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3.4 Organisms and Substance Exchange - Mass Transport in Animals 2 - Questions

This document contains questions about mass transport in animals. Question 1 asks about oxygen transport in the blood and the effect of oxygen concentration on respiration rate in midge larvae. Question 2 is about a study on the effect of consuming dark chocolate on heart health. Question 3 is about the heart and circulation, labeling blood vessels and identifying the pathways of electrical activity in the cardiac cycle.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

101 views57 pages

3.4 Organisms and Substance Exchange - Mass Transport in Animals 2 - Questions

Uploaded by

Maymunah Hussain

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 57

3.

4 ORGANISMS AND SUBSTANCE EXCHANGE – MASS TRANSPORT IN

ANIMALS (2) – QUESTIONS

Q1. (a) Explain how oxygen is loaded, transported and unloaded in the blood.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Midges are very small insects. The early stages of the life cycle of midges are called larvae.
Midge larvae live in water. A biologist investigated the uptake of oxygen by the larvae of two
species of midge. He measured the rate of uptake of oxygen by the larvae in water containing
different concentrations of oxygen. The table shows his results.

Concentration of Mean rate of oxygen uptake / cm3 g-1 h-1

oxygen in water
/cm3 dm-3 Chironomus longistylus Tanytarsus brunnipes

1 220 141

2 285 246

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3 304 342

4 313 362

5 320 367

6 318 430

7 320 469

(b) The larvae in this investigation were kept at a temperature of 17 °C. Why was it important
that the larvae of both species were kept at the same temperature?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Describe the effect of an increase in oxygen concentration on the mean rate of oxygen
uptake in Chironomus longistylus.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Chironomus longistylus lives in still water whereas Tanytarsus brunnipes lives in fast
running streams. The water in fast running streams has a higher concentration of oxygen
than in still water. Use the table in part (a) to suggest how Chironomus longistylus is
better adapted than Tanytarsus brunnipes to living in still water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Lungfish are freshwater fish which have gills and lungs. Scientists investigated how

Page 2 of 57
Australian and African lungfish use their lungs and gills for gas exchange. The graphs
show the results of this investigation.

(i) Describe the difference in the way carbon dioxide is lost from the body of an
Australian lungfish and an African lungfish.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (1)

(ii) African lungfish are likely to survive for longer than Australian lungfish when living in
pools that dry up. Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (2)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 3 of 57
Q2. Read the following passage.

Some foods contain substances called flavenoids. Flavenoids lower blood

cholesterol concentration and reduce the risk of developing coronary
heart disease.

Some types of dark chocolate have a high concentration of flavenoids. One

5 group of scientists investigated the effect of eating dark chocolate on the risk
of developing coronary heart disease.

The scientists randomly divided healthy volunteers into two groups. Every day
one group was given dark chocolate containing flavenoids to eat. The other
group acted as a control.

10 The scientists measured the diameter of the lumen of the main artery in the
arms of the volunteers every week. At the end of a month, the diameter of
the lumen of the main artery in the arm of the volunteers who had eaten
dark chocolate containing flavenoids had increased.

Use information from the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions.

(a) (i) The scientists used healthy volunteers in this investigation (line 7). Why was it
important that the volunteers were healthy?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The scientists randomly divided the volunteers into two groups (line 7). Explain why
they divided them randomly.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Describe how the control group should have been treated.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Why was it important to have a control group in this investigation?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

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Q3. The diagram shows a human heart as seen from the front. The main blood vessels are labelled D to
G. The arrows show the pathways taken by the electrical activity involved in coordinating the heartbeat in
the cardiac cycle.

(a) Which of the blood vessels, D to G

(i) carries oxygenated blood to the heart

(1)

(ii) carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

(1)

(b) Explain, in terms of pressure, why the semilunar valves open.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) When a wave of electrical activity reaches the AVN, there is a short delay before a new
wave leaves the AVN. Explain the importance of this short delay.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The table shows the cardiac output and resting heart rate of an athlete before and after
completing a training programme.

Before training After training

Cardiac out/cm3 5000 5000

Resisting heart rate/beats per 70 55

minute

(i) Calculate the athlete’s stroke volume after training. Show your working.

____________________ cm3
(2)

(ii) Use information from the table to explain how training has caused the resting heart
rate of this athlete to be lower.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q4. (a) Students measured the rate of transpiration of a plant growing in a pot under different
environmental conditions. Their results are shown in the table.

