THE DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT FACILITY

FOR 1L SOFTDRINKS MANUFACTURING PLANT

WITH A CAPACITY OF 20 MILLION UNITS
ANNUALLY

A Designed Report
Presented to
ENGR. ROFUAT L. LU, PME, MSME
Professor of the School of Mechanical &Manufacturing Engineering

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the SubjectME158P-2 –

Industrial Plant Engineering in the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Group No. 2
Group Leader: 20 Mercado, Gerardo III, R.
Asst. Group Leader: 15 Estocapio, Margarita Bettina E.
Members: 1 Abubo, Kimmuel M.
2 Adriano, Giela C.
7 Castro, Earnest Vincent B.
11 Desembrana, Yuri Y.
21 Oladejo, Daniel E.
22 Patena, Norman Justin G.
25 So, Willy C.

January 31, 2022

TITLE - THE DESIGN OF
WATER TREATMENT
FACILITY FOR 1L
SOFTDRINKS
FINAL GRADE
MANUFACTURING PLANT
WITH A CAPACITY OF 20
MILLION UNITS ANNUALLY

GROUP NO. 2 INDIVIDUAL / GROUP GRADES

SN 20 MERCADO, GERARDO III R. __

SN 15 ESTOCAPIO, MARGARITA BETTINA E. __
SN 1 ABUBO, KIMMUEL M. __
SN 2 ADRIANO, GIELA C. __
SN 7 CASTRO, EARNEST VINCENT B. __
SN 11 DESEMBRANA, YURI Y. __
SN 21 OLADEJO, DANIEL E. __
SN 22 PATENA, NORMAN JUSTIN G. __
SN 25 SO, WILLY C. __

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

ME158P-2 – Industrial Plant Engineering in the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Mapua University
School of Mechanical Engineering
Intramuros, Manila
January 31, 2022

ENGR. ROFUAT L. LU PME, MSME

PROFESSOR
 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM................................................................................................................................... 3
OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN ....................................................................................................................................... 4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DESIGN ................................................................................................................................... 4
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................... 5
SOFT DRINK MANUFACTURING DIAGRAM .......................................................................................................... 5
PLANT UTILITIES ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
SOFT DRINK MANUFACTURING PLANT PROCESS ............................................................................................ 11
WATER TREATMENT FACILITY PROCESS DIAGRAM ....................................................................................... 11
DESIGN METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 12
PLANT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 12
OPERATING PARAMETERS .................................................................................................................................... 12
TARGET CAPACITY ................................................................................................................................................. 12
WATER CONSUMPTION .......................................................................................................................................... 12
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM ...................................................................................................... 14
WATER TREATMENT FACILITY EQUIPMENT CALCULATION ......................................................................... 15
PIPE SIZING ............................................................................................................................................................... 31
LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM ................................................................................ 37
WATER TREATMENT FACILITY EQUIPMENT SELECTION ............................................................................... 39
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR CARBONATED SODA MANUFACTURING ............................................. 40
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER TREATMENT FACILITY ............................................................. 43
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT FOR WATER TREATMENT FACILITY ............................................................................ 52
MATERIAL TAKE OFF FOR PIPING SYSTEM........................................................................................................ 55
PLANT LAYOUT / SITE DETERMINATION............................................................................................................ 56
OPERATING COST .................................................................................................................................................... 64
MANUFACTURING COST ........................................................................................................................................ 65
VIABILITY / ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 66
PROJECT SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................................................... 67
ENGINEERING STANDARDS USED........................................................................................................................ 68
ETHICAL, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT ............................................................................................. 71
ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ............................................................................................................................................ 71
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT .................................................................................................................................... 71
HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS .............................................................................................................................. 73
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 75
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................................ 76
RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................................................................... 76
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
 ABSTRACT
This study and conceptualization of the design project will cover the water treatment
system of a carbonated drink manufacturing plant that treats water to the needed safe quality
for it to be used for carbonated drinks to be the base of the mixture. This study is conducted
to have a high-quality product to be achieved using proper materials and equipment
selections. Soft drinks are one of the most consumed beverages in the Philippines. The
intended soft drinks production of the manufacturing plant is 20 million units of 1-liter soft
drinks annually. The plant capacity is based on the soft drinks’ average per capita
consumption in the Philippines per year which is 3.6L per person and the 2021 population
for Philippines at 111,046,913 people. This study focuses on the design of the water
treatment facility that can fulfill the target capacity as well as the capacity calculation, plant
economics, equipment selection, and the manufacturing processes. The location for the
manufacturing plant is a 250,000 square meter facility near a branching river of the Silang-
Santa Rosa River south of Laguna Lake. Schedule for the facility building has also been
included in this paper to check the progress of the report. The plant will also abide by the
safety protocols and policies.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

For this study, a design for a water treatment facility for a 1L soft drink manufacturing
plant with a capacity of 20 million units annually will be accomplished. Soft drinks are
considered to be one of the most consumed beverages by Filipinos with an average annual
per capita consumption of 3.6L per person. Proper access to safe and potable water is
important for the plant to produce safe and quality 1L soft drinks. The proposed design for
the water treatment facility is to produce safe and clean water to supply the entire plant for
processing soft drinks. Additionally, the water treatment plan to be designed will strictly
follow the international standards and quality in the soft drink manufacturing plant to make
sure that the products are export ready and meets the international safety standards. Lastly,
the water treatment facility shall be designed with respect to the industrial plant design
methodology to boost the soft drink manufacturing plant’s overall efficiency. The said plant
will target to supply 5% of the total per capita demand for soft drink in the Philippines.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN
1. To learn the background of a soft drinks manufacturing plant.
2. To learn and apply the design methodology in designing a plant.
3. To design a water treatment facility for a soft drink plant capable of
handling the water requirement of a plant.
4. To assess whether the design of the plant is economically viable.
5. To incorporate different engineering standards in the design.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DESIGN

1. Increase the soft drink production capacity of the country
2. Provide jobs for the local community
3. Enhance the local economy of the country
4. The design helps protect the health of the workers and consumers with
the use of treated water in the manufacturing plant.
5. The design of the manufacturing and water treatment plant ensures
compliance to environmental, health, and engineering standards.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The scope and limitation of this plate are separated into two parts: research and
design.
.Research:
▪ This paper's research focuses on the manufacturing process of soft drinks
as well as its water treatment plant process.
▪ This paper tackles the utilities and ingredients used in the soft drinks
manufacturing process.
▪ This paper also contains the different engineering standards applicable to the plant.
Design:
▪ The paper focuses on the water treatment system design of a soft drink
manufacturing plant with a capacity of 20 million units per year.
▪ The plant location is at Santa Rosa Laguna, best implemented in the
southern regions of the Philippines where large bodies of water are abundant.
▪ The design will highlight the features and equipment required for the soft
drink manufacturing plant's water treatment facility.
▪ The design also includes the engineering standards, ethical, social, and
environmental aspects as well as the health and safety aspects of the design.
 ▪ The design also gives an estimated cost for investment, operating, and manufacturing.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION

‘Soft Drinks’ are referred to as beverages that contain no alcohol, as opposed to a

hard drink. The carbonated soft drinks market was equal to 2.17 billion retail revenue in 2015,
making it one of the marketed products in the Philippines which continues to grow to this
day. Due to the large and ever-growing consumer demand, various carbonated soft drink
companies are required to produce large quantities in a short timeline with great efficiency to
reach this required demand with this quota in mind; these carbonated companies require large
amounts of materials as well to produce their final products.

SOFT DRINK MANUFACTURING DIAGRAM

PLANT UTILITIES

1. Electrical System

Electrical System is an essential utility for operating an industrial plant. The system
enables electrically powered equipment and other utilities or even robots that uses
electricity to run or work properly. Some portable apparatus for electrical infrastructure
and equipment requires special protection. With this system one can control electricity of
the plant as well as turn off the electrically powered equipment during emergencies.

2. HVAC System

In every industrial application, process such as heating, air-conditioning, and

ventilation are applied. This is to produce, control and deliver heating, air conditioning,
and ventilating of certain areas. For the beverage industry, it is important to verify that the
condition for production and comfort are constantly maintained. Air that is unconditioned
 may cause discomfort to the workers and may also affect the product’s shelf life.
Additionally, HVAC systems has the ability to cool or heat an enclosed space, improve
indoor air quality, as well as reduce energy consumption and air particle contaminants.

3. Water Treatment System

The water treatment system is an important part for industrial plant especially for
beverages plant. As the main purpose of the system is to remove contaminants as well as
undesirable components in the soft drinks to be bottled later. In the Soft drink
manufacturing plant water is also used in other equipment and in the steam system. Water
treatment is also applied to decontaminate water for the water supply to be potable.

4. Wastewater Treatment System

The wastewater treatment system is needed in the cleaning process of the machines.
The purpose of the system is to decrease or reduce the concentration of contaminants
existing in the wastewater. Some water quality requirements and standards are required to
be met before the wastewater flows out of the manufacturing plant.
5. Fire Protection System

The OSHA or Occupational Safety and Health Standards Act requires all
establishments of fire protection system which is needed in case of various fire hazards that
may occur. For industrial plants such as the soft drink manufacturing plant, it is necessary
to install a fire protection system since the plant uses heat in the production system as well
as other equipment. Additionally, one of the reasons of fire starting in a plant are caused
by the electrical system. So, installing a fire protection system will be beneficial to avoid
and prevent large equipment and property damages and detect fire hazard as early as
possible.

6. Refrigeration System

The system is commonly used in industrial applications for the removal of heat in
the products as well as maintaining the desired temperature. For soft drink manufacturing
plant, refrigeration is applied.
7. Compressed Air System

In industrial plants, the use of air in various parts of manufacturing processes can
be maximized by applying air in different pressures. In controlling air pressure for a plant,
the compressed air system is needed. The system is an interconnection wherein air flows
through from one point to another while allowing operation at various pressures for certain
manufacturing purposes. Compressed air systems are definitely useful at the mean time it
is also crucial if contaminated air is used for food/beverage manufacturing plants, it will
result to the contamination of the products itself. This clearly shows the importance of a
well-designed compressed air system for a specific type of industrial plant for assurance of
safety and quality of the final product.

8. Steam/Boiler System

In soft drink manufacturing plant, the steam/boiler system is applied to ensure the
bottles to be used for the soft drinks are cleaned thoroughly with high heat and steam. This
 is to disinfect the bottles before it will be filled with soft drinks.

