JR.

Writer

PABLO ACIERTO RAGAY JR

ANGELICA G. BAJAR
ILLUSTRATOR/LAY-OUT ARTIST
______________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LEILIN A. DE LA ZERNA
MA. OFELIA BUSCATO
DEXTER D. PAIRA
LIEZEL A. AGOR
JOAN Y. BUBULI
EUFRATES G. ANSOK, JR

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYADAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
RANJIEL D. ESTIMAR
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
ARJIE T. PALUMPA

17
DESCRIBING THE STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS OF THE CELL
MEMBRANE
For General Biology 1 Senior High School
(STEM) Quarter 1/ Week 5.b
 FOREWORD

This Self-Learning Kit (SLK) will serve as guide for learners to

understand the structural components making up the cell
membrane. This will enable them to describe how the
structure of the cell membrane relates to its function as
selective gatekeeper of the cell. A set of activities guided
with contextualized discussions and illustrations is featured in
this learning kit.

In using this SLK, learners will recognize that science is

dynamic and fun. The activities included herein are simple
and easy to do. In doing so, learners will be given opportunity
to broaden their knowledge and enhance their
resourcefulness and creativity in performing hands-on
activities provided to them. This will enable them to develop
their critical thinking skills. It is hoped that their understanding
of the basic concepts will benefit them in many ways and the
skills they acquired in using this kit may help them in dealing
with practical problems.
 OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this lesson, the learners shall be able to:
• Identify the structural components of the cell membrane
• Describe the fluid mosaic model of membranes
• Understand the functions of phospholipids, proteins, and
carbohydrates in membranes

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

Describe the structural components of the cell membrane

STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-11

I. WHAT HAPPENED

1
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:

Let us test your stock knowledge!

Directions: Fill in the missing terms by re-arranging the jumbled letters to come
up with the correct answer. Write your answers in your notebook.

The (1)_________ (LELC) is the basic unit of all living organisms. Each of this unit is
structurally composed of a (2)____________ (CLUESUN)which controls all the
cell’s activities, a (3)_________________ (MSOTPASYCL)that contains organelles,
and a selective (4)____________________ (LELC EARENBMM)that regulates the
flow of materials into and out of the cell. Not all substances can pass through
the membrane, this property of the plasma membrane is called
(5)___________________________ (TIVECELSE MEAPERBLITYI).

The cell membrane is also called the (6) ________(MASALP) membrane and is
made of a bilayer of (7)_______________ (HIDPHPOLIOSPS). The membrane has a
hydrophilic (8)____________ (DAEH) and two hydrophobic (9) _________(SLTIA).
The head of a phospholipid is made of an alcohol and a (10)______________
(ATPHPHOSE) group, while the tails are chains of (11)____________________
(TTFAY CIADS). Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are
(12)________________(IEGRNTAL) proteins, while (13)______________ (RIPERAPHEL)
proteins are only in one side. Some of the
membrane proteins have (14)______________________ (COHADRATRBYE)
receptors to help cells in recognizing each other and certain molecules.
(15)___________________ (CESTEHOLROL) molecules are often found stuck
between phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane. They have a role in
maintaining the fluidity of the membrane

2
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW?

All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane also known as plasma

membrane. The membrane is a physical barrier that separates a cell from its
surrounding environment. It also regulates exchange of materials inside the cell
with its surroundings and gets rid of the wastes.

The fluid mosaic model is the currently accepted concept describing the
structure of plasma membrane. According to this model, the membrane is a
mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. It
describes the plasma membrane having a fluid consistency wherein individual
molecules are just floating in a fluid medium, and they are all capable of moving
sideways sliding past each other within the membrane. Mosaic refers to
something that contains many different parts. The plasma membrane is a mosaic
of phospholipids, cholesterol molecules, proteins and carbohydrates (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane

The plasma membrane is composed of four different types of molecules

namely, phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. It is made up
primarily of a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, carbohydrates,
glycolipids, and glycoproteins, and, in animal cells, cholesterol.

