MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Course: B.E Civil Engineering

Course Code: 01OE 801
Course Module Prepared by
Dr. G.Senthilkumar
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Annamalai University
 What is solid waste ?
2
 Solid waste is defined as the unwanted matter which is generated by the
society that does not have any economic value from the point of view of
first owner.

Why and where it is generated ?

 The consumption of resources is the reason for the generation of waste.
 It is generated in the places where human activities prevail.

Per capita waste generated in India – 0.25 to 2.5 kg/ day

What is solid waste management ?

 It is defined as the discipline associated with control of generation, storage,
collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials
in a way that best addresses the range of public health, conservation,
economics, aesthetic,
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, engineering
Dept.of Civil Engg., and other environmental considerations.
Annamalai University
 Goals
3  To indicate the direction and desired outcome of solid waste
 It gives overall and explicit purpose to the system or special programs and
facilities provided and management particles interns of end result.

Objectives
 To reduce the adverse impact on the environment
 To consider material flow in the society
 Reduction in raw material use
 Reduction in solid waste quality
 Reuse of materials
 Recovery of material and energy
 Day to day solid waste management

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Categorization
4  Categorization of solid waste can be
 based on material
 based on hazard potential
 based on source of generation

Types of solid waste

 Garbage
 Ashes and residue
 Combustible and non-combustible
 Bulky waste
 Street waste
 Biodegradable and non-biodegradable
 Dead animals
 Abandoned vehicles
 Construction and demolition waste
 Farm waste
 Hazardous waste
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University
 Sewage waste
 Sources of solid waste
5
 Residential
 Commercial
 Industrial
 Municipal services
 Institutional
 Agricultural
 Hospital

To remember

The quantity, quality and composition of waste depends

on the source of waste generation.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Composition of solid waste
6 The composition of municipal solid waste of India is given below in the table in
percentage. Composition Low income Middle income High income
Organic
Food waste 40-80 20-65 6-30
Paper 1-10 8-30 20-45
Card board - - 5-15
Plastic 1-5 2-6 2-8
Textiles 1-5 2-10 2-6
Rubber - - 0-2
Leather - - 0-2
Yard waste 1-5 1-10 10-20
Woods - - 1-4
Inorganic
Glass 5 5 8
Aluminium 2 2 -
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

Inert (ash, dirt, etc,.) 20 15 5

7

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Some important definitions
8  Rubbish : It consists of tin cans, newspaper, packaging materials, bottles,
plastics, and yard trimmings i.e. it consists of both combustible and non-
combustible matter excluding garbage.
 Garbage : It is a portion of waste that is biodegradable. The biodegradable
waste that is generated from the kitchens, restaurants and markets.
 Trash : It is the combustible portion of the rubbish.
 Discarded materials : The solid waste which remains after the materials are
removed for recycling, reuse and composting.
 Reuse : Reusing a product for the same application for which it is originally
intended.
 Recycling : A terminology used to represent the processing of recovered
material to make them as raw material for new applications.
 Remanufacturing : it is the restoration of the product which has the same
characteristics as that of the new one.
 Recovery : Segregation and using the product for other purpose for reusing,
recycling, and remanufacturing is called recovery of materials. The recovered
materials will have some economic values.
 Refuse : It is the solid waste reject coming out of human practises.
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University
 Litter : The collection of street sweepings at one point is called as litter.
 Characteristics of SW
9
Properties of SW

Physical Chemical Biological

characteristics characteristics characteristics

• Identification of
individual Biodegradability of a
components Proximate analysis Ultimate analysis
substance
• Particle size
distribution
• Moisture content
• Density

• Moisture content
• Volatile matter Percentage of
carbon, hydrogen,
• Ash content
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University nitrogen, oxygen,
• Fixed carbon sulphur and ash
content
 Moisture content
10  Moisture content is the water content present in a substance.
 It can be calculated by using the below formula.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Typical moisture content of MSW

11

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Density of SW
12
 The density of the solid waste plays an important role in the solid waste
management.
 It is influenced by the geographical location, season of the year, length
and time of storage.
 The general formula for density is