9. CIP System

The CIP System also known as Clean-in-place system, is an important component

for the cleaning schedule for the food and beverage industry. The system provides cleaning
solutions for an entire process facility. The system entails a variety of operations that works
together to clean everything or certain parts of the process system without disassembling
it. Sanitizing, washing and cleaning solutions are pumped through the same piping channel
as the product for the removal of dirt from interior surfaces. The system is used in beverage
bottling to clean different product lines such as syrup or water without substantial
assembly, to maintain microbial safety as well as elimination of flavor carry-over. Lastly,
the system either a one-shot operation in which waste is discharged to a drain or it is a
process in which most of the liquid is recovered.
SOFT DRINK MANUFACTURING PLANT PROCESS

WATER TREATMENT FACILITY PROCESS DIAGRAM

 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
PLANT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS
a. Soft Drink average per capita consumption in the Philippines per year is 3.6L per person
b. 2021 Philippines Population = 111,046,913 people
c. Total demand of soft drink = 3.6L/person x 111,046,913 people = 399,768,886 Liters
d. Target Capacity = 5% of total demand of soft drink in the Philippines
e. Volume of Soft drinks per bottle = 1L per bottle
f. Target Capacity in Bottles = 20,000,000 bottles per year
OPERATING PARAMETERS
a. Net operating hours per day = 22 hours per day
b. Net operating days per week = 5 days per week
c. Weeks per month = 4 weeks per month
d. Net operating days per month = 21.5 days per month
e. Seasonality factor, months per year = 11 months per year
f. Net operating days per year = 236.5 days per year
TARGET CAPACITY
a. Target Capacity per year = 20,000,000 bottles per year
b. Target Capacity per month = 1,818,182 bottles per month
c. Target Capacity per week = 454,546 bottles per week
d. Target Capacity per day = 84,566 bottles per day
e. Target Capacity per hour = 3844 bottles per hour

WATER CONSUMPTION
Total Water Consumption
Based on related literature 1.9 L of water is used per 500 mL of carbonated drinks.
1.9 𝐿 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2 (0.5 𝐿)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 𝑥 =
0.5 𝐿 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘 1𝐿
3.8 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
1 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘

3.8 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 20,000,000 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑥 =
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
76,000,000 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑚3
𝑥 𝑥 1000 𝐿
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 11 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠

𝒎𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟔, 𝟗𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟗 𝑥 𝑥
𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉 21.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝒎𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟗
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
Breakdown of Water Consumption
Demineralization of Water (51.83 % of total water usage)
𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 6,909.09 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 0.5183
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 21.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

𝒎𝟑
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟒
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

Sanitation and Equipment Cleaning (8.94 % of total water usage)

𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 6,909.09 𝑥 21.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑥 24 𝑥 0.0894
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

𝒎𝟑
𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
Plant Hygiene Maintenance (5.63 %)
𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑦𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 6,909.09 𝑥 21.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑥 0.0563
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝒎𝟑
𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑯𝒚𝒈𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
𝒎𝟑
𝑷𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

Cooling and Chilling (32.22 %)

𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 6,909.09 𝑥 21.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑥 0.3222
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝒎𝟑
𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟏
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

General Use (1.38 %)

𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑈𝑠𝑒 = 6,909.09 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑥 21.5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑥 0.0138

𝒎𝟑
𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑼𝒔𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
𝒎𝟑
𝑵𝒐𝒏 − 𝑷𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

The piping and instrumentation diagram for the soda manufacturing process and the water
treatment plant was based on the provided lecture by Engr. Lu.

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram of the Water Treatment Facility

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram of the Soda Manufacturing Process

WATER TREATMENT FACILITY EQUIPMENT CALCULATION
2012 Water Quality of Sta. Rosa River
Oxygen and Oxygen Demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ≤ 10 mg / L (Class B)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ≤ 5 mg / L (Class B)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 15 – 143 mg / L
Bacterial Pollution
Total Coliforms ≥ 270,000 MPN / 100 mL
Fecal Coliforms ≥ 170,000 MPN / 100 mL
Trophic Level
Nitrate ≤ 10 mg / L (N) (Class B)
Ammonia 0.693 – 6.42 mg / L
Inorganic Phosphate ≥ 0.4 mg / L (Class C)
Total Phosphorus 0.742 – 2.308 mg / L
Chlorophyll – A > 25 – 50 µg / L
Phytoplankton ≥ 7,538 organisms / m2
Total Nitrogen 3.4 – 17.7 mg / L
Hazardous Substances
Oil and Grease ≥ 1 mg / L (Class A)
Cadmium 0.005 – 0.01mg / L (Class D)
Lead 0.01 – 0.05 mg / L (Class C)
Chromium ≤ 0.01 mg / L (Class A)
Nickel ≤ 0.02 mg / L (Class A)
Iron 1.5 – 7.5 mg / L (Class D)
Copper ≤ 0.02 mg / L (Class A)
Zinc ≤ 2 mg / L (Class A)
Chloride 350 mg / L (Class C)
Others
pH Reading 6.5 – 8.5 (Class C)
Alkalinity 140 – 460 mg / L (CaCO3)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 16 – 89 mg / L
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 290 – 888 mg / L
Total Solids 317 – 927 mg / L
Total Hardness 136 – 380 mg / L (CaCO3)
Calcium Hardness 56 – 168 mg / L
Turbidity 18 NTU
Conductivity 101 – 1150 µS / cm

Based on the comparison made with this assessment (2012) and an assessment from 1997,
the researchers predicted that by this year (2022), the water quality in Sta. Rosa River has improved
just like it did in the 1997 / 2012 comparison and will continue to improve in the future due to
proper waste disposal and relocation of residents. Because of the long stretch of the Silang – Sta.
Rosa River, some areas of the river are of better quality than those near residential and commercial
establishments. Because the population and establishments near the selected site is not as dense as
other parts of the river, the water source along Silang – Sta. Rosa River falls under Class A. As a
Public Water Supply Class, conventional water treatment is required (coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration, and disinfection).

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Clarifier Tank

DAF Clarifier Removal Efficiencies
BOD 37.5 %
TSS 50 %
Settleable Solids 92.5 %
Metals
Cadmium 27 %
Chromium 30 %
Copper 19 %
Iron 31 %
Lead 43 %
Nickel 59 %
Zinc 19 %
Amount of sludge removed per unit volume
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐵𝑂𝐷 = (10 ) (0.375) = 3.75
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = (16 ) (0.50) = 8
𝐿 𝐿

Settleable Solids:
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (1 ) (0.925) = 0.925
𝐿 𝐿

270000 𝑀𝑃𝑁 𝑚𝑔
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ( 100 𝑚𝐿
) (0.925) = 2497.50 𝐿

170000 𝑀𝑂𝑁 𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ( ) (0.925) = 1572.50
100 𝑚𝐿 𝐿

Metals:
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐶𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑢𝑚 = (0.01 ) (0.27) = 0.0027
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐶ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑢𝑚 = (0.01 ) (0.30) = 0.003
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = (0.02 ) (0.19) = 0.0038
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 = (7.5 𝐿
) (0.31) = 2.325 𝐿
 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 = (0.05 ) (0.43) = 0.022
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑁𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙 = (0.02 ) (0.59) = 0.012
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑍𝑖𝑛𝑐 = (2 ) (0.19) = 0.38
𝐿 𝐿

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 3.75 + 8 + 0.925 + 2497.50 + 1572.50 + 0.0027 +

𝑚𝑔 1000𝐿 10−6 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
0.003 + 0.0038 + 2.325 + 0.022 = (4085.032 ) ( 1𝑚3 ) ( ) = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝟑
𝐿 1𝑚𝑔

Multimedia Filtration Tank

Multimedia Filtration Tank Removal Efficiencies
Turbidity 81.33 %
BOD 82.1 %
OC 68.75 %
TSS 47.06 %
TDS 47.88 %
pH 2.63 %
Amount of residue filtered per unit volume
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐵𝑂𝐷 = (10 − 3.75 ) (0.821) = 5.13
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = (16 − 8 ) (0.4706) = 3.76
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑇𝐷𝑆 = (290 𝐿
) (0.4788) = 138.85 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (18 ) (0.8133) = 14.64
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 1000𝐿 10−6 𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 5.13 + 3.76 + 138.85 = (147.74 )( )( )
𝐿 1𝑚3 1𝑚𝑔
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖
𝒎𝟑
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filter
GAC Filter Removal Efficiencies
BOD 39.8 %
COD 41.8 %
TSS 81.8 %
TDS 67.7 %

Amount of adsorbate per unit volume of influent

 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐵𝑂𝐷 = (10 − 3.75 − 5.13 ) (0.398) = 0.45
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐶𝑂𝐷 = (15 ) (0.418) = 6.27
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = (16 − 8 − 3.76 ) (0.818) = 3.47
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑇𝐷𝑆 = (290 − 138.85 ) = 151.15
𝐿 𝐿

𝑚𝑔 1000𝐿 10−6 𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.45 + 6.27 + 3.47 + 151.15 = (161.34 )( )( )
𝐿 1𝑚3 1𝑚𝑔
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏
𝒎𝟑

Condition of effluent from GAC Tanks

pH 8.22
Turbidity 0.23 NTU
TSS 2.41 mg / L
TDS 67.34 mg / L
COD 5 mg / L
BOD 0.20 mg / L

ABMA Recommended Limits for Cooling Tower and Evapco Water

pH 7–9
TDS 1600 mg / L
Total Hardness 300 mg / L (CaCO3)
Calcium 100 ppm max
Chlorides 125 ppm max
Sulfates 125 ppm max
Silica 150 ppm max

Reverse Osmosis System

Required Volume of Demineralized Water = 6.94 m3 / hr
Using conventional RO system with 75% recovery rate:
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
% 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 = 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑚3
6.94
ℎ𝑟
0.75 =
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

RO feedwater flow rate = 9.25 m3 / hr

 1 1
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1−% 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 = 1−0.75 = 4

Mass Balance:

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 +

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑚3 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 9.25 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 − 6.94 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 2.31 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑚3 𝑚𝑔 1000 𝐿 10−6 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 2.31 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑥161.34 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟕 𝒉𝒓
𝐿 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑔

ABMA Recommended Limits for Boiler Water

pH 10.5 – 11.5
TDS 3500 ppm max
TSS 300 ppm max
Total Hardness 250 mg / L (CaCO3)
Total Alkalinity 700 ppm max
Iron Nil – 0.1 ppm max
Silica 150 ppm max

Mass Balance
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑅𝑂 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑚3 𝑚3 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 1.20 + 4.49 + 9.25 = 14.94
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑊 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑒
1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑊 𝑥 = 9.25 𝑥 + 1.61
1 𝑚3 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1 𝑚3 𝑚3

𝒎𝟑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑊 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

Multimedia Filtration Tank:

Mass Balance

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑊 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑊 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒
1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑊 𝑥 1 𝑚3
= 9.2516 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑥 1 𝑚3
+ 1.48 𝑚3

𝒎𝟑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑊 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟏
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

DAF Clarifier:
Mass Balance
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 +
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒
Considering 10% of clarified water is used for recycling water in DAF:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 100 % + 10 % 𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑊
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑊 = 1.1 𝑥 9.2531 = 10.1784
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1000 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 = 10.1784 𝑥 +
1 𝑚3 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1 𝑚3
𝑚𝑔 1000 𝐿 10−6 𝑘𝑔 𝒎𝟑
40.85 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟒 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
𝐿 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑔

Design of Suction Pump Intake Strainer

Q = 10.1784 m3 / hr = 0.002827 m3 / s
1 suction pipe used, Q = 0.002827 m3 / s

Recommended velocity through strainer, v = 0.15 m/s

Total area of the strainer:
𝑚3
𝑄 0.002827
𝐴= = 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.01885 𝑚2
𝑉 0.15
𝑠