3
 The bulk of the membrane structure is composed of two back-to-back layers
of phospholipid molecules. A phospholipid molecule has two different regions:
a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region (Figure 2a). Because of this
difference in the properties, the molecule is called amphipathic. The head end
contains a phosphate group and is hydrophilic which means that it likes or is
attracted to water molecules. They are in contact with aqueous fluid both inside
and outside the cell. The tail end is made up of fatty acid chains. Fatty acids are
long chains that are mostly made up of hydrogen and carbon which are
hydrophobic, or do not like to mingle with water molecules. Just like what
happens when you pour cooking oil in water. The oil will not mix with the water.
The hydrophobic tails are attracted to each other while being repelled by water
hence face inward where there is no water. (Figure 2b)

The membrane’s phospholipid bilayer can be best illustrated using a butter-filled

sandwich example. The bread represents the hydrophilic heads while the greasy
butter filling represents the fatty acid tails forming a hydrophobic core and thus
creating a good barrier.

Phosphate
Extracellular
Hydrophobic head

Glycerol

Phospholipid
Saturated bilayer
fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acid Hydrophobic tail

Intracellular
Hydrophobic tail

Hydrophobic head

Figure 2. (a) A phospholipid molecule has a charged phosphate group, glycerol,

and two fatty acid chains. (b) The hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid
molecules face outwards, forming hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water
molecules while the mutually attracting hydrophobic tails face inwards.

4
 Two major populations of membrane proteins are found in the plasma
membrane. Integral proteins embed in the lipid bilayer while peripheral proteins
are loosely attached to the membrane surface. Most integral proteins are
transmembrane proteins, which span the membrane; other integral proteins
extend only partway into the hydrophobic interior. Some integral membrane
proteins form a channel that allows ions or other small molecules to pass.
Peripheral proteins on the other hand, are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at
all, instead they are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. The functions
of membrane proteins include transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction,
cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to the cytoskeleton
and extracellular matrix.

Short chains of carbohydrates or sugars (may consist of 2–60 monosaccharide

units and may be either straight or branched) can be found attached to proteins
(forming glycoproteins) and lipids (forming glycolipids) on the outside of a cell
membrane. Together, these carbohydrates form the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx
cushions and protects the plasma membrane, and it is also important in cell
recognition.

Cholesterol molecules are often found stuck between phospholipid

molecules in the plasma membranes of animal cells. They have a role in
maintaining the fluid consistency of the plasma membrane. Cholesterol
molecules keep the phospholipid tails from coming into contact and solidifying.
This ensures that the cell membrane stays fluid and flexible. They also strengthen
the membrane by preventing some small molecules from crossing it.

5
Activity # 1: IDENTIFYING MEMBRANE COMPONENTS

Correctly identify the structural components of the plasma membrane. Write

your answers on the space provided.

Activity # 2: “DO-It-YOURSELF CELL MEMBRANE”

Have you ever wondered why things are arranged as they are? The plasma
membrane is made up of a bilayer of phospholipids. Scattered between these
phospholipids are various other molecules such as proteins, cholesterol, and
carbohydrate chains resembling a mosaic. The membrane functions as a
selective barrier that separates the internal components of the cell from its
external environment. In this activity, you will be able to build a simple 3-D model
of the plasma membrane using materials you can easily find at home.

You will need the following materials:

• 3 pipe cleaners of different colors/ fuzzy wires
• 1 regular-sized drinking straw
• 1 rubber band
• 50 cotton buds
• Scissors

6
 Procedure:
1. Gather the cotton buds into a bundle and place the rubber band around
the middle to keep them in a bundle.
2. Make a receptor molecule into the cell membrane. Take one of the pipe
cleaners/fuzzy wire and place it through the bundle of cotton buds. It should
extend through the bunch of cotton buds and have a region that would bind
to a signal molecule. You can do this by bending one end of it into a circular
shape. This shape represents how signal molecules bind to specific molecules.
3. Use the other pipe cleaner/fuzzy wire as a carbohydrate chain. Place it in
the bundle of cotton buds, just as in step 2. Do not bend this pipe
cleaner/fuzzy wire.
4. Cut the drinking straw in half. Place each half into different locations in the
bundle of cotton buds. These represent the protein channels and pumps.
5. Roll the bundle of cotton buds between your hands. Do the individual buds
move? Without pulling the straw out can you move it between the buds?
How does this represent the fluid mosaic model?

Answer the following questions: Write the answer in your notebook.

