Softwood refers to the wood that is obtained from coniferous trees, such as pine, spruce, fir,

cedar, and redwood. Here are some common types of softwood:

1. Pine: Pine is the most common type of softwood and is widely used for construction and
furniture-making. It is known for its light color, fine texture, and straight grain.
2. Spruce: Spruce is another popular softwood that is used for construction, pulpwood,
and musical instruments. It has a pale yellow color and a straight grain.
3. Cedar: Cedar is a fragrant softwood that is often used for outdoor projects, such as
decking, siding, and fencing. It has a reddish-brown color and is resistant to rot and
insects.
4. Fir: Fir is a softwood that is commonly used for framing and construction. It has a pale
yellow color and a straight grain.
5. Redwood: Redwood is a softwood that is prized for its durability, stability, and attractive
appearance. It is often used for outdoor projects, such as decking, siding, and fencing. It
has a reddish-brown color and a straight grain.

Hardwood refers to the wood that is obtained from deciduous trees, which are trees that lose
their leaves annually, rather than from coniferous trees like softwood. Hardwood is generally
denser and harder than softwood, and is often more expensive due to its durability and
aesthetic properties.
Here are some common types of hardwood:
6. Oak: Oak is a popular hardwood that is used for furniture, flooring, and cabinets. It is
known for its strength, durability, and distinctive grain patterns.
7. Maple: Maple is a hardwood that is often used for flooring, furniture, and kitchen
cabinets. It has a close, uniform grain and is prized for its durability and resistance to
wear.
8. Walnut: Walnut is a hardwood that is used for furniture, flooring, and decorative
paneling. It has a rich, dark color and a straight grain, and is prized for its durability and
strength.
9. Cherry: Cherry is a hardwood that is used for furniture, cabinets, and decorative
paneling. It has a reddish-brown color and a fine, straight grain, and is prized for its
beauty and durability.
10. Mahogany: Mahogany is a hardwood that is used for furniture, paneling, and
boatbuilding. It has a rich, reddish-brown color and a distinctive grain pattern, and is
prized for its durability, strength, and beauty.
Timber is a type of wood that is specifically harvested and processed for use in construction,
furniture making, and other applications where its strength, durability, and workability are
valued. The term "timber" typically refers to wood that has been cut into standard sizes, such
as planks, boards, and beams, and is often used interchangeably with the term "lumber."
Timber can come from both hardwood and softwood species, and can be harvested from
natural forests or from managed plantations. It is typically sawn, planed, and treated to
improve its strength and durability, and is often used in construction for framing, flooring,
siding, and roofing. It can also be used in furniture making, decorative paneling, and other
applications where its natural beauty and aesthetic appeal are valued.
In addition to its practical applications, timber is also an important economic and cultural
resource, and has been used for centuries in the construction of homes, buildings, and other
structures around the world.
There are many types of timber available, each with their own unique properties and
characteristics. The type of timber used for a particular project will depend on a variety of
factors, including its intended use, the desired appearance, and the budget. Here are some
common types of timber:

11. Pine: Pine is a softwood that is commonly used for construction and furniture-making. It
is known for its light color, fine texture, and straight grain.
12. Cedar: Cedar is a fragrant softwood that is often used for outdoor projects, such as
decking, siding, and fencing. It has a reddish-brown color and is resistant to rot and
insects.
13. Oak: Oak is a hardwood that is commonly used for flooring, furniture, and cabinets. It is
known for its strength, durability, and distinctive grain patterns.
14. Maple: Maple is a hardwood that is often used for flooring, furniture, and kitchen
cabinets. It has a close, uniform grain and is prized for its durability and resistance to
wear.
15. Teak: Teak is a tropical hardwood that is prized for its durability and resistance to
moisture and insects. It is often used for outdoor furniture and boatbuilding.
16. Mahogany: Mahogany is a hardwood that is used for furniture, paneling, and
boatbuilding. It has a rich, reddish-brown color and a distinctive grain pattern, and is
prized for its durability, strength, and beauty.
17. Walnut: Walnut is a hardwood that is used for furniture, flooring, and decorative
paneling. It has a rich, dark color and a straight grain, and is prized for its durability and
strength.
18. Douglas Fir: Douglas Fir is a softwood that is commonly used for construction and
framing. It has a reddish-brown color and a straight grain, and is known for its strength
and durability.
These are just a few examples of the many types of timber available. Each species of timber has
its own unique properties and characteristics, and the type of timber used will depend on the
specific needs of the project.

Lumber is a term used to describe timber that has been sawn or processed into standardized
sizes and shapes for use in construction, furniture making, and other applications. The process
of producing lumber involves removing the bark from a log, cutting it into rough planks or
boards, and then sawing it into precise dimensions.