Assuming 50% of the total area is the strainer

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 (𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠) = 2 (0.01885 𝑚2 ) = 0.0377 𝑚2
Diameter of the strainer holes of commercially available strainers = 12 mm
𝜋 𝜋 1𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 𝐷 2 = 4 (12 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 )2 = 0.000113 𝑚2
4 1000 𝑚𝑚
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 0.0377 𝑚2
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟 = = 0.000113 𝑚2 = 334 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 0.0377 𝑚2

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟) = = 0.12 𝑚
𝜋(0.1 𝑚)

Design of Mixing Tanks

Q = 10.1784 m3 / hr = 0.1696 m3 / min
Time = 1 min (60 sec)
Volume of Flash Mixer
𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝑄𝑡 = 0.1696 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 min = 0.1696 𝑚3

Depth of the tank = 1 m

𝑉 0.1696 𝑚3
𝐴=𝑑= = 0.1696 𝑚2
1𝑚
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 0.1696𝑚2 = 𝐷2; D = 0.4647 m
4 4

For Circular Tanks (DxH): 0.4647 x 1 (m)

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = 𝐺 2 𝜇𝑉
Where:
G = mean velocity (1000 m / s)
P = power dissipated (W)
µ = dynamic viscosity (at T = 20 ℃, µ = 1.0087 x 10-3 Pa / s)
V = Volume of the tank (0.1696 m3)

1000 𝑚 2 10−3 𝑃𝑎
𝑃=( ) (1.0087 ) (0.1696 𝑚3 ) = 𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟑 𝑾
𝑠 𝑠

Using 25 mg / L of alum (ρ = 600 kg / m3)

𝑚3 24 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
𝑄 = 10.1784 ℎ𝑟 (1 𝑑𝑎𝑦) = 244.2816 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚𝑔 1000 𝐿 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚 = 25 ( )( ) (244.2816 ) = 6.107
𝐿 1𝑚3 1000000 𝑚𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 6.107 𝑚3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘𝑔 = 0.0102 𝑑𝑎𝑦
600 3
𝑚
Water demand = 244.2816 m3 / day
Required chlorine is 0.36 mg / L and residual chlorine is 0.2 mg / L
𝑚𝑔
𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.36 − 0.2 = 0.16 𝐿
𝑚𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0.36 (106)(244.2816)(1000) = 0.0879 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐿

Flocculation
Q = 10.1784 m3 / hr = 0.1696 m3 / min
Time = 30 min
𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝑄𝑡 = 0.1696 (30 min) = 5.088 𝑚3
𝑚𝑖𝑛

Depth of the tank = 2 m

𝑉 5.088 𝑚3
𝐴=𝑑= = 2.544 𝑚2
2𝑚

Dimension of circular tank

𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 2.544 𝑚2 = 𝐷2; D = 1.80 m
4 4

Dimension of square tank

𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿 = 𝑊 𝑥 2𝑊 = 2𝑊 2 = 2.544 𝑚2
W = 1.1278 m
L = 2W = 2.2556 m

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = 𝐺 2 𝜇𝑉
For G = 60 m / s
60 𝑚 2 10−3 𝑃𝑎
𝑃=( ) (1.0087 ) (5.088 𝑚3 ) = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟐 𝑾
𝑠 𝑠

For G = 40 m / s
40 𝑚 2 10−3 𝑃𝑎
𝑃=( ) (1.0087 ) (5.088 𝑚3 ) = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝑾
𝑠 𝑠
For G = 20 m /s
 20 𝑚 2 10−3 𝑃𝑎
𝑃=( ) (1.0087 ) (5.088 𝑚3 ) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟗 𝑾
𝑠 𝑠

Design of Sedimentation Tank

Q = 10.1784 m3 / hr = 0.1696 m3 / min
Time = 2 hr = 120 min
𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝑄𝑡 = 0.1696 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (120 min) = 20.352 𝑚3

Depth of the tank = 2 m

𝑉 20.352 𝑚3
𝐴= = = 10.176 𝑚2
𝑑 2𝑚

Dimension of circular tank

𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 10.176 𝑚2 = 𝐷2; D = 3.5995 m
4 4

Assuming Stock’s law and solving the settling velocity:

𝑔(𝐺𝑠 − 𝐺𝑤)𝑑𝑠 2
𝑉𝑠 =
18𝜇
Where:
Vs = terminal velocity of the solid particle (m/s)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m / s2)
Gs = specific gravity of particles (ρ = 2650 kg / m3)
Gw = specific gravity of water (ρdistilled = 998.207 kg / m3)
ds = diameter of particle (0.02 mm)
µ = dynamic viscosity of water (1.009 x 10-3 Pa / s)
𝑚 𝑘𝑔 0.02 𝑚𝑚 2
(9.81 ) (2650 − 998.207) 3 ( )
𝑠 2 𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑚 𝒎
𝑉𝑠 = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝑃𝑎 𝒔
18(1.009𝑥10−3 𝑠 )

Reynold’s number
 𝑚 0.02 𝑚𝑚
(3.3036 𝑥 10−4 𝑠 )( 𝑚𝑚 )
𝑉𝑠 𝑑𝑠 1000 𝑚
𝑅𝑒 = = = 0.0066
𝜇 −6 𝑚2
1.004 𝑥10 𝑠
Re = 0.0066 < 1, stock’s law is applicable
Use 90°v – notch weir (50 mm) depth placed (250 mm) center to center
𝑚3
𝑄 0.1696 𝑚2
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑊𝐿𝑅 ) = 𝜋𝐷 = 𝜋(3.5995 𝑚) = 0.015 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑚3
0.015
𝑚𝑖𝑛
1𝑚 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ = 1𝑚 = 0.00375 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0000625 𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.250 𝑚

𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ = (2𝑔)0.5 ℎ2.5

𝑚3 𝑚
0.0000625 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = (2 𝑥 9.81 𝑠 2 )0.5ℎ2.5

h = 0.0115 m
Height of the water above or below of the weir is 0.0115 m.

8𝛽𝑔𝑑(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑤 ) 1
𝑉𝑐 = [ ]2
𝑓
Where:
Vc = sourcing velocity (mm / s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m / s2)
f = Darcy Weisbach factor (0.02 – 0.03)
β = constant (0.5)
d = smallest particle (0.02 mm)
ρs = density of particles (ρ = 2650 kg / m3)
ρw = density of water (ρ = 1000 kg / m3)
1
𝑚 𝑘𝑔 2
8(0.5) (9.81 2 ) (0.02 𝑚𝑚)(2650 − 1000) 3
𝑉𝑐 = [ 𝑠 𝑚 ]
0.03

𝑚𝑚 𝒄𝒎
𝑉𝑐 = 65.7 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟕
𝑠 𝒔
Vs = 3.3036 x 10-2 cm / s < Vc = 6.57 cm / s
Settling velocity = 3.3036 x 10-2 cm / s

Design of Filtration Tanks

Q = 10.1784 m3 / hr = 44.8141 gpm
Multi-Media Sand Filters can process water at rate of 5 to 12 gallons per minute, per square foot
of filter surface area.
Using Filter flow rate = Qfilter = 8 gpm / ft2
Area of the filter bed
𝑔𝑝𝑚
44.8141
𝑄 𝑓𝑡2
𝐴=𝑄 = = 5.6018 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 8 𝑔𝑝𝑚

Diameter of the filter

𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 5.6018 𝑓𝑡 2 = 𝐷 2; D = 2.6707 ft = 32.0484 in
4 4

Backwash
Recommended backwash flow rate = 13 – 18 gpm / ft2
Using Filter flow rate = Qfilter = 15 gpm / ft2
Backwash flow rate = 5.6018 ft2 (15 gpm / ft2) = 84.027 gpm
Gravel 8 – 12 Garnet Fine Garnet Anthracite Total
Lbs of Media 569.92 606.72 684.67 398.16 2259.47
Cubic Ft Media 5.7 4.21 5.27 7.37 22.55
Bed Depth 4 8 10 14 36

Design of Adsorption Tank (GAC Tank)

The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Model for Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
Treatment Calculator supplied by the US EPA Office for Ground Water and Drinking Water was
utilized in developing and choosing the Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) tanks.
Contaminant: Carbon Tetrachloride (CTC)
Dissolved in water, carbon tetrachloride does not photodegrade or oxidize in any detectable
quantities. Volatilization is responsible for a major amount of carbon tetrachloride loss from
surface water; it migrates from surface water to the atmosphere in days or weeks and can be
adsorbed onto organic materials in soils. It's vital to have access to the adsorption sites within the
GAC pore structure and the accessible surface area. This is a function of the carbon base's degree
of activation in supplying the routes. The CTC number is used to determine the degree of
activation. For water purification, a CTC number of 50 or higher is regarded good.
Design Type: Pressurized
Deciding between gravity driven and pressurized GAC tanks, it was taken into
consideration that the GAC tanks are inside the manufacturing plant and the tank inlet is on the
top of the tank, pumps will be utilized to transport the influent, necessitating the fluid's
pressurization.
Standard Design
𝑚3 𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑊 = 𝑄 = 9.2516 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 0.00257 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0.0587 (𝑀𝐺𝐷)
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Closest standard design: 0.124 MGD

Output results from GAC Treatment Calculator:

Parameter Value Units
Contaminant Carbon Tetrachloride --
System Size Category Small --
Technology GAC --
Design Type Pressurized --
Design Flow 0.124 MGD (excludes bypass flow)
Average Flow 0.035 MGD (excludes bypass flow)
No. of Treatment Trains 1 Trains
No. of Contractors in Series 1 (Parallel or series operation)
No. of Contractors 2 (Including redundancy)
Total EBCT 7.5 Minutes
EBCT per Contractor 7.5 Minutes
Bed Depth 6.9 Feet
Vessel Geometry Upright
Height (straight) 11 Feet
Diameter 4 Feet

Quality of Water after Adsorption via GAC Tank

pH 8.22
Turbidity 0.23 NTU
TSS 1 mg / L
COD 5 mg / L
BOD 5.53 mg / L
Disinfection
UV disinfection is a safe, effective, and ecologically acceptable method of wastewater
disinfection. UV light uses a physical process to inactivate microorganisms quickly and
effectively. Milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm2) and millijoules per square centimeter
(mJ/cm2) are the units used to measure UV radiation intensity. For monitoring UV radiation in the
environment, a range of equipment are commercially available. In the laboratory and at work
Suppliers of workplace monitoring devices can provide specifications and purchase information.
𝑚3
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 1.95 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑈𝑉 𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑈𝑉 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

Water Quality after UV Disinfection
pH 7.98
Turbidity 0.22 NTU
TSS 1 mg/ L
COD 1 mg / L
BOD 4.725 mg / L

Design of Reverse Osmosis System

RO feedwater flow rate = 9.25 m3 / hr = 222 m3 / day = 40.7265 gpm
Feedwater concentration from UV Sterilization
pH 8.22
Turbidity 0.22 NTU
TSS 1 mg / L or ppm
COD 1 mg / L or ppm
BOD 4.275 mg / L or ppm
TDS < 500 mg / L or ppm
Temperature 25 ℃ (ambient temperature)