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Component Range (kg(m)/m3) Typical
Food waste 120-480 290
13 Paper 30-130 85
Cardboard 30-80 50
Plastics 30-130 65
Textile 30-100 65
Rubber 90-200 130
Leather 90-260 160
Garden trimming 60-225 105
Wood 120-320 240
Miscellaneous organics 90-360 240
Glass 160-480 195
Tin cans 45-160 90
Non ferrous metal 60-240 160
Ferrous metal 120-1200 320
Dirt, ash, brick 320-960 480
MSW (uncompacted)
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University
90-180 130
MSW (compacted) 180-450 300
 Proximate analysis
14
 The proximate analysis includes
➢ Moisture – loss of moisture when heated to 105°C for 1 hr.
➢ Volatile combustion matter – loss of weight on ignition at 950 °C
➢ Fixed carbon – residue left after volatile matter is removed
➢ Ash – weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Ultimate analysis
15
 It involves the determination of percent of C, H, N, O, S and ash.
 It is used to define proper mix of waste material to achieve suitable C/N
ratio for biological conservation process
 It also includes the determination of the presence of halogens

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Energy content of SW
16 Component Range (kJ/kg) Typical
Food waste 3500-7000 4650
Paper 11600-18600 16750
Cardboard 13950-17450 16300
Plastics 27900-37200 32600
Textile 15100-18600 17450
Rubber 20900-27900 23250
Leather 15700-19800 17450
Garden trimming 2300-18600 6500
Wood 17450-19800 18600
Miscellaneous organics 11600-26000 18000
Glass 100-250 150
Tin cans 250-1200 700
Ferrous metal 250-1200 700
Dirt, ash, brick 2300-11650 7950
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University
MSW 9300-12800 10500
17  If the energy values are not available, the approximate value of energy
content of MSW can be estimated using the Modified Dulong equation.

𝑘𝐽 𝑂
E𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 = 337𝐶 + 1428 𝐻 − 8 + 9𝑆
𝑘𝑔

Where,
C is the percentage of carbon,
H is the percentage of hydrogen,
O is the percentage of oxygen, and
S is the percentage of sulphur.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Common illness associated with MSW
18

 Tenia versicola, diarrhoea, jaundice, Tenia cruris, cholera, skin diseases,

malaria, chicken pox, dysentery and typhoid are few common health
hazard for humans.
 The batteries and automobile products posses Hg, Cd, Ni, Ar, Zn, Ba etc.,
which are highly toxic carcinogenic causing staining of fingers, teeth, hair,
general weakness, fatigue and nasal irritation.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Legal Requirements
19  Law of torts
 Indian Penal Code [Chapter XIV- section 268 to 294 A], 1860
 Code of Civil Procedure [Section9,91 to 93], 1908
 Constitution of India [Part 4 & 9], 1950
 Code of criminal procedure [Chapter 10], 1973
 Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974
 Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981
 Environmental Protection Act [Section 29], 1986
 CRZ Notification,1991
 Hazardous waste (Management and handling) Rules, 1998
 Bio medical waste (Management and handling) Rules, 1998
 Recycled plastics (Management and handling) Rules, 1999
 Municipal solid waste (Management and handling) Rules, 2000
 Solid Dr.G.Senthilkumar,
Waste Management Rules,
Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai 2016
University
 Functional elements of SWM
20

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Material flow in society
21

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Storage
22
 Storage is an important element in the solid waste
management.
 Storage is always accompanied by separation
process.
 Storage depends on the quality and quantity of
waste generated.
 The storage process further depends on:
 location of bin,
 size of bin,
 provision of lid and
 material of bin.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Basic principles of storage
23
 Not to throw waste into the neighbour hood area,
street, open areas, drains and water bodies.
 Keep biodegradable waste separately in a non
corrosive container.
 Keep dry and recyclables in a separate bin.
 Keep all hazardous waste separately.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 To make storage effective
24
 Separating the waste accordingly in different bins.

 Making specific storage plans for households, multi-storeyed buildings,

slum locations, institutions, commercial areas, restaurants, hospitals, parks
and gardens, markets( vegetable and fruits, fish and meat) and other
locations.