Lumber is used for a wide variety of applications, including framing, flooring, siding, roofing,
furniture, and decorative paneling. It can be made from both softwood and hardwood species,
and is typically graded based on its quality and appearance.
Lumber is available in a range of sizes, from small boards used for trim and molding, to large
beams used in construction. It can be treated with preservatives to improve its resistance to
moisture, insects, and decay, and can be finished with stains, paints, or other coatings to
enhance its appearance.
Lumber is an important building material that has been used for centuries in the construction of
homes, buildings, and other structures. Its availability, durability, and versatility make it a
popular choice for a wide range of applications.

There are many types of lumber available, each with their own unique properties and
characteristics. The type of lumber used for a particular project will depend on a variety of
factors, including its intended use, the desired appearance, and the budget. Here are some
common types of lumber:
19. Softwood lumber: Softwood lumber is typically produced from coniferous trees, such as
pine, cedar, fir, and spruce. It is commonly used for construction, framing, and outdoor
projects, and is generally less expensive than hardwood lumber.
20. Hardwood lumber: Hardwood lumber is produced from deciduous trees, such as oak,
maple, cherry, and walnut. It is commonly used for furniture making, flooring, cabinetry,
and decorative paneling, and is generally more expensive than softwood lumber.
21. Pressure-treated lumber: Pressure-treated lumber is a type of lumber that has been
chemically treated to resist rot, decay, and insects. It is commonly used for outdoor
projects, such as decks, fences, and retaining walls.
22. Plywood: Plywood is a type of engineered wood that is made by gluing together thin
layers of wood veneer. It is commonly used for sheathing, roofing, flooring, and
furniture-making, and is available in a range of grades and thicknesses.
 23. Oriented Strand Board (OSB): OSB is a type of engineered wood that is made by
compressing and gluing together wood strands. It is commonly used for sheathing,
roofing, and flooring, and is generally less expensive than plywood.
24. Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF): MDF is a type of engineered wood that is made by
compressing wood fibers with a resin binder. It is commonly used for cabinetry,
furniture-making, and decorative paneling, and is generally less expensive than solid
wood.

These are just a few examples of the many types of lumber available. Each type of lumber has
its own unique properties and characteristics, and the type of lumber used will depend on the
specific needs of the project.

Engineered wood products are wood-based materials that are manufactured from wood chips,
fibers, or particles that have been bonded together with a resin adhesive. These products are
designed to provide superior strength and durability compared to natural wood, while also
offering increased flexibility and versatility in their applications.
Here are some common types of engineered wood products:
25. Plywood: Plywood is a type of engineered wood that is made by gluing together thin
layers of wood veneer. It is a strong and stable material that is used for a wide variety of
applications, including sheathing, roofing, flooring, and furniture-making.
26. Oriented Strand Board (OSB): OSB is a type of engineered wood that is made by
compressing and gluing together wood strands. It is a strong and durable material that is
commonly used for sheathing, roofing, and flooring.
27. Particleboard: Particleboard is a type of engineered wood that is made by compressing
wood particles with a resin binder. It is a dense and strong material that is used for
furniture-making, cabinetry, and decorative paneling.
28. Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF): MDF is a type of engineered wood that is made by
compressing wood fibers with a resin binder. It is a dense and smooth material that is
used for cabinetry, furniture-making, and decorative paneling.
29. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL): LVL is a type of engineered wood that is made by
gluing together thin layers of wood veneer in a cross-grain pattern. It is a strong and
stable material that is used for beams, headers, and other structural applications.
30. Glulam: Glulam is a type of engineered wood that is made by gluing together laminated
wood beams. It is a strong and versatile material that is used for a wide variety of
applications, including columns, beams, and arches.
There are several types of plywood available, each with unique characteristics and uses. Here
are some common types:
31. Softwood plywood: This is made from softwood veneers and is typically used for
construction purposes like sheathing, subflooring, and roofing.
32. Hardwood plywood: This is made from hardwood veneers and is used for furniture,
cabinetry, decorative paneling, and flooring.
33. Marine plywood: This is a high-quality plywood that is specifically designed for use in
wet environments, such as boats, docks, and other outdoor structures.
34. Aircraft plywood: This type of plywood is used in the construction of airplanes and other
aircraft due to its lightweight and high-strength properties.
35. Decorative plywood: This type of plywood is used in furniture, cabinets, and interior
design applications due to its attractive finish and decorative veneer.
36. Structural plywood: This type of plywood is used for load-bearing applications, such as
in beams and columns in construction projects.
37. Fire-resistant plywood: This is specially treated plywood that is designed to withstand
fire and is often used in building construction where fire resistance is important