Operating Pressure
The RO system's net driving pressure must be larger than the osmotic pressure of the
dissolved salts in water; the lower the TDS, the less applied pressure is required to drive water
through the RO membranes' pores. Furthermore, the most cost-effective and efficient setting is a
thin film composite (TFC) spiral wound (5 m2) design is used for the RO membrane.
Output results from Lenntech Osmotic Pressure Calculator:
For an assumed TDS of < 500 mg / L and temperature = 25 ℃
Total Molality (mmol / kg) 17.112
Total Molar Mass (g / mol) 58.440
 Osmotic Pressure (kPa) 39.377
Operational Pressure 1.1813

RO Membranes required
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝐷𝑆 (1 − % 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦)− % 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
TDS Concentration = 67.34 mg / Lor ppm = 0.006734 %
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (0.006734)(1 − 0.75)−0.98 = 0.0262 %
Assume permeate water concentration of 250 ppm (0.025 %) and osmotic pressure of 39.377 kPa
0.39377
𝑂𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( ) (0.05) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟕 𝒂𝒕𝒎
5

0.39377
𝑂𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ( ) (0.0262) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎
5

0.0039377+0.002063
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑂𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, ∆𝜋𝑎𝑣 = ( 2
) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎

(𝛥𝑃 − ∆𝜋)𝑎𝑣 = 1.1813 − 0.003 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑃𝐶)(𝛥𝑃 − ∆𝜋)𝑎𝑣
𝑚3
𝑊𝑃𝐶 = 0.7446 𝑚2 .𝑑.𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 0.7446 (1.1783 𝑎𝑡𝑚) = 0.8774
𝑚2 .𝑑.𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 222
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 𝑚3
= 253.02 𝑚2
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 0.8774 2
𝑚 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Using 35 m2 effective RO membrane area,

253.02 𝑚2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 7 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠
35 𝑚2

Design of Water Storage Tanks

Storage time = 1 hour
Non-potable Water Storage Tank:
Required Capacity = 4.49 m3 / hr
Depth of the tank = 2 m
𝑉 4.49 𝑚3
𝐴=𝑑= = 2.245 𝑚2
2𝑚
Dimension of square tank
𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿 = 𝑊 𝑥 2𝑊 = 2𝑊 2 = 2.245 𝑚2
W = 1.0595 m
L = 2W = 2.119 m
TankNonpotable = 1 pc, 2.119 x 1.0595 x 2 (m)

Industrial Water Storage Tank:

Required Capacity = 6.94 m3 / hr
Diameter of the tank = 2 m

4𝑉 4(6.94)
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = √ =√ = 2.1019 𝑚
𝜋𝑑 𝜋(2)

TankDemineralized = 1 pc, 2 x 2.1019 (m)

Potable Water Storage Tank:

Required Capacity = 1.95 m3 / hr
Diameter of the tank = 2 m

4𝑉 4(1.95)
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = √𝜋𝑑 = √ 𝜋(2)
= 1.11 𝑚

TankPotable = 1 pc, 2 x 1.11 (m)

PIPE SIZING

LEGEND
Pump Discharge (m3 / hr)
A 10.1784
B 10.1784
C 9.2531
D 9.2516
E 4.49
F 1.95
G 9.25

The recommended flow velocity of influent water in the pipe is 1.5 m/s for water treatment
plants,
Flow Velocity = 1.5 m/s
Qsuction = 10.1784 m3 / hr
Qmultimedia filter = 9.2531 m3 / hr
QGAC = 9.2516m3 / hr
Qpotable = 1.95 m3 / hr
Qnon-potable = 4.49 m3 / hr
QRO = 9.25 m3 / hr
Equal dimension of pipe will supply influent from mixing tank to DAF clarifier.

Suction Pipe
Q = 10.1784 m3 / hr = 0.002827 m3 / s
Cross-sectional Area
𝑚3
𝑄 0.002827
𝐴= = 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.001885 𝑚2
𝑣 1.5
𝑠

Pipe Diameter
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 0.001885 𝑚2 = 𝐷 2; D1 = 0.04899 m or 2 in
4 4

Backwashing Pipe
1 1 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 3 𝑄 = 3 (0.002827 ) = 0.0009423
𝑠 𝑠

Recommended velocity of water backwashing = 3 m / s

Cross-sectional Area
𝑚3
𝑄 0.0009423
𝐴= = 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.0003141 𝑚2
𝑣 3
𝑠

Pipe Diameter
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 0.0003141 𝑚2 = 𝐷 2; DB = 0.02 m or 1 in
4 4

DAF Clarifier to Multimedia Filter

Q = 9.2531 m3 / hr = 0.00257 m3 / s
Cross-sectional Area
𝑚3
𝑄 0.00257
𝐴= = 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.001713 𝑚2
𝑣 1.5
𝑠

Pipe Diameter
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 0.001713 𝑚2 = 𝐷 2; D2 = 0.0467 m or 2 in
4 4
Multimedia Filter to GAC Tank
Q = 9.2516 m3 / hr = 0.00257 m3 / s
Cross-sectional Area
𝑚3
𝑄 0.00257
𝐴= = 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.001713 𝑚2
𝑣 1.5
𝑠

Pipe Diameter
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 0.001713 𝑚2 = 𝐷 2; D3 = 0.0467 m or 2 in
4 4

GAC Tank to Non-potable Water Tank

Q = 4.49 m3 / hr = 0.001247 m3 / s
Cross-sectional Area
𝑚3
𝑄 0.001247
𝐴= = 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.0008313 𝑚2
𝑣 1.5
𝑠

Pipe Diameter
𝜋 𝜋 1
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 0.0008313 𝑚2 = 𝐷 2; D4 = 0.03253 m or 1 2 in
4 4

GAC Tank to UV Sterilizer

Q = 1.95 m3 / hr = 0.0005417 m3 / s
Cross-sectional Area
𝑚3
𝑄 0.0005417
𝐴= = 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.0003611 𝑚2
𝑣 1.5
𝑠

Pipe Diameter
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 0.0003611 𝑚2 = 𝐷 2; D5 = 0.02144 m or 1 in
4 4

GAC Tank to RO System

Q = 9.25 m3 / hr = 0.002569 m3 / s
Cross-sectional Area
 𝑚3
𝑄 0.002569
𝐴= = 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.001713 𝑚2
𝑣 1.5
𝑠

Pipe Diameter
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷 2; 0.001713 𝑚2 = 𝐷 2; D6 = 0.0467 m or 2 in
4 4

Galvanized steel or iron, copper, polybutylene, unplasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC),

chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC), and polyethylene (PE) are among the pipe materials that
can be used for potable water supply, according to the World Health Organization. The
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet for Sewers and
Force Main was used as the pipe standard. This standard focuses on the use of pipes, valves,
pressure surge control devices, and force main cleaning systems. Based on the standard, plastic
pipes are chosen to be suitable for the wastewater treatment facility of this plant. The following
table was created using the ASTM A53 and ANSI B31.1 pipe pressure rating codes and standards.
The standard pressure rating for pipes, as well as the numerous pipe standards based on pipe sizes,
are included.

The table below was created using the ASTM A53 and ANSI B31.1 pipe pressure rating
codes and standards. The standard pressure rating for pipes, as well as the numerous pipe standards
based on pipe sizes, are included.
 The table below is based on the codes and standards of ASTM D1785 and ASTM F441.
Schedule 40 Standard dimensions and weight of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride and CPVC Chlorinated
Polyvinyl Chloride are the focus of this document.
Summary of Pipe Sizing
Suction Back DAF Multimedia GAC GAC GAC
Pump to Washing Clarifier to Filter to Tank to Tank to Tank to
Mixing Pipe Multimedia GAC Tank UV Non- Potable
Tanks Filter Sterilizer Potable Water
Water Tank
Tank
ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM
Standard

D1785 D1785 D1785 D1785 D1785 D1785 D1785

NPS 2 in NPS 1 in NPS 2 in NPS 2 in NPS 1 in NPS 1.5 NPS 2 in

Size

in
Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
Schedule

40 40 40 40 40 40 40

0.002827 0.0009423 0.00257 0.00257 0.0005417 0.001247 0.002569

Capacity

m3 / s m3 / s m3 / s m3 / s m3 / s m3 / s m3 / s

2.067 in 1.049 in 2.067 in 2.067 in 1.049 in 1.610 in 2.067 in

Diameter

52.5 mm 26.6 mm 52.5 mm 52.5 mm 26.6 mm 40.9 mm 52.5 mm

Inside

2.375 in 1.315 in 2.375 in 2.375 in 1.315 in 1.900 in 2.375 in

Diameter
Outside

60.3 mm 33.4 mm 60.3 mm 60.3 mm 33.4 mm 48.3 mm 60.3 mm

0.154 in 0.133 in 0.154 in 0.154 in 0.133 in 0.145 in 0.154 in

Thicknes

3.91 mm 3.38 mm 3.91 mm 3.91 mm 3.38 mm 3.68 mm 3.91 mm

Wall

0.68 lb/ft 0.32 lb/ft 0.68 lb/ft 0.68 lb/ft 0.32 lb/ft 0.51 lb/ft 0.68 lb/ft
Weight

1.01 kg/m 0.476 1.01 kg/m 1.01 kg/m 0.476 0.759 1.01
Pipe

kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

a. Pump Suction Strainer1 – This protects the pump from pulling debris along
with the pumped liquid from a reservoir. An endline strainer is to be used
to prevent large debris from entering the suction line, while allowing fine
particulates to pass. Thus, another basket strainer is placed inline in the
suction line to filter finer particulates.
b. Pumps2 – A mechanical device used to transport fluids though pipes.
c. Coagulation tank3 – Light particulates mostly remain in the liquid.
Chemicals are added which bind to the lighter particulates, which then is
allowed to move to a flocculation tank.
d. Flocculation tanks4 – Promote the agglomeration of finer particulates
though gently mixing the fluid.
e. Sedimentation tanks5 – The particulates suspended within the liquid are
allowed to settle. This process removes most particulates however it does
not remove all the particulates. Further filtration is required.
f. Filtration tanks6 - Removes the rest of suspended particulates by allowing
the liquid to percolate through several layers of granular materials.
g. Activated carbon tank (GAC)7 – This removes remaining particulates, the
water is brought into contact with activated carbon, a porous type of carbon
which adsorbs any particulates and chemicals that it encounters.
h. Ultraviolet Sterilization8 – Ultraviolet light is used to kill any microbes
present in the liquid this renders the water safe to drink.
i. Reverse Osmosis9 – Water is forced though a semipermeable membrane
that only allows water to pass, trapping any minerals.
j. Storage tanks10 – Are divided into two types, potable and non-potable,
general use water is stored in non-potable tanks, while water to be used in
manufacture is stored in potable storage tanks.