1. What molecules of the cell membrane do the cotton buds represent?

_____________________________________________________________

2. How do the cotton buds represent the polar and non-polar

characteristics of the cell membrane?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. In this model, the cotton buds and proteins can be moved around.
Explain whether this is an accurate representation of actual cell
membranes?
_____________________________________________________________

7
 4. A mosaic is a type of tiled artwork. How is the cell membrane like a
mosaic?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

5. If a molecule needs to enter or exit the cell and it cannot fit between
the phospholipids how can it cross the membrane?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Sources: https://www.education.com/science-
fair/article/build-cell-membrane-model/
https://betterlesson.com/lesson/639022/the-cell-
membrane

Activity #3: MEMBRANE CROSSWORD

For this activity, complete the crossword by filling in a word that fits each
of the given clues. Neatly write your answers in the boxes provided.

8
Across

3. The cell membrane _____ the substances that go in and out of the cell.
7. This end has a high affinity to water and contains a phosphate group.
9. This molecule provides consistency and reinforcement of the cell
membrane.
10. Substances that build up and must be eliminated because it causes
harm to the cells.

Down

1. Carbohydrates that is commonly attached to proteins and lipids

which helps maintain the stability of the cell membrane
2. Cholesterol and fatty acid chains are both made up of hydrogen and
_____.
4. The primary function of a plasma membrane is to protect the cell from
its _____.
5. It is made up of fatty acid chains and plays a key role in the structure
and passage of substances in the cell.
6. A carbohydrate-enriched coating that safeguards the plasma
membrane.
8. A type of protein that carries out diverse functions such as receptors
and transport proteins.

Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/cell-membrane-functions-role-
structure.html

9
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:
A. Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the best answer form the choices in each
number. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. Which is not a component of the cell membrane?

a. phospholipids
b. sterols
c. proteins
d. nucleic acids
2. Which molecules make up the bulk of a cell membrane?
a. phospholipids
b. carbohydrates
c. proteins
d. all of these
3. Which best describes the structure of a cell membrane?
a. proteins between two bilayers of phospholipids
b. proteins embedded in a bilayer of phospholipids
c. a bilayer of protein coating a layer of phospholipids
d. phospholipids between two layers of protein

10
4. Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its
surface or embedded in the membrane structure?
a. protein
b. cholesterol
c. carbohydrate
d. phospholipid
5. The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are composed
of _____and are_______?
a. phosphate groups; hydrophobic
b. fatty acid groups; hydrophilic
c. phosphate groups; hydrophilic
d. fatty acid groups; hydrophobic
6. Which sentence best describes the fluid mosaic model?
a. The plasma membrane allows fluid to pass between the
extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm.
b. Too much fluid will cause animal cells to burst.
c. The components of the membrane fit in place like the tiles in a
mosaic.
d. The lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates of the plasma membrane
travel freely across its surface.
7. Which is not a role of the cell membrane?
a. Provides protection
b. Selectively allows some materials to enter or leave
c. Separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid
d. Prevents all substances from entering a cell
8. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior
of cell membranes?
a. cell recognition
b. flexibility of the membrane
c. strengthening the membrane
d. channels through membrane
9. Which maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
a. having many membrane proteins
b. the tight alignment of phospholipids
c. cholesterol present in the membrane
d. single bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid tails

11
 10. Which component of the cell membrane functions to allow for
communication between cells?
a. Phospholipids
b. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d. None of these choices is correct.

B. Identification
Correctly identify the structure of the plasma membrane being
described. Write your answers on the space provided.

1. A molecule having a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

Answer: ___________________________
2. Proteins embed in the lipid bilayer
Answer: ___________________________
3. Proteins loosely attached to the
membrane surface Answer:
___________________________
4. Short chains of carbohydrates attached
to proteins Answer:
___________________________
5. Short chains of carbohydrates
attached to lipids Answer:
___________________________

C. Essay

Why do phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into

something resembling a membrane?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

12
 References

Hickman, C.P., Jr., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. (2001). Integrated Principles
of Zoology, 11th ed. McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., New York.

Ramos, A.C. and Ramos, J.D. (2017). Exploring Life through Science General
Biology 1. Phoenix Publishing House Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.

Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky P.V., and
Jackson, R.B.
(2011). Campbell Biology, 9th ed. Pearson Education, Inc., San Francisco,
CA.