The colour of the bin helps in

separation of waste.
• Black – recyclables
• Yellow – toxic waste
• Red – non biodegradable
• Green - biodegradable
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University
 Separation
25
 Separation is a main process that helps in increasing the efficiency of the
solid waste management.
 It is based on the size, nature and mass of the waste generated.
 It can be done in two ways
 Manual separation
 Mechanical separation
 It can be done at
 the site of generation
 the site of processing

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Cont.,
26
Benefits of segregation of waste
 Waste-to-Wealth
 Reduces waste
 Cleanliness
 Safety and better health
 Cost and time saving in waste management
 Quantum of waste to be land filled will get reduced .

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Collection
27  Once the waste is segregated and stored the next step is to collect it.
 This term not only includes the gathering or picking up of solid waste from
various sources, but also the handling of these wastes to the location where
the content of the collection vehicles are emptied.
 This can be done in two stages
 Primary collection
 Secondary collection
 Collection form the households in smaller vehicles or a community bin to
the small scale collection vehicles is know as the primary collection.
 The secondary collection is receiving waste from the smaller vehicle and
transporting it to the point of recovery or disposal.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Collection sites
28  The collection is done form the following sites
 Curb side
 Alley
 Set out
 Set back

Collection frequency
 The frequency of the collection is the number of times the waste is collected.
 The collection frequency depends on the following parameters
 Number of population
 Quantity of waste
 Type (or) composition of waste
 Capacity of container

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Collection frequency
29
Frequency
Type of locality Class 1 cities Class 2 cities
(population > 1 lakh ) (population 50K - 1 lakh )
Residential
Area with high Once a day
Once / twice a day
population density
Moderate population Once / twice a day Once in 2 days
density
Low population density Once in 2 days Once in 3 days
High income area Once / twice a day Once a day
Markets Once / twice a day Once a day
Commercial area Twice a day Once a day
Industrial area Once a day Once a day

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Collection type
30
 Collection system may be classified based on mode of operation, the
equipment's used, and types of waste collected.
 Based on the mode of operation system, the collection system is classified
as given below
 Hauled container system
 Stationary container system

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Hauled container system
31
 Container is moved to disposal site
 Used for construction & demolition waste
 High generation rates (open markets)
 One drive and frequent trips
 The vehicles used in this system are
 Hoist truck
 Tilt frame container
 Trash – trailer
 There are two types of HCS
 Conventional mode
 Exchange container mode

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Advantages
32
 Useful when generation rate is high and containers are large.
 May eliminate spillage associated with multiple smaller containers.
 Flexible. Need more capacity, use a larger container.

Disadvantages
 If the containers are not filled, low utilization rate.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

33

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Conventional mode (HCS)
34
 In this method the truck goes empty form the garage to the first pick up
point.
 It collects the filled container and drives to the disposal point to dispose the
waste, after which it returns to the same point to keep the empty container.
 Then it drives to the next site to collect the filed container

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Exchange container method(HCS)
35
 In this method the truck goes with an empty container form the garage to
the first pick up point.
 It exchanges the empty container with the filled container and drives to the
disposal point to dispose the waste, after which it returns to the next
collection point to keep the empty container.
 In the next collection site, it exchanges the filled with the empty container,
and this process continues till the last collection point.
 After emptying the container from last collection point, it travels to the
garage with the empty container.
 The advantage in this system compared to that of conventional method is
that the number of trips is reduced and the container is cleaned every day.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

36

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Stationary container system
37
 Container remains at site (residential and commercial)
 May be manually or mechanically loaded
 Container size and utilization are important
 This of two types
 Mechanically loaded collection
 Manually loaded collection.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Advantages
38
 Major advantage is that vehicle does not travel to disposal area until it is full
yielding higher utilization rates.

Disadvantages
 System is not flexible in terms of picking up bulky goods.
 Wastes e.g. demolition, that make damage the relatively delicate
mechanisms.
 Large volume generations may not have room for storing large containers.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Routing
39
Path established by
 Trial and error
 Computer
 Heuristic methods (common sense)
Steps
 Define collection area
 Assign disposal sites if more than one
 Establish daily collection zones - collection area divided into sections for daily
service established based on compacted volume
 Balance daily vehicle assignments (districting)
 Route vehicles within daily districts
 Location maps with pertinent info; sources, volume, containers
 Layout preliminary routes

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Routing
40
Rules
 Begin and end near arterial streets
 Start at top of hills
 Work toward disposal site
 Work in congested areas during non-rush hours
 Large quantities first