Phenolic, also known as phenol formaldehyde, is a type of thermosetting plastic resin that is
used in a variety of applications due to its excellent thermal and chemical resistance, high
strength, and durability. It is commonly used in the production of laminates and composites,
electrical and electronic components, automotive parts, and construction materials such as
plywood and particleboard. Phenolic resins are also used as adhesives and coatings due to their
ability to bond well with many different materials.
There are different types of phenolic resins, which are used for different applications. Here are
some common types:
38. Novolac: This type of phenolic resin has a high crosslinking density, making it a good
choice for applications that require high strength and chemical resistance, such as
coatings, adhesives, and molding compounds.
39. Resole: This type of phenolic resin has a lower crosslinking density than novolac, making
it more flexible and easier to process. Resole resins are often used in applications such
as plywood, particleboard, and other wood-based composites.
40. Phenolic foam: This is a type of insulation material made from phenolic resin, which has
excellent thermal insulation properties, as well as good fire resistance and low smoke
emission.
41. Phenolic laminates: Phenolic laminates are made by impregnating layers of paper or
fabric with phenolic resin, and then compressing and curing the layers together. They
are used in electrical and electronic applications, as well as in aerospace, automotive,
and construction industries.
 42. Phenolic molding compounds: These are thermosetting materials that are made by
mixing phenolic resin with fillers and other additives. They are used in a variety of
applications, including automotive parts, electrical components, and industrial
equipment.

Lumber is available in various sizes, but here are some common sizes of dimension lumber:
43. 2x4: This is one of the most common sizes of lumber, and it is used for framing walls and
building other structures. The actual dimensions are 1.5 inches by 3.5 inches.
44. 2x6: This size is also used for framing walls and other structural applications. The actual
dimensions are 1.5 inches by 5.5 inches.
45. 4x4: This size is often used for posts and columns. The actual dimensions are 3.5 inches
by 3.5 inches.
46. 4x6: This size is used for larger posts and beams. The actual dimensions are 3.5 inches
by 5.5 inches.
47. 6x6: This size is often used for larger posts and columns. The actual dimensions are 5.5
inches by 5.5 inches.
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, either as the primary component or as an alloying
element. Here are some common examples of ferrous metals:
48. Steel: A strong and durable metal that is made by mixing iron with carbon and other
elements.
49. Cast iron: A brittle and hard metal that is made by melting iron and adding carbon and
silicon.
50. Wrought iron: A malleable and ductile metal that is made by purifying iron and adding a
small amount of carbon.
51. Stainless steel: A type of steel that contains chromium and other elements to make it
resistant to corrosion and staining.
52. Carbon steel: A type of steel that contains higher levels of carbon than other types,
making it stronger but less ductile.
 53. Tool steel: A type of steel that is used for making tools and cutting instruments, with
high hardness and wear resistance.
Ferrous metals are used in a wide range of applications, including construction, manufacturing,
and transportation. They are known for their strength, durability, and magnetic properties, and
can be easily recycled.

Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron as the primary component or as an
alloying element. Here are some common examples of non-ferrous metals:

54. Aluminum: A lightweight and corrosion-resistant metal that is used in a wide range of
applications, including construction, transportation, and packaging.
55. Copper: A highly conductive and malleable metal that is used in electrical wiring,
plumbing, and other applications.
56. Brass: A combination of copper and zinc that is used in plumbing fixtures, musical
instruments, and decorative objects.
57. Bronze: A combination of copper and tin that is used in sculptures, medals, and other
decorative objects.
58. Nickel: A hard and corrosion-resistant metal that is used in alloys and plating.
59. Tin: A soft and malleable metal that is used in alloys, plating, and soldering.
60. Zinc: A corrosion-resistant metal that is used in galvanizing steel and other alloys.
61. Lead: A dense and malleable metal that is used in batteries, radiation shielding, and
other applications.
62. Magnesium: A lightweight metal that is used in the aerospace and automotive
industries.
Non-ferrous metals are known for their resistance to corrosion and their ability to conduct
electricity and heat, making them valuable in a wide range of applications. They are also often
more expensive than ferrous metals due to their unique properties and production methods.

