Math 85

Double Integrals : P olar, Surf ace Area

John Justin C. M esias, M.Sc.

Mathematical and Computing Sciences Unit
Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics
College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila
13 July 2023 (Thu)

JUSTIN Mesias (UP Manila) Math85: Essentials of Analysis III 13 July 2023 (Thu) 1 / 12
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

why do we have to take double integrals in polar coordinates?

to make some integrals easier
to make some integrals possible or solvable
if the regions are circular, we use polar coordinates
in the past sessions, we were using rectangular coordinates
polars define circles very nicely that it makes things easier
rectangular regions are bounded by four constants, all directions
there are also ’polar rectangles’ where the bounds are constant
angles, and constant radii.
in polars, radius can be curves, but angles are always constant

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Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
Definition: Double Integral in Polar Coordinates
Let R be the region bounded by the rays θ = α and θ = β and by the
circles
Z Z r = a and r =Z b.ZIf f is continuous onZ R,Zthen
b β β b
f (r, θ) dA = f (r, θ)r dθ dr = f (r, θ)r dr dθ
a α α a
R

Examples:
RR
1 Evaluate the integral 3x dA over the region
R
R = {(r, θ)|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}.
RR
2 Evaluate the integral (1 − x2 − y 2 ) dA where R is the unit
R
circle on the xy-plane.

JUSTIN Mesias (UP Manila) Math85: Essentials of Analysis III 13 July 2023 (Thu) 3 / 12
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
Theorem
If R is a polar region bounded by the rays θ = α and θ = β and by
the curves r = g1 (θ) and r = g2 (θ). If f is continuous on R, then
ZZ Z β Z g2 (θ)
f (r, θ) dA = f (r, θ) r dr dθ
α g1 (θ)
R

Theorem
If R is a simple polar region bounded by the circle r = a and r = b
and by the curves θ = h1 (r) and θ = h2 (r). If f is continuous on R,
then ZZ Z Z b h2 (r)
f (r, θ) dA = f (r, θ) r dr dθ
a h1 (r)
R

JUSTIN Mesias (UP Manila) Math85: Essentials of Analysis III 13 July 2023 (Thu) 4 / 12
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Examples:
RR 2
1 Evaluate the integral r sin θr dr dθ where R is the region
R
bounded by the polar axis and the upper half of the cardioid
r = 1 + cos θ.
2 Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
z = 4 − x2 − y 2 and above the disk (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1 on the
xy-plane.

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Applications of Double Integrals

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Applications of Double Integrals
given a random vector function R(u, v), we can solve for the
surface area within its boundaries
partials Ru and Rv give us the slopes of the tangent line along x
and y, repectively
earlier, we saw that Ru × Rv gives normal to the tangent plane
from the study of vectors, we know that "the magnitude of the
cross product equals the area of a parallelogram with the vectors
for sides."
the magnitude of the product of two perpendicular vectors is the
product of their lengths
||Ru × Rv || gives the surface at one (u, v) value
take
RR infinite no. of (u, v)’s across its domain, sum them all up
||Ru × Rv || dA
D

JUSTIN Mesias (UP Manila) Math85: Essentials of Analysis III 13 July 2023 (Thu) 7 / 12
Applications of Double Integrals

Definition: Area of a Parametric Surface

Consider R(u, v) = x(u, v)î + y(u, v)ĵ + z(u, v)k̂ giving a surface S,
covered just once as (u, v) ranges over the parameter domain D,
then the surface areaZ Zof S is given by
AS = ||Ru (u, v) × Rv (u, v)|| dA
D

Example: Find the area of the portion of the surface defined by the
vector function R(u, v) = hu cos v, u sin v, u2 i, for which 1 ≤ u ≤ 2
and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π.

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Applications of Double Integrals

We know that Ru × Rv gives surface area of the region.

the components of Ru and Rv are as follows:
Ru = h∆xk , 0, fx ∆xi
Rv = h0, ∆yk , fy ∆yi
||Ru × Rv || = ||h∆xk , 0, fx ∆xi × h0, ∆yk , fy ∆yi||
||Ru × Rv || = (−fx ∆xk ∆yk )î + (−fy ∆xk ∆yk )ĵ + (∆xk ∆yk )k̂
||Ru × Rv || = q
(−fx î − fy ĵ + k̂)(∆xk ∆yk )
||Ru × Rv || = fx2 + fy2 + 1 dA
ZZ q
AS = fx2 + fy2 + 1 dA
R

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Applications of Double Integrals

Theorem
Suppose that f and its partial derivatives are continuous on the
closed region R in the xy-plane. Then if AS square units is the area
of the surface z = f (x, that lies over R,
Z Zy)q
AS = fx2 (x, y) + fy2 (x, y) + 1 dA.
R

Example: Find the area of the portion of the surface of the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 36 that lies within the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9.

JUSTIN Mesias (UP Manila) Math85: Essentials of Analysis III 13 July 2023 (Thu) 10 / 12
 * End of Lecture 8 *

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References

Math 85 Module, University of the Philippnes Manila

math.etsu.edu/multicalc/prealpha/Chap4/Chap4-1/part4.htm
youtu.be/WNZ8vMgaPgg, "Professor Leonard" on Youtube
math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Calculus

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