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Analysis of Collection Systems
41
To determine
 Capacity of vehicle
 Number of vehicle required
 Crew size
 Labor required
 Length of workday/week
Look at: (divide collection into specific tasks)
 Pick up time
 Haul time
 At site time
 Off route time
 Container capacity, waste volume generated
 Vehicle compaction factor

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Analysis of Collection Systems
42
 to develop design data and relationship that can be used universally
 to evaluate both the variables associated with collection activities and the
variables related to the particular location
 The activities involved in the collection of solid wastes can be resolved into
four unit operations
 Pickup (Phcs)
 Haul (h)
 At-site (s)
 Off-route (W)
Pickup (Phcs)
 time spent driving to the next container
 the time spent picking up the loaded container
 time required to re-deposit the container after it has been emptied

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Pickup (Pscs)
 time spent loading the vehicle, beginning with the first container and ending
43 when the last container has been loaded
Haul (h)
 HCS- The time required to reach the location where the waste will be emptied
 SCS - The time required to reach the location where the full vehicle will be
emptied and continuing until the truck arrives at the location
At-site (s)
 The time spent at the site (landfill, transfer station) where the system is unloaded
(including waiting time)
Off-Site (W)
 Non-productive activities (Check in, check out, meeting, breaks)
 Typically 15%

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Formulae
𝑇ℎ𝑐𝑠 = 𝑃ℎ𝑐𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
44 Where,
a is empirical haul constant (hr/trip)
b is empirical haul constant (hr/km)

𝑃ℎ𝑐𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑈𝑐 + 𝑑𝑏𝑐
Where,
Pc is time required to pick up loaded container (hr/trip)
Uc is time required to unload container (hr/trip)
dbc is average time spent driving between container location (hr/trip)

[ 1 − 𝑤 𝐻 − 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ]
𝑁𝑑 =
𝑃ℎ𝑐𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
Where,
t1 is the time from garage to first container location (hr/day)
t2 is the time from last container location to garage (hr/day)
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University
 Transfer station
45
 A transfer station is an intermediate station between the final disposal and
the collection point in order to increase the efficiency of the system as
collection vehicles and crew remain closer to route.
 The construction of transfer station requires more attention. The following
should be consider while selecting the location for a transfer station
 It should not be in highly traffic area. The route provided for load and unload the
waste should be clear.
 It should not be near populated or residential area.
 Other factors that affect the selection of transfer station
 Type of waste received
 Processed used for recovery of materials
 The amount of waste to be stored
 Type of collection vehicle and transfer vehicle used
 Site topography and access

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

46

The types of the transfer station can be classified based on the size
 Small (capacity less that 100 tonnes/day)
 Medium ( capacity between 100 to 500 tonnes/day)
 Large (capacity more than 500 tonnes/day)

The components and requirement for a transfer station

 Arrivals and scales
 Tipping, processing and reloading
 Facility
 Basic equipment
 Staffing

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 An operating transfer station
47

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Volume reduction
48

 Solid waste volume reduction can take place at several points in the waste
management process.
 Volume reduction is the process of reducing the size of the solid waste.
 It can be done by using either one of the following methods
 Physical or mechanical volume reduction
 Chemical volume reduction
 Thermal volume reduction
 Biological volume reduction
 Volume reduction can be done
 At source
 At central location

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

  The volume reduction at source can be done by burning, home
composting, garbage grinders, compactors, wet pulverising, and pulping.
49
 The volume reduction at central source can be done by using baling
equipment like hammermill, rasps, grinders, presser, shredders, chipper,
compactor, incinerator etc,.
 The method of volume reduction depends on the type of waste that needs
to be processed.
 Volume reduction has both merits and demerits.
 Merits of volume reduction
 Reduction in quantity of material
 Increased life of landfill
 Economically viable waste management system
 Demerits of volume reduction
 Poor quality of recyclable materials
 Difficulty in segregation and sorting
 Bio-degradable material

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Physical volume reduction
50