OpenStax College, Concepts of Biology. OpenStax College. 25

April 2013.
<http://cnx.org/content/col11487/latest/>.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/cell-membrane-functions-role-
structure.html

13
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA

Writer/ILLUSTRATOR

ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA

RAFAEL REX B. FELISILDA
LAY-OUT ARTISTS
________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA BUSCATO
DEXTER D. PAIRA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
ARJIE T. PALUMPA

14
 RELATING THE STRUCTURE AND
COMPOSITION OF THE CELL
MEMBRANE TO ITS FUNCTION
For General Biology 1- Senior High School (STEM)
Quarter 1/ Week 5.c
 FOREWORD

This learning kit will serve as guide for learners to

understand how the structural components of the cell
membrane is related to its function as selective gatekeeper
of the cell. A set of activities guided with contextualized
discussions and illustrations is featured in this learning kit.

In this learning kit, learners will recognize that science is

dynamic and fun. The activities included herein are simple
and easy to do. In doing so, learners will be given opportunity
to broaden their knowledge and enhance their
resourcefulness and creativity in performing activities
provided to them. This will enable them to develop their
critical thinking skills. It is hoped that their understanding of
the basic concepts will benefit them in many ways and the
skills they acquired in using this kit may help them in dealing
with practical problems.
OBJECTIVE:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its
function
• Understand the functions of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
in membranes

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its

function (STEM_BIO11/12-lg-h-12)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
Hi! This time let me and
Drei guide you in
discovering how the
Hello classmate! It’s me
membrane’s structure is
Drei. Last time, we
very much related to its
learned that the cell
function as selective
membrane has
barrier. Allow me once
different structural
again to help you in
components, all serving
completing different
a specific role in the
activities we will meet
membrane’s general
along the way
function. Right, Leira?

Come and let us

join hands in
learning cell
membrane
function. So,
what are you
waiting for? Off
we go!

1
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:

Let us test your stock knowledge!

MEMBRANE CRYPTOGRAM

Directions: Decode the encrypted message below. Use the clues

to determine the value of each letter.

1. It describes the structure of the cell membrane

F U D O A
3 10 1

2. The phospholipids of a cell membrane are arranged in a

double layer forming the _______.

P D L A E
7 12 13 9
3. Molecules important for maintaining the fluidity of the
membrane.

H O S O L
5 2 9
4. Transport of materials within the cell without energy
expenditure.
S S E
8 11 6

5. Transport of materials within the cell with energy expenditure.

A T E
4

2
Question: How do you call the property of cellular membranes
that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell?

1 2 3 2 4 5 7 6 2

8 2 9 10 2 11 12 7 3 7 5 13

II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION:

The fluid mosaic model describes the

plasma membrane as a mosaic of protein
molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of
phospholipids. Generally, plasma membranes
control the traffic of molecules going in and
out of the cell. Cell membranes are said to be
contiguous structures not a continuous one.
What are the other functions of membranes?

Functions of the plasma membrane:

1. It encloses every cell and maintains cellular integrity thus, keeping
all contents of the cell from spilling out.
2. It is a selective barrier that separates the external from the internal
environment of the cell (compartmentalization).
3. It provides many of the unique functional properties of specialized
cells.

The plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer has a hydrophobic region which

creates a barrier for some polar molecules. This hinders the movement of
certain materials through the membrane. In other words, not all
substances can pass through the cell membrane. However, some
substances can pass through it with ease, like gases, water, and other
fatty substances while others, particularly larger molecules (i.e. glucose,
fatty acids, amino acids and glycerol) have difficulty in passing through
the cell membrane. This property makes the cell membrane semi-
permeable or selectively permeable. The membrane functions more like
a bag of tightly woven cotton fabric than like a concrete wall.

3
 Nonpolar molecules, such as hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and
oxygen, are hydrophobic and can dissolve in the lipid bilayer of the
membrane and cross it rapidly. Remember that phospholipids are lipid in
nature thus, the concept “like dissolves like” applies. Polar molecules on
the other hand such as glucose and other sugars pass only slowly through
a lipid bilayer, and even water, a very small polar molecule, does not cross
very rapidly. Ions such as sodium and potassium must have a special
means of penetrating plasma membranes. Cell membranes allow these
ions and a variety of polar molecules while avoiding meeting the lipid
bilayer. This can be done by passing through transport proteins called
channel proteins used by certain molecules or ions as tunnels through the
membrane. (Figure 1)

Figure 1. A channel protein has a channel through which solutes

can pass.

Substances moving across the selectively permeable plasma

membrane can be either “passive”—i.e., occurring without the input of
cellular energy —or “active”—i.e., its transport requires the cell to expend
energy. Plasma membranes must allow certain substances to enter and
leave a cell, while preventing harmful materials or wastes from entering
and essential material from leaving. If plasma membranes were to lose
this selectivity, the cell would no longer be functioning well, and it would
be destroyed. The cell employs various transport mechanisms involving
cell membranes.