1. PUMP FILTERS / STRAINERS (Y, T, Suction, Hose End) | Dultmeier Sales. (n.d.). Dultmeier. Retrieved January 4, 2022, from
https://www.dultmeier.com/technical-library/pump-filters-strainers.php
2. Fukuwara Industrial Machinery. (n.d.). Water Pumps. Fukuwara Industrial Machinery Systems. Retrieved January 13, 2022,
from https://www.furukawa-sanki.co.jp/en/products/pump/water/
3. Bradley, E. (n.d.). Wastewater Coagulation. DOBER. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.dober.com/water-
treatment/resources/wastewater-coagulation
4. Flocculants in Wastewater Treatment | Enva. (n.d.). ENVA. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://enva.com/case-
studies/flocculants-in-wastewater-treatment
5. Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation. (n.d.). High Rate Clarifier. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from
https://www.toshiba.co.jp/infrastructure/en/social/water-environmental/solution-product/wastewater-treatment/high-efficiency-
clarifier.htm
6. Sand filtration. (n.d.). Logisticon Water Treatment. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from
https://www.logisticon.com/en/technologies/sand-filtration/
7. Water Treatment Using Carbon Filters: GAC Filter Information: Environmental Health: Minnesota Dept. of Health. (n.d.).
Minnesota Dept. of Health. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from
https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/hazardous/topics/gac.html#GAC
8. Advanced Biotechnologies Inc. (n.d.). IS UV STERILIZATION EFFECTIVE FOR VIRUSES AND BACTERIA? – Advanced
Biotechnologies | Your Viral Reagent Company. Retrieved January 17, 2022, from https://abionline.com/is-uv-sterilization-
effective-for-viruses-and-bacteria/
9.Puretec Industrial Water | What is Reverse Osmosis? (n.d.). Puretec. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from
https://puretecwater.com/reverse-osmosis/what-is-reverse-
osmosis#:%7E:text=Reverse%20Osmosis%20is%20a%20technology,through%20a%20semi%2Dpermeable%20membrane.

10. GC Tanks. (2017, December 4). Water Storage Tanks. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.gctanks.com/water-
storage-tanks/
WATER TREATMENT FACILITY EQUIPMENT SELECTION

Equipment Capacity Quantity Dimension

Suction Pump Intake 35 m3 / hr 1 (D x H)
Strainer 335 x 310 (mm)
Coagulation Tank 20 m3 / hr 1 (D x H)
560 x 1000 mm
Flocculation Tank 20 m3 / hr 1 (D x H)
560 x 1000 mm
Sedimentation Tank 50 m3 / hr 1 (L x W x H)
(DAF Clarifier) 9.8 x 2.2 x 2.8 ft
Multimedia Filtration 10 m3 / hr 1 (D x H)
Tank 42 x 72 ft
Adsorption Tank 20 m3 / hr 1 (D x H)
(GAC Tank) 1220 x 3350 mm
UV Disinfection 137 m3 / hr 1 (D x H)
1618 x 219 mm
Reverse Osmosis 10 m3 / hr 1 (L x W x H)
200 x 70 x 190 cm
Non-potable Water 6 m3 / hr 1 (L x W x H)
Storage Tank 1000 x 3000 x 2000
mm
Demineralized Water 20 m3 / hr 1 (D x H)
Storage Tank 2000 x 1100 mm
Potable Water 30 m3 / hr 1 (D x H)
Storage Tank 2000 x 25000 mm
Centrifugal Pump 30 m3 / hr 1 (L x W x H)
(Suction Pump) 509 x 284 x 340 mm
Centrifugal Pump 30 m3 / hr 1 (L x W x H)
(Multimedia Filter) 509 x 284 x 340 mm
Centrifugal Pump 30 m3 / hr 1 (L x W x H)
(GAC Tank) 509 x 284 x 340 mm
Centrifugal Pump 30 m3 / hr 1 (L x W x H)
(Potable Water 509 x 284 x 340 mm
Storage Tank)
Centrifugal Pump 30 m3 / hr 1 (L x W x H)
(Non-potable Water 509 x 284 x 340 mm
Storage Tank)
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR CARBONATED SODA MANUFACTURING
1. Dosing Station
Dissolved sugar and flavor concentrates are fed into the dosing station in a specified
order to be combined with the de-aerated water later. Agitator tanks and sugar dosing
screws are used in these systems to measure and release the proper amount of dissolved
sugar and flavor concentrates.

Specifications:
• Voltage – 240 V
• Material – Mild Steel
• Capacity – Up to 10,000 LPH
• Pressure – Up to 400 kg/cm2

2. Mixing Tank
Material supply and product storage are both important functions of mixer storage
containers. Material durability, hygiene, safety, and quality are all dependent on the
temperature and equalization of the substances contained within these vessels. These
systems are frequently assisted by agitators. The de-aerated water is combined with the
dissolved sugar and flavor concentrates in the mixing tanks.
 Specifications:
• Voltage – 110 to 600 V
• Power – 0.55 kW
• Spindle Speed – 1 to 3450 rpm
• Barrel Volume – 20,000 L
• Capacity – 50 to 50,000 L

3. Batching Tank
The passage of liquid from mixing tanks to carbonators is regulated by batching
tanks. This is where you'll find the non-carbonized liquid soft drink, which is transferred
to the carbonator in batches.

Specifications:
• Max Working Pressure – 0.1 Mpa
• Capacity – 1,000 L per batch
4. Carbonator
The carbonator uses a carbonation process to introduce carbon dioxide into the
liquid mixture provided by the batching tank. Because carbon dioxide solubility rises as
the liquid temperature lowers, the temperature of the liquid must be carefully maintained.
The quantity of carbon dioxide pressure utilized is determined by the kin of soft drink.

Specifications:
• Capacity – 2,000 LPH
• Power – 1.5 kW
• Working Pressure – 0.5 – 0.8 MPa
• Dimensions (LWH) – 1,000 x 900 x 1,900 (mm)

5. Bottling and Packing Station

The completed product is then bottled and packed in an automated packaging line
at high flow rates at the end of the production process. Pressure-resistant closures with
twist offs for 1 L glass bottles are used to close the containers right away.
 Specifications:
• Voltage – 220, 380, 450 (V)
• Power – 5 kW
• Filling Volume – 200 to 2000 mL
• Filling Accuracy – 0.5 %

EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER TREATMENT FACILITY

1. Suction Pump Intake Strainer

The suction strainer is a valve that prevents debris from entering the suction line
at the intake. Suction strainers with integrated foot valve prevent the suction line from
flowing empty once the pumping operation is completed. This filter self-cleans every
time the pump is in use, making it a low-maintenance, high-efficiency solution for
pumping contaminated water.

Required Capacity: 10.1784 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Capacity: 35 m3 / hr
• Dimensions: 335 x 310 (mm)
• Operating Pressure: 0.3 – 0.5 bar backwash
• Model: RF300
2. Coagulation Tank

Large, heavy particles settle quickly, but smaller, lighter particles settle
slowly or never at all in some situations. As a result, the sedimentation stage is
frequently preceded by coagulation, a chemical process. To bring non-settling
particles together into larger, heavier masses of solids called floc, chemicals
(coagulants) are added to the water.

Required Capacity: 10.1784 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Capacity: 20,000 L
• Productivity: 5000 LPH
• Power: 18.5 kW
• Model: JYXT – 02
3. Flocculation Tank

To stimulate particle collisions and floc development, gentle agitation is required.

Flocculation is the gradual agitation, or slow mixing, that occurs in a tank with at least half
an hour of detention time.

Required Capacity: 10.1784 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Capacity: 20,000 L
• Productivity: 5000 LPH
• Material: Wooden Case
• Model: HLK – LC – 001

4. Sedimentation Tank (DAF Clarifier)

As water or wastewater runs slowly through a sedimentation tank, suspended

 particles settle out, providing some degree of filtration. Chemical procedures known as
coagulation and flocculation normally precedes the sedimentation step.

Required Capacity: 10.1784 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Capacity: 5 – 50 m3 / hr
• Productivity: 5000 LPH
• Material: OEM, Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel
• Model: S – GC 50

5. Filtration Tanks

Sedimentation, coagulation, and flocculation does not remove enough suspended

contaminants from water to make it crystal clean. A little amount of non-settling floc
remains in the water, creating apparent turbidity and protecting bacteria from disinfection.
Filtration is a physical process in which water is percolated downward through a layer or
bed of porous, granular material like sand to remove contaminants.

Required Capacity: 9.2531 m3 / hr = 40.7402 gpm

Equipment Specification
• Capacity: 10000 LPH
• Productivity: 10000 LPH
• Filtration Precision: 0.5 – 500 µm
• Model: YT - MBF
6. Adsorption Tank (GAC Tanks)

In contrast to absorption, which involves the approaching substance entering the

substrate's bulk or volume, adsorption involves the accumulation of a gas or liquid on the
surface of a liquid or solid substrate. Natural organic molecules and manmade organic
pollutants are adsorbed from contaminated water using Granular Activated Carbon (GAC).
Because of its large surface area to volume ratio, GAC is an excellent absorption medium.

Required Capacity: 9.2516 m3 / hr = 9.2516 ton / hr

Equipment Specification
• Flow Rate: 20 m3 / hr
• Working Pressure: 0.6 – 1 MPa
• Power Supply: 380 V, 220 V, 110 V
• Model: YLD – MF – 3200

7. UV Disinfection
 UV disinfection is a safe, effective, and ecologically acceptable method of
wastewater disinfection. The use of UV disinfection systems to address microbiological
contamination in water is a very successful method. UV radiation enables rapid, effective
inactivation of bacteria by a physical process, unlike chemical disinfection, which requires
large contact tanks and time.

Required Capacity: 1.95 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Productivity: 137 ton / hr
• Power: 320 W *4
• Maximum Operation Pressure: 8 bar
• Model: SB10 – HA4

8. Reverse Osmosis

When pressure forces unfiltered water, or feed water, over a semipermeable

membrane, reverse osmosis eliminates impurities. To provide clean drinking water,
water flows from the more concentrated side of the RO membrane (more
contaminants) to the less concentrated side (fewer contaminants). The permeate is
 the fresh water that is produced. Waste, often known as brine, is the concentrated
water that remains.

Required Capacity: 9.25 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification:
• Productivity: 10000 LPH
• Dimensions: 200 x 70 x 190 (cm)
• Material: Wooden plank, Stainless Steel 304
• Model: EW – RO 001
9. Water Storage Tanks
Clean water from the reverse osmosis system or other filter systems is stored in a
water storage tank until it's ready to use. Atmospheric tanks require a booster pump to
supply pressure, whereas pressurized storage tanks force water out on demand. There are
many different sizes, designs, and standards for water storage tanks that can be utilized for
residential, commercial, and large-scale industrial or municipal applications.

Non-potable Water Storage Tank

Required Capacity: 4.49 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Capacity: 6 m3
• Dimensions: 1000 x 3000 x 2000 (mm)
• Material: Fiber Glass
• Model: SMCT – 06

Potable Water Storage Tank

Required Capacity: 1.95 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Capacity: 30000 L
• Material: Stainless Steel
• Steel Grade: SS316
• Jacket Type: Jacketed and/or Non-Jacketed

Demineralized Water Storage Tank

 Required Capacity: 6.94 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Capacity: 600 – 20000 L
• Maximum Working Power = 0.5 MPa
• Material: Stainless Steel
• Model: JTRCG

10. Pumps
A pump is a mechanical device that transports fluids from one area to another by
pumping them. It's a hydraulic device that transports fluids from low to high pressure
locations and elevates fluids from low to high levels. The fluid is transferred by the pump,
which converts mechanical energy into pressure energy (hydraulic energy).