Conditions Transpiration rate / g h–1

A Still air 15° 1.2

B Moving air 15° 1.7

C Still air 25° 2.3

During transpiration, water diffuses from cells to the air surrounding a leaf.

Page 6 of 57
(i) Suggest an explanation for the difference in transpiration rate between conditions A
and B.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Suggest an explanation for the difference in transpiration rate between conditions A
and C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Scientists investigated the rate of water movement through the xylem of a twig from a tree
over 24 hours. The graph shows their results. It also shows the light intensity for the same
period of time.

(i) Describe the relationship between the rate of water movement through the xylem
and the light intensity.

______________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 57
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain the change in the rate of water movement through the xylem between 06.00
and 12.00 hours.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) The scientists also measured the diameter of the trunk of the tree on which the twig
had been growing. The diameter was less at 12.00 than it was at 03.00 hours.

Explain why the diameter was less at 12.00 hours.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Explain how the structures of the walls of arteries and arterioles are related to their
functions.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Q5. The diagram shows a molecule of haemoglobin.

(a) What is the evidence from the diagram that haemoglobin has a quaternary structure?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) A gene codes for the α-polypeptide chain. There are 423 bases in this gene that
code for amino acids. How many amino acids are there in the α-polypeptide chain?

(1)

(ii) The total number of bases in the DNA of the α-polypeptide gene is more than 423.

Give two reasons why there are more than 423 bases.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 57
2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The haemoglobin in one organism may have a different chemical structure from the
haemoglobin in another organism. Describe how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The graph shows oxygen dissociation curves for horse haemoglobin and for llama
haemoglobin. Horses are adapted to live at sea level and llamas are adapted to live in
high mountains.

Use the graph to explain why llamas are better adapted to live in high mountains than
horses.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 10 of 57
Q6. The table shows pressure changes in the left side of the heart during one cardiac cycle.

Blood pressure / k Pa

Time / s Left atrium Left ventricle

0.0 0.7 0.3

0.1 1.0 2.0

0.2 0.2 12.5

0.3 0.2 15.3

0.4 1.0 4.5

0.5 0.5 1.0

0.6 0.6 0.3

0.7 0.7 0.3

(a) Between which times is the valve between the atrium and the ventricle closed?

Explain your answer.

Times s and s

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The maximum pressure in the ventricle is much higher than that in the atrium.

Explain what causes this.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 11 of 57
Answer ____________________ beats per minute
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q7. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a substance produced in the body. It increases the production of red blood
cells. Synthetic EPO is made artificially. It is used to treat patients who have a form of anaemia in which
there is a reduced number of red blood cells. Scientists investigated the effect of synthetic EPO on
volunteers with this form of anaemia.

• The scientists injected synthetic EPO in a salt solution into patients in the experimental
groups. They also set up control groups.

• They gave the different experimental groups different doses of synthetic EPO and
different lengths of treatment.

• At the beginning and end of the treatment, the scientists measured each patient’s
haemoglobin concentration. From these measurements, they calculated the mean
increase in haemoglobin concentration.

Some of the results are shown in the table.

Dose of
Mean increase
Length of synthetic EPO /
Number of in haemoglobin
treatment / units per
volunteers concentration /
weeks kilogram
arbitrary units
per week

58 8 85 19.0

18 8 170 26.0

40 12 150 12.5

82 12 450 34.2

46 24 120 23.0

53 24 240 31.0

(a) Explain why treatment with synthetic EPO affects the haemoglobin concentration in these
volunteers.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2)

Page 12 of 57
(b) Suggest how the control groups should have been treated in this investigation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Explain why they measured the dose per unit mass and per unit time.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Explain how the information that the scientists collected might be useful in treating
patients with anaemia.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Some athletes have used synthetic EPO as a performance enhancer. Explain how
synthetic EPO may improve performance in long-distance events.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(f) Athletes may be tested to see if the concentration of EPO in their blood is above normal.
Suggest how scientists determine the normal concentration of EPO in blood.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) Synthetic EPO can increase blood pressure. Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

Q8. The diagram shows part of a capillary and some of the cells surrounding it.

(a) Name

Page 14 of 57
(i) fluid X,

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) fluid Y

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Describe and explain one way in which the composition of fluid Y differs from that of
fluid X.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q9. The diagram shows tissue fluid and cells surrounding a capillary.