There are many types of markings used for various purposes. Here are some common types of
markings:
63. Traffic markings: These markings are used on roads to indicate traffic lanes, direction of
travel, crosswalks, and other information related to traffic flow and safety.
64. Survey markings: These markings are used by land surveyors to indicate property
boundaries, elevation, and other information related to land surveying.
65. Construction markings: These markings are used on construction sites to indicate the
location of underground utilities, excavation areas, and other hazards.
66. Athletic markings: These markings are used on athletic fields to indicate the boundaries
of the playing area, goal lines, and other information related to the sport being played.
 67. Product markings: These markings are used on products to indicate important
information such as product specifications, safety warnings, and manufacturer
information.
68. Electrical markings: These markings are used on electrical equipment to indicate
voltage, current, and other important information related to electrical safety and
operation.
69. Hazard markings: These markings are used to indicate hazards such as biohazards,
radiation, and other dangers in industrial, medical, or research settings.
70. Signage markings: These markings are used on signs to indicate directions, warnings,
and other information related to navigating public spaces.

Construction markings are used on construction sites to indicate the location of underground
utilities, excavation areas, and other hazards. Here are some common types of construction
markings:
71. Utility markings: These markings are used to indicate the location of underground
utilities such as gas, water, sewer, and electrical lines. They are typically marked in
different colors, with each color representing a different type of utility.
72. Excavation markings: These markings are used to indicate the location of excavation
areas, such as trenches, pits, or other areas where construction work is being done.
They are typically marked with caution tape or other highly visible materials.
73. Demolition markings: These markings are used to indicate the location of areas where
demolition work is being done. They are typically marked with caution tape or other
highly visible materials.
74. Safety markings: These markings are used to indicate hazards or dangers on the
construction site, such as uneven terrain, trip hazards, or other potential safety risks.
They are typically marked with caution tape or other highly visible materials.
75. Structural markings: These markings are used to indicate the location of structural
elements such as beams, columns, or other load-bearing components. They may be
marked with paint or other materials to help workers identify them during construction.
Construction markings are important for ensuring worker safety and for preventing damage to
underground utilities or other structures. They are typically required by local building codes or
construction regulations, and

Reinforcing steel bars, also known as rebars, are steel bars that are used to provide tensile
strength and stability to reinforced concrete structures. Here are some common types of
reinforcing steel bars:
 76. Plain round bars: These bars have a smooth surface and are commonly used in low-
stress applications such as concrete footings or walls.
77. Deformed bars: These bars have a ribbed surface that provides better adhesion
between the steel and the concrete. They are commonly used in high-stress applications
such as beams, columns, and slabs.
78. Welded wire fabric: This is a mesh of steel wires that are welded together to form a flat
sheet. It is commonly used in concrete slabs and walls to provide reinforcement.
79. Epoxy-coated bars: These bars have a layer of epoxy coating that provides protection
against corrosion. They are commonly used in structures exposed to harsh
environmental conditions such as seawater or chemical fumes.
80. Galvanized bars: These bars have a layer of zinc coating that provides protection against
corrosion. They are commonly used in structures exposed to moisture such as bridges or
parking garages.
Reinforcing steel bars come in various sizes and lengths to fit the specific needs of a
construction project. They are typically specified by their diameter, which ranges from 6 mm to
50 mm or more, and by their length, which can be as long as 12 meters. The size and type of
rebar used in a project are determined by the structural engineer and the local building codes
or regulations.

Plain round bars are typically available in various diameters ranging from 6 mm to 50 mm or
more. Here are some common sizes of plain round bars:

• 6 mm
• 8 mm
• 10 mm
• 12 mm
• 16 mm
• 20 mm
• 25 mm
• 32 mm
• 40 mm
• 50 mm

These sizes are commonly used in construction projects for different purposes. For example,
smaller diameter bars like 6 mm or 8 mm are often used in smaller concrete structures like
walls and footings, while larger diameter bars like 32 mm or 40 mm are used in larger
structures like columns and beams. The size and type of rebar used in a project are determined
by the structural engineer and the local building codes or regulations.
Plain round bars are typically made of carbon steel and can be classified according to their
grade or strength. Here are some common grades of plain round bars:

81. Grade 250: This is a low-strength steel that is commonly used in general construction
applications. It has a minimum yield strength of 250 MPa (megapascals) and is suitable
for low-stress applications such as walls, footings, and other small structures.
82. Grade 300: This is a medium-strength steel that is commonly used in reinforced
concrete structures such as slabs, beams, and columns. It has a minimum yield strength
of 300 MPa and is suitable for moderate-stress applications.
83. Grade 500: This is a high-strength steel that is commonly used in high-rise buildings,
bridges, and other structures that require high strength and durability. It has a minimum
yield strength of 500 MPa and is suitable for high-stress applications.
84. Grade 420: This is a high-strength steel that is commonly used in precast concrete
products such as pipes, piles, and railway sleepers. It has a minimum yield strength of
420 MPa and is suitable for high-stress applications.
The grade of plain round bars used in a construction project is typically determined by the
structural engineer based on the design requirements and local building codes or regulations.