Required Capacity: 10.1784 m3 / hr and 4.49 m3 / hr

Equipment Specification
• Flow Rate: 23 m3 / hr
• Rotation Speed: 2600 RPM
• Power: 3HP
• Model: KT – 50
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT FOR WATER TREATMENT FACILITY
PIPING LAYOUT
Piping layout of the water treatment facility made the layout is based on examples and lecture of Engr. Rofuat “Pat” L. Lu,
PME, MSME
MATERIAL TAKE OFF FOR PIPING SYSTEM
Instrumentation Price Quantity Total
Sensors Level P30,280 6 pcs P181,680
indicator
Valves 1” Gate valve P2300 2 pc P4,600
Type

2” Control P3500 5 pcs P17,500

valve
1.5” Control P2500 1 pc P2,500
valve
Pipes 2” Pipe P280 4 pcs P1,120
1.5” Pipe P230 1 pc P230
1” Pipe P200 2 pcs P400
2” Elbow P80 12 pcs P960
1.5” Elbow P60 2 pcs P120
1” Elbow P40 1 pc P40
2” tee P90 2 pcs P180

Pipe size Pipe length

2” 18.79 m
1.5” 4.73 m
1” 6.2 m
*Pipes sold in 6m lengths
PLANT LAYOUT / SITE DETERMINATION
Plant Layout
The plant layout of the of the soft drink manufacturing plant is based on the examples
and lectures of Engr. Rofuat “Pat” L. Lu, PME, MSME.

Site Determination

a. Location
The plant is a 250,000 square meter facility located at Santa Rosa, Laguna. The
location was chosen for its proximity to the intended water source which is the
Laguna Lake.
 i. Minimum, Maximum, and Average Temperature
Minimum Temperature: 25 °C
Average Temperature: 27.6 °C
Maximum Temperature: 30 °C

ii. Maximum wet bulb Temperature 28 °C

iii. Maximum Wind Load

The maximum wind load at Santa Rosa, Laguna is at 1.39 m/s

iv. Amount of Rainfall

Average rainfall: 1950 mm in October

v. Earthquake Factor
Tectonic movements were recorded just eight kilometers below the ground, at around
two kilometers southeast of Sta. Rosa City.
 vi. Water Supply Source
The source of water to be used will be from the Laguna Lake. The lake has a total
surface area of 90,000 hectares at an average depth of 2.8 meters as well as a total
volume of 3.2 billion cubic meters. The lake is said to be suitable for industrial uses,
aquaculture, fisheries as well as other recreational activities. The water from Laguna
Lake has been recorded to have an average temperature of 27.2°C.
vii. Power Supply Source
The power supply for the soft drink manufacturing plant will be provided by
MERALCO. The distributor in the chosen location will be the powerhouse contracting
business corporation. MERALCO provides 3-phase 230v 1000kVa to businesses in
Santa Rosa.

viii. Waste Disposal and Pollution Control System

The city of Sta. Rosa provides infrastructure for Waste management in Santa Rosa as a
whole. Since Santa Rosa city has no wastewater treatment facility, the plant does all the
wastewater treatment, and it can be disposed directly to Laguna Lake.
ix. Available Local Skilled Labor Force
Workers at the soft drink manufacturing plant must already be trained with regards to
food handling. With a population of 414,812 people according to Census in 2020, local
competent labor force might not be a problem at all. Additionally, industrial plants can
also hire or attract fresh graduates from nearby universities or schools.

x. Availability of Transportation
The mode of transportation in Santa Rosa Laguna will be through buses, tricycles, and
jeepneys which is very convenient and affordable for most people.
xi. Raw Material Source
The raw material for the manufacturing plant such as sugar and water are sourced
locally, with the partners being able to choose only the type of sugars used.

xii. Community Facilities

There are malls, restaurants, resorts, parks, hotels as well as other recreational areas in
Santa Rosa Laguna. Since Santa Rosa is considered as a 1st class component city in
the province of laguna, Philippines.
I. Site Survey
a. Topography
According to the topographic map of Santa Rosa, Laguna the elevation of the
plant site and location is 35m or 115 ft.
II. Application for Construction

a. Zoning Approval
It is necessary to secure a zoning approval with regards to the issuance of a
formal building permit as well as other documents for the project. The zoning
approval will depend on the zoning laws of the area where the project will be
built/constructed. It assures that the project being constructed obeys the
Comprehensive Land Use Plant as well as the Zoning Ordinance provided by the
Planning and Zoning Department of the City Municipality.
Location Clearance Requirements:
• Photocopy of Land Title
• Photocopy of Deed of Conditional or Absolute Sale (Needed only if the
title is not yet transferred to the applicant)
• Photocopy of Tax Declaration
• Photocopy of Bills of Materials and Cost Estimates
• Duly Accomplished and Notarized Application Form for Building
Location Clearance
• Duly Notarized Contract of Lease or Authorization from the Lot Owner
(Applicable if the lot is rented)
• Barangay Construction Clearance
• Building Plan (Signed and sealed by a Civil Engineer contains the
perspective and floor plan)
Procedures on Obtaining a Location Clearance:
1. Go to the Office of the Municipal/City Planning and Development of
Santa Rosa, Laguna. Then get a checklist of requirements as well as the
application form in the office.
2. After completing the requirements, go to the office again and then submit
the duly filled-up and notarized application form including the documents.
This shall be checked as well as evaluated by the Zoning Officer.
3. An inspection for zoning will be scheduled to verify if the building project
conforms with the existing Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning
ordinance in the locality.
4. Submit the Zoning Inspection Report to the Zoning Inspector. Go to the
Treasurer’s Office and pay the corresponding fees after receiving the
Order of Payment.
5. Show the proof of payment to the person-in-charge in the Office. The
clearance will then be prepared and will be ready for approval. Claim the
Locational Clearance once it is approved.

b. Environmental Compliance Certification

An Environmental Compliance Certification (ECC) is issued by the
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources-Environmental Management
Bureau (DENR-EMB) after a positive review of the project’s application. This
certificate indicates that the proposed project or undertaking will not cause a
significantly negative impact on the Philippine environment. The ECC contains
specific measures and conditions that must be met by the project proponent before
and during the operation of the project. In some cases, conditions are listed to be
performed during the project’s abandonment phase to lessen identified potential
environmental impacts.
 An ECC also certifies that the proponent has complied with all the
requirements of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System and has
committed to implement its approved environmental management plan.

Requirements:
• Project Description, indicating raw materials to be used and process or
manufacturing technology to be implemented.
• Letter of request to DENR-EMB stating desire to receive ECC.
• Estimated project capacity, type and volume of products and discharges.
Proof of possession of necessary capital for proposed project:
o Location map of project area, and
o Manpower requirements.

Procedure:
• Conduct Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan.
• Submit application letter to DENR-EMB for review and subsequent site
inspection.
o Approval and ECC is issued if all requirements are satisfied, and no
apparent serious environmental damage shall result from the project
o In cases where DENR-EMB finds that an ECC is not applicable, a
Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) shall be issued confirming that the
proposed project is not part of the Environmental Impact Statement
and poses no environmental threat.

c. Government Permits and Requirements

It is required to have legal proceedings and abide rules and regulations when
constructing a manufacturing plant in the Philippines. It is necessary to register
properly to avoid legal problems that may occur once construction begins.

Registration Proceedings and Requirements:

• Register with the Department of Trade and Industry to access the rights for the
acquired Business Name.
• Reserve and Register the Business Name in the Security and Exchange
Commission or SEC.
o Covert Sheet
o Corporate By-Laws
o Bank Certificate
o Name Reservation or Verification Slip
o Articles of Incorporation
o Treasurer’s Affidavit
o Registration Data Sheet
• Barangay Clearance
o Present Valid IDs
o Proof of Address (Contact of Lease or Certificate of land Title)
o Certificate of Business Registration from the Security and Exchange
• Business Permit (Mayor’s Office)
o Present Valid IDs
o Barangay Clearance
o Proof of Address (Contact of Lease or Certificate of land Title)
o Certificate of Business Registration from the Security and Exchange
 • Registration from Bureau of Internal Revenue
o Present Valid IDs
o Barangay Clearance
o Business Permit issued by Mayor’s Office
o Proof of Address (Contact of Lease or Certificate of land Title)
o Certificate of Business Registration from the Security and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
• Register with the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) pursuant to
the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHA).
o Valid License/Business Permit or Mayor’s Permit
o Duly Accomplished form of Registration Under Rule 1020
o Department of Trade and Industry Registration Certificate
• Permit to Operate (PTO) for a Manufacturing Plant
o Product Listing Form
o Location Map
o Photocopy of Business Permit or Mayor’s Permit
o Photocopy of the Certificate of Registration provided by the Security
and Exchange Commission (SEC)
o Duly Accomplished Application Form
o Duplicate copy of the official receipt of payment of application fee

Power and Water Requirements:

Application for a new Business Electric Service by Meralco
Business Electric Service Requirements:
• Valid Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) Certificate
• Request Letter for Service or Accomplished Application Form
Utilization of the Laguna Lake to be supplied as water source to be used during
operations must be acknowledged by the Laguna Lake Development Authority
(LLDA).

Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) Clearance Requirements:

• Duly accomplished and notarized Application Form
• Photocopy of Environmental Compliance Certificate or Certificate of
Non-Coverage, whichever is applicable.
• Photocopy of SEC-approved Articles of Incorporation (for corporation)
or Articles of Cooperative duly approved by CDA (for cooperative) or
valid Certificate of Business Registration from the Department of Trade
and Industry (for single proprietorship).
• Locational Clearance, if available; otherwise, the same shall be included
as LC condition.
• Photocopy of Environmental Impact Assessment, Initial Environmental
Examination, or Project Description/Engineer’s Report, whichever is
applicable.
• Photocopy of plans (site development plan, vicinity plan, and
drainage/sewer plan) signed by a duly licensed professional.

d. Local Design Criteria

a. Working Environment
The plant is surrounded by many various establishments that can benefit
 not only the plant but also the workers. Residence, school, restaurant, other
manufacturing plant.

b. Logistic
The site location for the proposed manufacturing plant has a
convenient access towards major roads as well as express ways making it
easier for transportation.