(a) Name fluid F.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 15 of 57
(1)

(b) Give one way in which fluid F is different from tissue fluid.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) (i) The blood pressure is high at the start of the capillary. Explain how the left ventricle
causes the blood to be at high pressure.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The blood pressure decreases along the length of the capillary. What causes this
decrease in pressure?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) In children, some diets may result in a low concentration of protein in fluid F. This can
cause the accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain the link between a low concentration of
protein in fluid F and the accumulation of tissue fluid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q10. (a) A fish uses its gills to absorb oxygen from water. Explain how the gills of a fish are adapted
for efficient gas exchange.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 16 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Mackerel live in the surface waters of the sea. Toadfish live on the seabed in deep water.

(b) The concentration of oxygen is higher in the surface waters than it is in water close to the
seabed. Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Explain how the shape of the curve for toadfish haemoglobin is related to where the
toadfish is normally found.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 17 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Scientists analysed the sequence of amino acids in one polypeptide chain in the
haemoglobin of four different species of ape. The only difference they found affected the
amino acids at three positions in the polypeptide chain. Their results are shown in the
table. The letters are abbreviations for particular amino acids.

Species Position 87 Position 104 Position 125

Chimpanzee T R P

Bonobo T R P

Gorilla T K P

Orang utan K R Q

What information do the data in the table suggest about the relationships between the
chimpanzee, the bonobo and the gorilla? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q11. (a) The sinoatrial node (SAN) is in the right atrium of the heart. Describe the role of the sinoatrial
node.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Ten years ago, a woman was found to have a high concentration of cholesterol in her blood. As
a result, she was put on a special diet. She has been on this diet ever since. Four years after
starting the diet, she started taking a drug to lower her blood cholesterol. The graph shows the
concentration of cholesterol in her blood over the ten-year period.

Page 18 of 57
(b) Describe how the concentration of cholesterol in her blood changed over the ten-year
period.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Use the graph to evaluate the success of the special diet and of the drug in reducing the
risk of coronary heart disease.

Page 19 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q12. The diagram shows some of the large blood vessels in a mammal.

(a) Add arrows to the diagram to show the direction of blood flow in each of the blood vessels
A to E.
(1)

(b) Which of blood vessels A to E contains blood at the lowest pressure?

(1)

Structural feature Vessel C Vessel E

Page 20 of 57
(2)

(d) Blood vessel B contains smooth muscle in its walls. Explain how this muscle may reduce
the blood flow to the small intestine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Elastic tissue in the walls of blood vessel A helps to even out the pressure of blood
through this vessel. Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q13. (a) Haemoglobin contains iron. One type of anaemia is caused by a lack of iron. This type of
anaemia can be treated by taking tablets containing iron. A number of patients were given a daily dose of
120 mg of iron. Figure 1 shows the effect of this treatment on the increase in the concentration of
haemoglobin in their red blood cells.

Figure 1

(i) Give one difference in the response of adults and children to this treatment.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 21 of 57
(ii) You could use the graph to predict the effect of this treatment on the increase in
haemoglobin content of an adult after 40 days. Explain how.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Haemoglobin has a quaternary structure. Explain what is meant by a quaternary

structure.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Pernicious anaemia is another type of anaemia. One method of identifying
pernicious anaemia is to measure the diameter of the red blood cells in a sample of
blood that has been diluted with an isotonic salt solution. Explain why an isotonic
salt solution is used to dilute the blood sample.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) A technician compared the red blood cells in two blood samples of equal volume.
One sample was from a patient with pernicious anaemia, the other was from a
patient who did not have pernicious anaemia. Figure 2 shows some of the results
she obtained.

Figure 2

Page 22 of 57
Describe two differences between the blood samples.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q14. The cardiac cycle is controlled by the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN).

Describe how.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 5 marks)

Q15. (a) An increase in respiration in the tissues of a mammal affects the oxygen dissociation curve
of haemoglobin. Describe and explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 23 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) There is less oxygen at high altitudes than at sea level.

(i) People living at high altitudes have more red blood cells than people living at sea
level. Explain the advantage of this to people living at high altitude.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The graph shows oxygen dissociation curves for people living at high altitude and
for people living at sea level.

Explain the advantage to people living at high altitude of having the oxygen
dissociation curve shown in the graph.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q16. Read the following passage.

Chlamydia is a bacterium. Scientists have shown that infection with chlamydia can cause heart
disease in humans. Infection with the bacterium can stimulate the formation of atheroma. This
can lead to a heart attack.