 The process of physical volume reduction includes the following methods

 Compressive force
 Tensile force
 Shear force

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

Hydraulic car compactor Hammer mil cross section
 chemical volume reduction
51

 The process of chemical volume reduction involves the usage of chemicals

which is a secondary pollutant.
 It can only be adopted when there is no other option available for the
treatment of waste.
 This process is generally adopted to treat the industrial waste.
 It is not that very advisable since one form of waste is converted into
another form.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Biological volume reduction
52  The biological volume reduction process refers to the composting of bio-
degradable waste under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
 The process of composting can be done both at source and at centralized
location.
 The composting process can be done at large scale by using the following
methods
 Windrow composting
 Aerated static pile composting
 In vessel composting system
 Vertical composting reactor
 Horizontal composting reactor
 Rotating drum

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

53

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Windrow composting
54

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

55

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

56 Vertical composting Rotating drum

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Thermal volume reduction
57

 The process of burning the solid waste involves the chemical reaction due
to the heat applied.
 This method of destruction was believed to be the most effective way of
handling the municipal solid waste.
 The thermal destruction process can be done by using the following the
methods.
 Open burning
 Incineration
 Pyrolysis
 Gasification
 Plasma Arc gasification

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Thermal volume reduction
58

 The process of burning the solid waste involves the chemical reaction due
to the heat applied.
 This method of destruction was believed to be the most effective way of
handling the municipal solid waste.
 The thermal destruction process can be done by using the following the
methods.
 Open burning
 Incineration
 Pyrolysis
 Gasification
 Plasma Arc gasification

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Open burning
59

 Open burning is the most common process of solid waste destruction then
and now.
 Since the temperature generated in this process is not high enough for
complete combustion, this creates a nuisance o the environment.
 This type of destruction is banned in most of the developed and
developing countries.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Incineration
60
 It is a chemical reaction in which carbon, hydrogen and other elements in
the waste mix with oxygen in the combustion zone and generates heat.
 It is a controlled process in which the waste is burnt and converted into
gases and residue containing a little or no combustible material.
 The working temperature of incineration plant varies from 900˚C to 1100˚C
 The types of incineration methods are
 Mass burning system
 Modular incineration
 Fluidized- bed incinerator
 Multiple hearth incinerator
 Rotary kiln incinerator
 Liquid injection incinerator
 Catalytic combustion incinerator
 Waste-gas flare incinerator
 Direct flame incinerator

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

  The process of incineration causes air pollution, thus the following air
pollution controlling equipment should be taken
61
 Electrostatic precipitator
 Fabric filters
 scrubbers

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Pyrolysis
62
 It is the thermal decomposition of organic material at elevated temperature
in the absence of oxygen.
 It involves the simultaneous change of chemical composition and irreversible
physical change.
 The working temperature is 1200˚F to 2200˚F
 The end product of this method is black carbon.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

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Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Gasification
64
 It is the process which converts the carbonaceous products into syngas
using limited supply of air (oxygen).
 The temperature range is between 1450˚F to 3000˚F. Steam may also be
sometimes injected into the reactor to promote CO and H2.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

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Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Plasma Arc Gasification
66
 It is a high temperature pyrolytic process which converts the organics of the solid
waste into syngas, inorganic residues and minerals.
 The by-product is a rocky glass material known as
vitrified glass is made.
 The temperature range is between 7200˚F to 12,600˚F.
It is produced by using an electric arc in a torch where
the gas is converted into plasma.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

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Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

 Secured landfill
68
 Landfilling is of two types based on the waste dumped in it.
 Sanitary landfill
 Secured landfill
 The sanitary landfill is for dumping the municipal solid waste where as the
secured landfill is for the hazardous waste.
 The process of landfilling has been proved to be hazardous to the nature
and steps are been taken for the process of reclamation.
 The landfill construction and maintenance plays a major role. The laws laid
by the Central Pollution Control Board should be followed properly.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

  The following should be considered while designing and constructing the
69 landfill
 Characterization of waste
 Design of impervious liner
 Reclamation of leachate
 Construction of landfill
 Operation of landfill
 Environmental monitoring
 The major elements of landfills are
 HDPE liner
 Leachate collection well and pipe network
 Earth moving machineries
 Site office ❖ The green belt of minimum 10m around the
landfill is recommended by the CPCB.
 Workshop
❖ It acts as a natural barrier by protecting from
 Green belt noise, air, water and land pollution.
Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University
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Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

  Landfill liner plays an important role as a barrier that protects the nearby
71 land from the pollution.
 Thus a proper thick liner should be laid.

Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University

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Dr.G.Senthilkumar, Dept.of Civil Engg., Annamalai University