BUDGET ESTIMATE FOR A SOFT DRINK MANUFACTURING PLANT

PROPOSED BUDGET ESTIMATE
Project Water Treatment Facility for a 1L Carbonated
Manufacturing Plant
Site and Location Tagaytay rd., Santa Rosa, Laguna
(250,000 sq.m)
Proposed budget Php 5,000,000,000

A. Design Works PHP 22,873,320

B. Civil Works PHP4,196,232,500

1. Land Development PHP 233,092,935
2. Construction and Structural PHP 4,196,232,500
a. Building PHP 2,677,250,000
b. Drainage PHP 628,750,000
c. Painting PHP 58,982,500
PHP 831,250,000
d. Tile Flooring
C. Tanks and Equipment PHP 367,393,690

1. Process Equipment PHP 168,351376

a. Water Storage Tanks [3] PHP 53,088,206
b. Flocculation Tank [1] PHP 26,544,103
c. Coagulation Tank [1] PHP 5,172,863
d. GAC Tank [1] PHP 19,422,514
e. DAF Clarifier Tank [1] PHP 19,422,514
f. Multimedia Filtration Tank [1] PHP 4,531,920
g. Centrifugal Pumps [5] PHP 17,142,888
h. Reverse Osmosis System [1] PHP 10,541,849
i. Disinfection UV Sterilizers [1] PHP 6,400,409
j. Suction Pump Intake Strainer [1] PHP 1,882,473
k. Dosing station [1] PHP 262,103
l. Mixing tank with batching system [1] PHP 870,534
m. Liquid carbon dioxide injection machine [1] PHP 3,069,000

2. Utilities Equipment PHP 421,908,970

a. Electrical System PHP 32,478,760
b. HVAC System PHP 29,385,545
c. Fire Protection System PHP 10,826,253
 d. Wastewater Treatment System PHP 21,652,507
e. Steam System PHP 20,105,899
f. Refrigeration System PHP 23,199,114
g. Compressed Air System PHP 17,012,684
h. CIP System PHP 2,778,300
PHP 7,717,500
3. Packaging Equipment
a. Packaging Line System [5]
PHP 7,717,500
D. Mechanical Piping and Installation Works PHP 9,500,000
1. Process Piping PHP 5,700,000
2. Equipment and Machinery Installation Works PHP 2,500,000
3. Utilities Piping
PHP 1,300,000
E. Electrical Material and Installation Works PHP 7,200,000
1. Power Supply PHP 4,500,000
2. Installation and Labor PHP 1,200,000
3. Electrical Lighting System PHP 1,500,000
F. Pre-Operating Expenses PHP 4,000,000
1. General Requirements and Permits PHP 1,500,000
2. Project Management and MiscellaneousExpenses PHP 2,500,000
Subtotal PHP 4,705,287,228
G. Contingency (5%) PHP 235,264,361
i. Grand Total PHP 4,940,551,589
OPERATING COST
Operating cost summary:

Operating Cost per Bottle

Electricity Cost Water Cost Raw Packaging Cost Labor Cost Total
Material Operating
Cost Cost
Php 0.18 Php 0.11 Php 2.56 Php 1.76 Php 11.65 Php 16.26

Labor operations summary:

Number of workers Cost per person Cost per day Cost per bottle

150 300 Pesos per hour Php 6600 Php 11.65

Electricity Cost

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)( 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

= 1300 𝐾𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑥 12 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 15,600 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 15,600 𝑃ℎ𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 = =
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 85,000 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 0.18 𝑃ℎ𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒

Water Cost

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)(𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠)

= 322 𝑚3 𝑥 28.52 𝑃𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 9183.44 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 (9183.44 𝑃ℎ𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦)

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 = =
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 85,000 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 0.11 𝑃ℎ𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒
Raw material cost

𝑔 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐿 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

211 (𝐻𝐹𝐶𝑆) ∗ ∗ 85,000 = 17.935
𝐿 1000000 𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑃𝐻𝑃
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑈𝑆𝐷 𝑃𝐻𝑃 182,937
𝑑𝑎𝑦
17.935 ∗ 200 ∗ 51 = = 2.16 𝑃ℎ𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑈𝑆𝐷 85,000 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑔 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐿 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

17 (𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑) ∗ ∗ 85,000 = 1.445
𝐿 1000000 𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝐷𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑈𝑆𝐷 𝑃𝐻𝑃 25617.79 𝑃𝐻𝑃
1.445 ∗ 750 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 ∗ ∗ 1022 ∗ 51 =
𝑑𝑎𝑦 2205 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝐷𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑈𝑆𝐷 85,000 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 0.31 𝑃ℎ𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒

Assuming food coloring has the same density as water

𝑚𝑔 𝐿(𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒) 3.78 L(container) USD
50 (𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔) ∗ 85,000 ∗ 𝑚𝑔 ∗9
𝐿(𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒) 𝑑𝑎𝑦 106 𝐿 container
𝑃ℎ𝑝
PHP 7373.84
𝐷𝑎𝑦
∗ 51 = = 0.09 𝑃ℎ𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒
USD 85,000 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠

Packaging Cost
𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 1.76 𝑃𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒) = 85000 𝑥 1.76
= 𝑃ℎ𝑝 149,600 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦

Labor Cost
(# 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠)(𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑎𝑦)(𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 =
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑃𝐻𝑃
(150 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠) (22 ) (300
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟)
𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 =
85,000 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 11.65 𝑃𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

= 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
+ 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
= 11.65 + 0.11 + 0.18 + 1.76 + 2.56

Total Operating Cost = Php 16.26 per bottle

MANUFACTURING COST

CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURAL DEPRECIATION

Civil Work Cost Proposed Life (Years) Depreciation Cost Per Year

PHP 3,963,139,565 30 PHP 132,104,652

TANKS AND EQUIPMENT DEPRECIATION

Tanks and Equipment Cost Proposed Life (Years) Depreciation Cost Per Year
 PHP 367,393,690 15 PHP 24,492,913
MECHANICAL & ELECTRIC DEPRECIATION

Mechanical and Electrical Cost Proposed Life (Years) Depreciation Cost Per Year

PHP 16,700,000 15 PHP 1,113,333

TOTAL DEPRECIATION PER YEAR

Total Depreciation Cost Annual Capacity Depreciation Per Bottle of Soft

Drink
PHP 157,710,898 20,000,000 PHP 7.89

Manufacturing Cost = Operating Cost + Depreciation Cost

Manufacturing Cost = 16.26 + 7.89
Manufacturing Cost = PHP 24.15 per bottle of carbonated drink

VIABILITY / ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The cost of manufacturing 1 unit (1 liter) of a carbonated drink is Php 24.15 per bottle
based on the operating costs and depreciation costs calculated in this paper. The manufacturing
cost calculation did not include the marketing, delivery, and profits. Therefore, the manufacturing
cost would increase if these were considered with the manufacturing cost and would possibly
increase the cost of manufacturing 1 unit. If the said previous costs were considered and would
increase the total manufacturing cost at around 10 percent the original price, it would result in each
bottle costing Php 26.57 to manufacture. If each bottle would give a profit of Php 30 giving the
sold retail price of each bottle to be 56.17 pesos or around 57 pesos. This is a viable profit margin
compared to other competing carbonated drink brand producers selling the same 1-liter drink at a
price range of around Php 60. Noting that, the estimated cost for marketing and delivery would
add around 2.42 pesos per bottle, requiring 48.3 million pesos annually in marketing and delivery
costs at 20 million capacity of carbonated drink production annually
PROJECT SCHEDULE
The Project Duration for this carbonated drink manufacturing plant will be one year and five months. The timeline has four
stages: preparation, pre-construction, construction, and post-construction.
ENGINEERING STANDARDS USED
• ABMA Boiler Recommended Feedwater Chemistry Limits for Steam Boilers
This standard described the recommended chemistry makeup of feedwater for
steam boilers. The primary chemical compositions in consideration in this standard are the
amount present of total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity, and total suspended solids
(TSS) in water.

• ANSI/AWWA C653-13
This standard describes chlorination materials, procedures, and requirements for
disinfection of new treatment facilities and existing water treatment facilities temporarily
taken out of service for cleaning, inspection, maintenance, painting, repair, or any other
activity or event that might lead to contamination of water. This standard applies to
treatment components, including filter basins, filter media, clear wells, pump suction wells,
and associated piping and appurtenances located downstream from the filter influent or
from the first point of application of disinfectant in the treatment process. The disinfection
method employed is surface contact with a high-strength chlorine solution for a specific
time period.
This standard defines the minimum requirements for the disinfection of water
treatment plants, including facility preparation, application of chlorine to the interior
surfaces of water treatment units, and sampling and testing for the presence of total
coliform bacteria. The absence of total coliform bacteria in addition to the use of proper
disinfection practices is confirmation that the disinfection process has been accomplished
in compliance with the standard.

• ASTM A53 Grade B, ANSI B31.1 – Pressure Ratings of Industrial Pipe

ASTM A53 pipe, a standard specification for black and hot-dipped, zinc-coated,
welded and seamless steel pipe, is used for mechanical and pressure applications as well
as ordinary uses in steam, water, gas and air lines. ASTM A53 can be formed and welded.
Pipe sizes are properly designated using the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). This is the nominal
pipe diameter with a scheduled wall thickness (i.e., 4-inch Schedule 40 pipe).
The steel for both seamless and welded pipe shall be made by one or more of the
following processes: open-hearth, electric furnace, or basic oxygen. The weld seam of
electric resistance welded pipe in Grade B shall be heat treated after welding.

• ASTM D1785 and ASTM F441 – PVC and CPVC Pipes Schedule 40.
The ASTM D1785 specification covers poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe,
schedules 40, 80, and 120 for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only. This
specification also includes classification criteria, nomenclature system, test methods,
requirements, workmanship, dimensions, sustained pressure, burst pressure, flattening,
extrusion quality, finish, appearance, and marking methods for PVC plastic pipe.
The ASTM F441 specification covers chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) (CPVC)
pipes made in Schedule 40 and 80 sizes and pressure-rated for water. These pipes are
intended for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only, which are chemically
compatible with the piping materials.
• DENR Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards
The standard provides guidelines for the classification of water bodies in the
country. It also provides methods of water sampling, examination and evaluation of said
water bodies and effluents.

• DOH Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water

These standards are prescribed aiming to protect the public and consumer health.
Said standards are consistent with the improved framework for drinking water safety
promoted by WHO which is comprised of three key components: health-based targets
established by the authority; safely managed water systems (application of water safety
plan); and a system of independent surveillance.
To ensure the safety of drinking water, there are seven guidelines that must be
followed. These include measuring the quality; water sampling and examination; other
modes of distribution of drinking-water; evaluation of results; classification of quality
parameters; quality assurance/quality control for water laboratories; and water safety plan
(WSP) and quality surveillance.

• EPA Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Sewers, Force Main

The EPA Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet was used to determine the proper
piping material to use for the wastewater treatment facility. The types of thermoplastic pipe
materials used for force main service are PVC, acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene (ABS), and
polyethylene (PE). The corrosion resistance, light weight, and low hydraulic friction
characteristics of these materials offer certain advantages for different force main
applications, including resistance to microbial attack.

• NSF/ANSI Standard 53
NSF/ANSI 53 establishes minimum requirements for materials, design and
construction, and performance of drinking water treatment systems designed to reduce
specific health-related contaminants in public or private water supplies. These systems,
point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE), reduce substances considered established or
potential health hazards, whether chemical or particulate in nature. This includes radon,
asbestos, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and inorganic volatile chemicals, among numerous
other contaminants listed in tables in the standard.
NSF/ANSI 53 applies to systems used to treat all or part of the potable water inlet
to a residential facility or a bottled water production facility, and the standard includes the
materials and component of these systems.