Page 24 of 57
Other scientists have been working with mice. These scientists have suggested that chlamydia
may cause heart disease in a different way. They have found a protein on the surface of
chlamydia cells which is similar to a protein in the heart muscle of mice. After an infection with
chlamydia, cells of the immune system of the mice may attack their heart muscle cells and
cause heart disease.

Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.

(a) (i) Using information from the passage, explain what is meant by an antigen.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) After an infection with chlamydia, cells of the immune system of the mice may attack
the heart muscle cells (lines 7-8). Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Some scientists have suggested that people should be vaccinated to prevent infection by
chlamydia. Evaluate this suggestion.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 25 of 57
Q17. Scientists fed different diets to three groups of monkeys of different ages. They fed half the
monkeys in each age group a diet in which all the triglycerides were saturated and half on a diet in which
all the triglycerides were unsaturated. All other aspects of the diets and living conditions were kept as
similar as possible. The scientists measured the plasma cholesterol concentration of the monkeys. The
table below shows their results.

Type of Number of Mean plasma cholesterol

Age group /
triglyceride in monkeys in concentration /mmol dm–3
months
diet group (± standard deviation)

16 Saturated 10 8.45 ( ± 1.96)

32 Saturated 8 9.75 ( ± 2.60)

60 Saturated 12 10.42 ( ± 4.12)

16 Unsaturated 9 6.59 ( ± 1.56)

32 Unsaturated 8 7.24 ( ± 2.60)

60 Unsaturated 11 8.84 ( ± 2.32)

(a) The scientists concluded that a diet high in saturated triglyceride raises the concentration
of blood plasma cholesterol. Evaluate their conclusion.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The monkeys in this investigation were all of the same sex.
Explain how selecting monkeys of the same sex would help the scientists to draw reliable
conclusions.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2)

Page 26 of 57
(c) Is the research described relevant to human health? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q18. (a) Figure 1 shows the oxygen dissociation curve for human haemoglobin.

Figure 1

Use Figure 1 to describe how haemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen in the body.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 27 of 57
(3)

(b) Figure 2 shows oxygen dissociation curves from mammals of different size.

Figure 2

(i) Describe the relationship between the size of mammals and the oxygen dissociation
curves of their haemoglobins.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Heat from respiration helps mammals to maintain a constant body temperature.

Use this information to explain the relationship between the surface area to volume
ratio of mammals and the oxygen dissociation curves of their haemoglobins.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q19. Lugworms live in mud where the partial pressure of oxygen is low. The graph shows oxygen
dissociation curves for a lugworm and for a human.

Page 28 of 57
(a) Explain the advantage to the lugworm of having haemoglobin with a dissociation curve in
the position shown.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In humans, substances move out of the capillaries to form tissue fluid. Describe how this
tissue fluid is returned to the circulatory system.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Q20. The diagram shows a cross-section of a blood vessel.

Page 29 of 57
(a) Name layer C.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Calculate the actual diameter of the lumen of this blood vessel in millimetres. Show your
working.

Answer ____________________ mm
(2)

(i) Explain the importance of elastic fibres in the wall of the aorta.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Explain the importance of muscle fibres in the wall of an arteriole.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The graph shows the rate of blood flow in different blood vessels. It also shows the total
cross-sectional area of these blood vessels.

Page 30 of 57
(i) The rate of blood flow decreases from the aorta to the capillaries. Use information
from the graph to explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Efficient exchange of substances in the capillaries is linked to the rate of blood flow.
Explain how.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q21. An electrocardiogram is made by attaching recording electrodes to a person’s chest. It shows the
electrical changes that take place in a person’s heart each time it beats. A sports physiologist produced
electrocardiograms for a fit adult male.

Chart X shows an electrocardiogram from this man after 10 minutes of complete rest.
A cardiac cycle consists of the filling time and the contraction time. The filling time and the
contraction time for one cardiac cycle are shown on this chart.

Chart X

Page 31 of 57
Chart Y shows an electrocardiogram from the same man immediately after a period of exercise.

Chart Y

(a) Give one way in which an electrocardiogram could have produced more reliable results
than counting the pulse.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 32 of 57
(b) (i) Chart X shows that the man’s resting heart rate was 67 beats per minute. What was
his pulse rate? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Use chart Y to calculate the man’s heart rate after the period of exercise.
Show your working.

Answer ____________________ beats per minute

(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The physiologist used electrocardiograms to investigate the effect of increasing heart rate
on filling time.
Describe how she could have modified the method of exercising you used to produce a
range of increases in heart rate.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q22. Read the following passage.