4
 Membrane proteins function in transport, enzymatic activity, signal
transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to
the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Among the most sophisticated
functions of the plasma membrane is its ability to transmit signals via
complex proteins. These proteins can be receptors, which work as
receivers of extracellular inputs and as activators of intracellular
processes, or markers, which allow cells to recognize each other.
Membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for hormones
and growth factors, which then trigger intracellular responses. Some
viruses, such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can hijack these
receptors to enter the cells, causing infections.
Activity # 1: MEMBRANE FUNCTION MATCH
A. Recall the structural components of the plasma membrane. Using the
diagram below, match the structure with its corresponding function.
Choose only the letter of the correct answer.

Membrane functions:

1. Attracts water _______

2. Repels water _______
3. Helps maintain the fluidity of the membrane ________
4. Involved in cell-to-cell recognition _______
5. Helps transport certain materials across the cell membrane
_______

5
Activity # 2: MINUTE-TO-COMPLETE IT

Directions: Carefully read each sentence. Complete the sentence by

encircling the appropriate word or words found inside parentheses. You
must be able to do this within 1 minute.

1. Not all substances can pass through the cellular membrane hence the
membrane is said to be (permeable, semi-permeable, non-
permeable).
2. The presence of a (hydrophilic, hydrophobic) region in the lipid bilayer
hinders the movement of certain materials across the membrane.
3. Certain molecules and ions utilize (carrier proteins, channel proteins)
as tunnels through the plasma membrane.
4. Substances can move (actively, passively) across the semi-permeable
membrane without the input of cellular energy.
5. Carbohydrates attached to proteins primarily functions in (cell-to-cell
recognition, membrane transport).

Activity #3: MODELING MEMBRANES

Study the diagram below and answer the following questions.

Write the answers in your notebook.

1. How many different types of molecules are found inside and outside
the cell? Count the number of ovals and hexagon found on each side
of the membrane.
______________________________________________________________
2. Which molecules do you think can pass through the semi-permeable
membrane with ease? Justify your answer.
______________________________________________________________

6
3. Notice the hexagonal molecules crossing the other side of the
membrane. Where exactly in the membrane do these molecules pass
through?
______________________________________________________________

4. Arrange the substances in order of the rate at which they diffuse across
the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, from fastest to lowest.
Water (small, polar, uncharged)
Sodium ion (small, non-polar, charged)
Oxygen (small, hydrophobic, non-polar)
Glucose (large, polar, uncharged)
______________________________________________________________

7
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Are you ready for our
last challenge? Be sure
to apply what you
Great job! Now that have learned. Here’s
we already learned your final test. Good
about cell membrane luck!
structure-function
relationship, I am
confident that we
can apply this
learning in our daily
activities. What should
we do next, Leira?

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

A. True or False?
Directions: Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is
false. Write your answers in your notebook.

_____ 1. The plasma membrane is a single phospholipid layer that

supports and protects a cell and controls what enters and
leaves it.
_____ 2. Small hydrophobic molecules can easily pass through the
plasma membrane.
_____ 3. Ions can easily flow through a carrier protein.
_____ 4. The plasma membrane forms the physical boundary between
the cell and its environment.
_____ 5. The water-hating hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer
face the outside of the cell membrane.

B. Structured Questions

1. Describe in less than 2 sentences the function of each of the cell

membrane structure. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

8
 A. Phospholipid bilayer
_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________

B. Integral and peripheral proteins

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Cholesterol
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

2. What does selectively permeable mean? In what way is a cell

membrane selectively permeable?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

3. Why is it advantageous for the cell membrane to be fluid in

nature?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

9
 References

Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky P.V., and Jackson,
R.B. (2011). Campbell Biology, 9th ed. Pearson Education, Inc., San Francisco,
CA.

OpenStax College, Concepts of Biology. OpenStax College. 25 April 2013.

<http://cnx.org/content/col11487/latest/>.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/components-
and-
structure/#:~:text=The%20primary%20function%20of%20the,in%20and%20out%2
0of%20cells.

10
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA

Writer/ILLUSTRATOR

ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA

RAFAEL REX B. FELISILDA
LAY-OUT ARTISTS
________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA BUSCATO
DEXTER D. PAIRA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
ARJIE T. PALUMPA

11