• NSF/ANSI Standard 61
NSF/ANSI 61 is a performance-based standard that evaluates the number of
contaminants that leach from the products into drinking water, rather than setting
prescriptive limits on content.
NSF/ANSI 61 requires analysis for any chemicals that leach from a material into
drinking water and a toxicological evaluation of concentrations leached to ensure that they
are below levels that may cause potential adverse human health effects. The toxicological
evaluation criteria are based on lifetime exposure to the concentration of contaminants in
drinking water.
 NSF/ANSI 61 requires a complete formulation disclosure from product
manufacturers and their component, material and ingredient suppliers. The standard
requires a formulation review of all ingredients in each water contact material and
development of a test battery to detect any chemical that may leach from water contact
materials. The standard specifies formulated exposure waters of pH 5, 6.5, 8 and 10.
Products are tested with the formulated test waters for various periods of time from 1 hour
for water treatment process media to 19 days for faucets. Exposure water samples are then
analyzed for all potential chemical contaminants that were identified in the formulation
review. The chemical analyses include broad-based scans for metallic and organic
chemicals which have the ability to identify trace quantities of contaminants or reaction
by-products that may not be in the formulations of the materials.

• NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems

NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, provides the
minimum requirements for the design and installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems
and exposure protection sprinkler systems. The purpose of NFPA 13 is to provide a
reasonable degree of protection for life and property from fire through standardization of
design, installation, and testing requirements for sprinkler systems (including private fire
service mains) based on sound engineering principles, test data, and field experience.

• NFPA 72 – National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code

NFPA 72 provides requirements for the installation, performance, testing,
inspection, and maintenance of the fire alarm system.
The code addresses several means of transmitting alarm and other signals from a
fire alarm system at a protected premise to a supervising station. The most widely used
means is a digital alarm communicator system. These systems use a digital alarm
communicator transmitter (DACT) connected through two transmission channels. The
Code requires the primary channel to be a telephone line. The secondary channel can be a
second telephone line, or one of 6 other transmission means.

• NFPA 101 – Life Safety Code

NFPA 101 addresses minimum building design, construction, operation, and
maintenance requirements necessary to protect building occupants from danger caused by
fire, smoke, and toxic fumes.
The code made a distinction between new construction and existing buildings.
Contrary to the common misconception, the code does not have any “grandfathering”
provisions for existing buildings. The code does not permit an existing building to fall
below the requirements for an existing occupancy. Prompt improvements are required to
bring it up to the requirements for an existing building for occupancy. For any addition,
alternations, renovations, or changes in occupancy of the building, more restrictive new
construction requirements will apply. The authority having jurisdiction (AHJ, i.e., fire
marshal or your insurance company) may permit limited but reasonable time for code
compliance based on the evaluation and a reasonable time for code compliance based in
the degree of hazard, magnitude of expenditure, and disruption of service.
 ETHICAL, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
ETHICAL AND SOCIAL
• Republic Act No. 10611 – Food Safety Act of 2013
The Food Safety Act of 2013 aims to strengthen the food safety regulatory
system in the country. Food safety regulatory system is the combination of regulations,
food safety standards, inspection, testing, data collection, monitoring, and other
activities carried out by food safety regulatory agencies (FSRAs) and by the local
government units (LGUs) in the implementation of their responsibilities for the control
of food safety risks in the food supply chain. Specifically, it aims to: protect the public
from food-borne and water-borne illnesses and unsanitary, unwholesome, misbranded
or adulterated foods; enhance industry and consumer confidence in the food regulatory
system; and achieve economic growth and development by promoting fair trade
practices and sound regulatory foundation for domestic and international trade.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
• Republic Act No. 6969 – The Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste
Control Act of 1990
The Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
(Republic Act No. 6969) aims to control, supervise, and regulate activities on toxic
chemicals and hazardous waste. Under this act importation, manufacturing, processing,
handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of all unregulated
chemical substances and mixtures, as well as the entry even in transit, or storage and
disposal of hazardous and nuclear waste are regulated. The Department of Environment
and Natural Resources shall be the implementing agency, which will be assisted by the
Inter-Agency Advisory Council.

• Republic Act No. 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) provides a
comprehensive air pollution control policy that outlines the government’s measures to
reduce air pollution by including environmental protection activities into its
development plans. A Certificate of Conformity issued by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources to vehicle manufacturer / assembler or importer
shall certify that this new vehicle or vehicle type meets the mandatory requirements in
terms of pollution prevention as per this Act. The provisions of this Act extend to the
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS), that significantly deplete or otherwise modify the
ozone layer, and to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), organic compounds persisting
in the environment, bioaccumulating, and resisting photolytic, chemical and biological
degradation (including but not limited to dioxin, furan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, hexachlorobenzene,
lindane, toxaphene and chlordane) and other toxic or poisonous substances potentially
damaging human and animal health and the ecosystem.

• Republic Act No. 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 mandates the state to
adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program
 which shall ensure the protection of public health and environment and the proper
segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste
through the formulation and adoption of best environmental practices. This act provides
the necessary policy framework, institutional mechanisms and mandate to the local
government entities (LGUs) to achieve 25% waste reduction through establishing an
integrated solid waste management plan based on 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycling).

• Republic Act No. 9275 – Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9275) aims to
protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industrial,
commercial, agriculture, and household establishments or activities). The act provides
the designation of water quality management areas by the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources, in coordination with the National Water Resources Board; the
designation of water bodies where specific pollutants from either natural or manmade
sources have already exceeded water quality guidelines as non-attainment areas for the
exceeded pollutants; a national program on sewerage and septic management; domestic
sewage collection, treatment and disposal; water pollution permits and charges;
offences and penalties.

• Presidential Decree No. 979 – Marine Pollution Decree of 1976

The Marine Pollution Decree of 1976 (Presidential Decree No. 979) aims to
prevent and control the pollution of seas by the dumping of wastes and other matter
which creates hazards to harm to human health, living resources, marine life, damage
amenities, or interfere with the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines. The declaration
tells of preventing the discharge of any discharge of effluents from manufacturing
establishments with intended disposal of effluents from any outfall structure, industrial,
and manufacturing establishments regulated under RA 3931 and regulations put upon
by the Philippine Coast Guard. The coast guard shall place their own rules and
regulations according to the national rules and policies set by the National Pollution
Control Commission.
 HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS
The Republic Act No. 11058, also known as the OSH Law, provides that each Filipino
worker is protected against injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working conditions
and that employers must promote strict but dynamic, inclusive, and gender-sensitive measures in
the formulation and implementation of policies and programs related to occupational safety and
health.

It applies to all establishments, projects, sites, including Philippine Economic Zone

Authority (PEZA) establishments, and all other workplaces. The exposure to safety and health
hazards is the basis for having High Risk Establishments, Medium Risk Establishments, and Low
Risk Establishments.

Employers, contractors, subcontractors, or supervisors that oversees the workplace must:

• Establish a place of employment that is free from hazardous conditions that may be the
cause of bodily harm or death of workers; provide job safety instructions or orientations
to all the workers
• Inform the workers of the risks and hazards associated with the job on hand and provide
preventative measures to eliminate or minimize the risks, and steps to be taken in cases
of emergency
• Use only approved devices and equipment for the workplace
• Comply with OSH standards including training medical examination and where
necessary, provision of protective and safety devices such as personal protective
devices (PPE) and machine guards
• Allow workers and their safety and health representatives in the organization,
implementation, and evaluation of the safety and health program
• Provide measures to deal with emergencies and accidents including first aid
arrangements

Workers must have the right to be informed about all types of hazards in the workplace,
provided access to training and education on chemical safety, electrical safety, mechanical safety,
and ergonomical safety.

Workers have the right to refuse work without threat or reprisal from the employers if the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and other government entities have determined a
hazard in the workplace exists that may result in illness, injury, or death, and corrective actions
have not been undertaken by the employer.

Safety signages and devices to warn the workers and the public of hazards must be provided
where work is being undertaken. Safety signage and devices must be posted in prominent positions
and strategic locations, in accordance to the standards set by the DOLE.

An Occupation Safety and Health (OSH) Committee shall be organized in the workplace
which are composed of:
• Employer or representative as the chairperson ex officio
• Safety officer of the company as the secretary
 • Safety officer representing the contractor or subcontractor as members
• First-aiders, physicians, nurses, as members
• Workers representatives from unions or elected by workers, as members

The roles of safety officers are to ensure that a safety and health program is upheld and
enforced. Safety officers shall:
• Oversee the overall management of the safety and health program
• Monitor and inspect and health or safety aspect of the operation being undertaken
• Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time
whenever work is performed or during an investigation
• Issue work stoppage orders when necessary

All safety and health personnel shall undergo mandatory training on basic occupational
safety and health for safety officers as prescribed by DOLE. All workers shall undergo the
mandatory 8 hours of safety and health seminar as required by DOLE; the training may be
conducted by a safety officer in a staggered manner.

If stoppage of work due to imminent danger occurs as a result of the employer’s violation
or fault, the employer shall pay the workers concerned their wages during the period of such
stoppage of work or suspension of operation.

Incentives may be provided to qualified employers to recognize their efforts toward

ensuring compliance with OSH and general labor standards in the form of training packages,
additional protective equipment, technical guidance, and awards.

Willful failure or refusal of an employer, contractor, or subcontractor to comply with the

required OSH standards or with a compliance order shall be penalized not exceeding Php. 100,000
daily until the violation is corrected, counted from the date the employer is notified of the violation
or the date the compliance order is duly served on the employer.
 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The goal is to design a water treatment facility for a carbonated drink manufacturing plant.
The said plant aims to produce 20,000,000 units of 1-liter carbonated drinks annually. The target
capacity is based on the total population of the Philippines in 2021. The plant aims to supply 5%
of total demand for carbonated drinks in the Philippines. The plant will run 5 days a week which
is around 236.5 days per year.

The water treatment facility is where the water used for the manufacturing process are
processed to remove contaminants and undesirable components. The design as well as the
parameters used for the water treatment plant equipment calculations were based on literatures. By
determining the mass content of the particles present or removed during the process, the capacity
of each equipment necessary for the water treatment can be calculated. Then, the mass balance
will be used to determine the mass flow rate capacity for each equipment. After that the mass flow
rates are applied to determine the dimensions of the equipment.

Different pipes will be used in the water treatment system as it greatly depends on the
application and purpose. The paper also tackled the criteria and categories in selecting the
equipment. Various utilities used for the water treatment system as well as the entire manufacturing
process is also considered. The proposed design for the water treatment system will follow codes
as well as the safety and regulations of engineering, ethical, social, and environmental aspects.

The selected facility location is at Santa Rosa Laguna, near the target water source for the
water treatment facility which is the Silang-Santa Rosa River.
 CONCLUSION
This design paper focuses on water treatment processes that will produce treated and
sterilized water for use in the carbonated drink production. The Design of Water Treatment System
for a 1L carbonated drink Manufacturing Plant aims to achieve a target a capacity of 20,000,000
units per year. Thus, the facility is expected to operate at a total 236.5 days per year. The necessary
utilities and equipment are chosen to fit the said plant and to satisfy the expected production
capacity efficiently. The plant of interest is located at Santa Rosa Laguna.

RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that the power source in this huge manufacturing plant build its own
power plant that is renewable energy as their source of power. This will reduce the harm to our
environment, which will not emit greenhouse gas, especially now that climate change is a big deal
because it is irreversible by 2030. This will also decrease the company's monthly expenses because
they have their own energy source generated from natural processes that are continuously
replenished.

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