Page 33 of 57
Aspirin is a very useful drug. One of its uses is to reduce fever and
inflammation. Aspirin does this by preventing cells from producing
substances called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced by
an enzyme-controlled pathway. Aspirin works by inhibiting one of the
enzymes in this pathway. Aspirin attaches permanently to a 5
chemical group on one of the monomers that make up the active site
of this enzyme.

The enzyme that is involved in the pathway leading to the production

of prostaglandins is also involved in the pathway leading to the
production of thromboxane. This is a substance that promotes blood 10
clotting. A small daily dose of aspirin may reduce the risk of
myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Use information from the passage and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.

(a) Name the monomers that make up the active site of the enzyme (lines 6 – 7).

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The diagram shows the pathways by which prostaglandins and thromboxane are formed.

(i) Aspirin only affects one of the enzymes in this pathway. Use information in lines 5 -
7 to explain why aspirin does not affect the other enzymes.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Which enzyme, X, Y or Z, is inhibited by aspirin? Explain the evidence from the
passage that supports your answer.

Enzyme _______________________________________________________

Page 34 of 57
Explanation ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Aspirin is an enzyme inhibitor. Explain how aspirin prevents substrate molecules being
converted to product molecules.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q23. The graph shows the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at two different partial pressures of
carbon dioxide (pCO2).

(a) During vigorous exercise, the blood entering a leg muscle had a pO2 of 4 kPa and a pCO2
of 5.3 kPa. The blood leaving the muscle had a pO2 of 2.8 kPa and a pCO2 of 9.3 kPa.
Each dm of blood leaving the lungs contained 200 cm oxygen and was 98% saturated
3 3

with oxygen.

Use this information and information from the graph to calculate the volume of oxygen
released to the muscle from 1 dm3 of blood. Show your working.

Page 35 of 57
Answer ____________________ cm3 oxygen
(2)

(b) The blood leaving a muscle has a lower pH than the blood entering it. During vigorous
exercise, the fall in pH is even greater. Explain what causes this greater fall in pH.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Q24. Seals are mammals. They spend much of the time in water but have lungs and breathe air. When
a seal is resting at the surface of the water, the blood flow to each gram of swimming muscles is 0.21 cm3
per minute. When it is swimming under water, the blood flow to different organs changes. The flow to the
swimming muscles is then 0.05 cm3 per gram per minute.

(a) Describe the part played by arterioles in redistributing blood to different organs.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) Describe how the change in blood flow to the muscles of a seal differs from the
change in blood flow to human muscles as activity increases.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest the advantage to the seal of the change in blood flow to the muscles.

______________________________________________________________

Page 36 of 57
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q25. Ivabradine is a drug that slows heart rate. It is taken as a pill. Doctors investigated its value in
reducing the resting heart rate of patients with coronary heart disease.

• They described their investigation as a large-scale, controlled trial. It was also carried out
on people living in different areas.
• The results of the trial showed that ivabradine slowed heart rate.
• Angina is a pain in the chest. It results when insufficient oxygen is brought to the heart
muscle during exercise. The doctors found that ivabradine reduced angina.

(a) The results of the ivabradine trial were reliable.

(i) Explain the importance of the ivabradine investigation being a large-scale trial.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain the importance of the ivabradine investigation being carried out on people
living in different areas.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The ivabradine investigation was a controlled trial. Suggest how the control group would
have been treated.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) An electrocardiogram is made by attaching recording electrodes to a person’s chest. It

shows the electrical changes that take place in a person’s heart each time it beats. A
sports physiologist produced electrocardiograms for a fit adult male.

Page 37 of 57
Chart X

Chart Y shows an electrocardiogram from the same man immediately after a period of
exercise.

Chart Y

Ivabradine slows heart rate.

(i) Use information from the charts above to explain why ivabradine increases the
volume of blood entering the heart during a cardiac cycle.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 38 of 57
(ii) Ivabradine reduces angina. Suggest how an increase in the volume of blood
entering the heart reduces angina.

______________________________________________________________

(Extra space)___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q26. A frog’s heart was attached to an instrument which measured the force produced as the heart
contracted. Graph 1 shows the changes in force when the heart was bathed in a solution of salts at 20
°C. Graph 2 shows the results when the heart was bathed in the same solution at the same temperature,
but including acetylcholine.

(a) Points A and B show when the atria and ventricle were contracting. Which point, A or B,
shows contraction of the ventricle? Give two reasons for your answer.

Point ____________________

Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________

Page 39 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Calculate the frog’s heart rate when acetylcholine was not present. Show your working.

Heart rate = ____________________ beats per minute.

(2)

heart rate;

______________________________________________________________

stroke volume?

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Use your answer to part (i) to explain the effect of acetylcholine on cardiac output.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Addition of acetylcholine in the experiment mimics the effect of one branch of the
autonomic nervous system. Which branch is this?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) (i) Explain how nervous control in a human can cause increased cardiac output during
exercise.

______________________________________________________________

Page 40 of 57
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(ii) Explain why increased cardiac output is an advantage during exercise.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Q27. The graph shows changes in the volume of blood in the left ventricle.

(a) Between which times is the left atrium contracting? Give the evidence from the graph that
supports your answer.

Times _____________________________________________________________

Evidence ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 41 of 57
(b) Use the graph to calculate.

(i) the heart rate;

Answer ____________________
(2)

(ii) stroke volume.

Answer ____________________
(1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The table shows the rate of blood flow to some organs when a person is at rest and during a
period of vigorous exercise.

Organ Rate of blood flow / cm3 minute–1

at rest during exercise

Skeletal muscles 1 000 16 000

Kidney 1 200 1 200

Brain 750

Heart muscle 300 1 200

(d) Suggest a value for the rate of blood flow to the brain during exercise.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) (i) The coronary arteries take blood to the muscles in the wall of the heart. Calculate
the ratio of the rate of blood flow into the coronary arteries during exercise to the
rate flowing into these arteries at rest.

Page 42 of 57
Answer ____________________
(1)

(ii) At rest the rate of flow of blood to the heart muscle is 0.9 cm3 g–1 per minute.
Calculate the volume of blood 1g of heart muscle would receive in 5 minutes of
vigorous exercise.

Answer ____________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q28. (a) The table shows some data for a shrew and an elephant.

Shrew Elephant

Body mass 10 g 5000 kg

Volume of oxygen
20 cm3 52.5 dm3
taken up per hour

The rate of oxygen uptake for the shrew is 2 cm3g–1h–1. Calculate the volume of oxygen
taken up per gram of body tissue per hour in the elephant.
Show your working.

Answer ____________________ cm3g–1h–1

(2)

(b) The graph shows the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curves for these mammals.

Page 43 of 57
The tissues of the shrew have a higher rate of oxygen consumption per gram of body
tissue than the elephant. There is an advantage to the shrew in having haemoglobin with
a dissociation curve in the position shown. Explain this advantage.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Q29. (a) The graph shows the heart rates of two men with hypertension. They were watching
television. One of the men had taken a beta blocker and the other had taken a placebo (dummy pill).

Page 44 of 57
(i) Use the graph to describe the effects of the beta blocker on heart rate.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) In this investigation, it was important that neither man knew which type of pill he had
taken. Suggest why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The table shows the results of an investigation into the effects of prescribing beta blockers
to patients who had suffered a myocardial infarction.

Patient age at time of myocardial Under 60 60 – 69

infarction / years

Percentage reduction in mortality 19 33

within the next 2 years compared
with groups who had taken a
placebo

(i) Give one conclusion which may be drawn from these data.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain how the percentage reduction in mortality would have been calculated.

Page 45 of 57
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q30. The table shows the relative thickness of layers in the walls of an artery and a vein.

Layer in wall Thickness / µm

Artery Vein

Endothelium 20 20

Smooth muscle 490 240

Elastic tissue 370 240

Connective tissue 120 120

(a) Explain why a vein may be described as an organ.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Use information from the table to suggest the thickness of a capillary wall.
Give the reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The diameter of the artery was 4 mm. Calculate the diameter of the lumen of this
artery. Show your working.

Answer ____________________
(2)

Page 46 of 57
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q31. Relaxation of heart muscle is called diastole. Contraction is called systole. The diagram shows the
periods of diastole and systole when the heart is beating.

(a) At what time is the volume of blood in the ventricle at a maximum?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Calculate the heart rate in beats per minute. Show your working.

Heart rate = ____________________ beats per minute

(2)

(i) Explain how pressure causes these valves to be shut.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain how closure of these valves is essential to the functioning of the heart.

Page 47 of 57
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

The graph shows the effect of the pressure of blood in the veins on the stroke volume of the
heart.

(d) Describe how venous blood pressure affects stroke volume.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) At a venous pressure of 2 kPa, the cardiac output is 5600 cm3 per minute. Calculate the
number of times the ventricle contracts in one minute. Show your working.

Page 48 of 57
Answer ____________________
(2)

(f) Explain how blood in a vein in the leg is returned to the heart.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Q32. This diagram shows a human heart seen from the front.

Page 49 of 57
(a) (i) Which one or more of vessels A to D contains oxygenated blood?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) During a cardiac cycle, the pressure of the blood in vessel C is higher than the
pressure of the blood in vessel B. Explain what causes this difference in pressure.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) What does the diagram suggest about the pressure in the atria compared to the pressure
in the ventricles at the stage in the cardiac cycle represented in the diagram? Explain your
answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The wave of electrical activity which coordinates the heart beat is delayed slightly at part
X. It then passes along part Y to the base of the ventricles.

Explain the importance of

(i) the slight delay at part X;

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) the electrical activity being passed to the base of the ventricles.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q33. Ions of metals such as zinc often pollute rivers. The effect of zinc ions on gas exchange and
respiration in fish was investigated. Fish were kept in tanks of water in a laboratory.

Page 50 of 57
The fish in one group (X) had a solution of a zinc compound injected directly into their blood and
were then put in a tank of zinc-free water. A second group (Y) was not injected but had the
solution of the zinc compound added to the water in the tank.

The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood of both groups of fish was then monitored. The
results are shown in the graph.

(a) During this investigation, the water temperature in the tanks was kept constant. Explain
why changes in the water temperature might lead to the results of the investigation being
unreliable.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The results from the two groups were compared using a statistical test.

(i) Suggest a null hypothesis that could be tested.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 51 of 57
(ii) Explain why it is important to use a statistical test in analysing the results of this
investigation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

A Zinc ions reduce the rate at which oxygen is taken up from the water and
passes into the blood.

B Zinc ions reduce the ability of haemoglobin to transport oxygen.

Which of these suggestions is the more likely? Explain the evidence from the graph
that supports your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) During the investigation, the pH of the blood was also monitored. It decreased in group Y.
Suggest an explanation for this decrease in pH.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) Leaves were collected from sycamore trees growing in a polluted wood and the
concentration of some metal ions in samples of these leaves was measured. Woodlice
were then fed with the leaves. After 20 weeks, the concentration of the ions in the bodies
of the woodlice was measured. Some of the results are shown in the table.

Concentration of ions / µg g–1

Copper Cadmium Zinc Lead

Leaves 52 26 1430 908

Page 52 of 57
Woodlice 1130 525 1370 132

(i) Which of the elements shown in the table is concentrated most by the woodlice?
Use suitable calculations to support your answer.

(2)

(ii) Suggest what happens to most of the lead ions in the leaves eaten by the woodlice.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Explain the difference in the copper ion concentration between the leaves and the
woodlice.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Yorkshire fog is a species of grass. Two varieties of Yorkshire fog were studied. One
variety was tolerant to arsenic, while the other variety was not. In a series of
investigations, it was found that

• Arsenic-tolerant plants grow in soil which contains a high concentration of arsenic.

• Arsenic-tolerant plants growing in soil containing high concentrations of arsenic and

phosphorus-containing compounds have very low concentrations of arsenic in their
cells. They also have low concentrations of phosphates in their cells. Arsenic and
phosphorus are chemically similar.

• Plants that are not tolerant to arsenic grow poorly on soil which has a high
concentration of both arsenic and phosphorus-containing compounds.

• Tolerance to arsenic in Yorkshire fog is caused by a single gene with the allele, a,
for tolerance recessive to the allele, A, for non-tolerance.

(i) What caused the allele for tolerance to first arise?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give two functions of phosphates in plant cells.

Page 53 of 57
1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Arsenic-tolerant Yorkshire fog plants are very rare in areas with low concentrations
of arsenic in the soil, even where the soil has a high concentration of phosphate.
Explain why they are unable to compete in these conditions with plants that are not
tolerant to arsenic.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 20 marks)

Q34. When a stethoscope is placed on the chest wall, sounds are heard as the heart beats. These heart
sounds are caused by valves shutting. The diagram shows the heart sounds from a resting person.

(a) (i) The sounds labelled A on the diagram are made by the closing of the valves at the
entrance to the arteries. What makes the sounds labelled B?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain what causes the valve to shut when sound A is heard.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 54 of 57
(b) In this person, the stroke volume is 70 cm3. Calculate the cardiac output. Show your
working.

Cardiac output ____________________ cm3 per minute

(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Q35. (a) (i) The human heart has four chambers.

In which one of the four chambers of the human heart does pressure reach the highest value?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain how the structure of this chamber causes this high pressure.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

The table shows the volume of blood in a man's right ventricle at different times during one
cardiac cycle.

Time / s Volume of blood / cm3

0.0 125

0.1 148

0.2 103

0.3 70

0.4 56

0.5 55

0.6 98

0.7 125

(b) (i) Use the data in the table to calculate the man’s heart rate.

Heart rate = ____________________ beats per minute

(ii) Use the data in the table and your answer to part (b) (i) to calculate the man’s
cardiac output. Show your working.

Page 55 of 57
Cardiac output = ____________________ cm3 per minute
(3)

(c) Use information from the table to complete the table below to show whether the valves
are open or closed at each of the times shown. Write open or closed in the appropriate
boxes.

Time / s Valve between right Valve between right

atrium and right ventricle and pulmonary
ventricle artery

0.2

0.6

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 56 of 57
Page 57 of 57

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3.4 Organisms and Substance Exchange - Mass Transport in Animals 2 - Questions

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3.

4 ORGANISMS AND SUBSTANCE EXCHANGE – MASS TRANSPORT IN

Concentration of Mean rate of oxygen uptake / cm3 g-1 h-1

Some foods contain substances called flavenoids. Flavenoids lower blood

Some types of dark chocolate have a high concentration of flavenoids. One

(ii) Why was it important to have a control group in this investigation?

(a) Which of the blood vessels, D to G

(i) carries oxygenated blood to the heart

(ii) carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

(b) Explain, in terms of pressure, why the semilunar valves open.

Before training After training

Cardiac out/cm3 5000 5000

Resisting heart rate/beats per 70 55

Conditions Transpiration rate / g h–1

A Still air 15° 1.2

B Moving air 15° 1.7

C Still air 25° 2.3

Explain why the diameter was less at 12.00 hours.

Q5. The diagram shows a molecule of haemoglobin.

Time / s Left atrium Left ventricle

0.0 0.7 0.3

0.1 1.0 2.0

0.2 0.2 12.5

0.3 0.2 15.3

0.4 1.0 4.5

0.5 0.5 1.0

0.6 0.6 0.3

0.7 0.7 0.3

Explain your answer.

Times ____________________ s and ____________________ s

Explain what causes this.

Some of the results are shown in the table.

(g) Synthetic EPO can increase blood pressure. Suggest why.

(a) Name fluid F.

Species Position 87 Position 104 Position 125

(b) Which of blood vessels A to E contains blood at the lowest pressure?

Structural feature Vessel C Vessel E

(iii) Haemoglobin has a quaternary structure. Explain what is meant by a quaternary

(b) There is less oxygen at high altitudes than at sea level.

Q16. Read the following passage.

Type of Number of Mean plasma cholesterol

16 Saturated 10 8.45 ( ± 1.96)

32 Saturated 8 9.75 ( ± 2.60)

60 Saturated 12 10.42 ( ± 4.12)

16 Unsaturated 9 6.59 ( ± 1.56)

32 Unsaturated 8 7.24 ( ± 2.60)

60 Unsaturated 11 8.84 ( ± 2.32)

Q20. The diagram shows a cross-section of a blood vessel.

(ii) Explain the importance of muscle fibres in the wall of an arteriole.

Answer ____________________ beats per minute

Q22. Read the following passage.

The enzyme that is involved in the pathway leading to the production

(a) The results of the ivabradine trial were reliable.

(c) An electrocardiogram is made by attaching recording electrodes to a person’s chest. It

Ivabradine slows heart rate.

Heart rate = ____________________ beats per minute.

(ii) Explain why increased cardiac output is an advantage during exercise.

(i) the heart rate;

(ii) stroke volume.

Organ Rate of blood flow / cm3 minute–1

at rest during exercise

Skeletal muscles 1 000 16 000

Kidney 1 200 1 200

Heart muscle 300 1 200

Body mass 10 g 5000 kg

Answer ____________________ cm3g–1h–1

Patient age at time of myocardial Under 60 60 – 69

Percentage reduction in mortality 19 33

Layer in wall Thickness / µm

Smooth muscle 490 240

Elastic tissue 370 240

Connective tissue 120 120

(a) Explain why a vein may be described as an organ.

(a) At what time is the volume of blood in the ventricle at a maximum?

Heart rate = ____________________ beats per minute

(i) Explain how pressure causes these valves to be shut.

Times s and s