From the above two equations, we get Sat _ GT Re OR or Landi 2 For Your Knowledge > The alternating current and voltages are generally ‘measured and specified in terms of their rms values. When we say that the household supply is 220 V a.c, ‘we mean that its rms value is 220 V. The peak value would be Vo = V2. Vg = V2 x 220 = 311. Both alternating and direct currents are measured in amperes. However, it is not possible to define a.c. ampere in terms of forces between two parallel wires carrying a.. currents, as the d.c. ampere is defined, This is because the alternating current changes direction with the source frequency and so the net force would add up to zero. To overcome this problem, we define a.c. ampere in terms of Joule heating (H = I7Rt) which is independent of the direction of current. Hence the mms value of altemating current in a circuit is one ampere of the current that produces the same average heating effect as one ampere of direct current would produce under the same conditions. Alternating currents and voltages are measured by a.c. ammeter and ac. voltmeter respectively. As the ‘working of these instruments is based on the heating effect of current, 50 they are called hot-wire instruments. v v oe CS ‘ oe es Wolo oe s Formulae Used 1. Instantaneous value of ac, I= Jp sin of, where /y is the peak or maximum value of a.c. 2. Average or mean value of ac. over half cycle, 2 Ty =— Ip = 0.637 I, lw = I lo 3. Effective or rms or virtual value of a.c., fi yy OF Ins OF by = 5 Ia = 0.707 fy 4. For alternating voltages, we have E=€, sin ot, €,, = 0.637, E, Units Used Currents J, Ip and /,,, are in ampere, voltages €,€, and€,,,, are in vot. Example 1. The electric mains in a house are marked 220 V, 50 Hz. Write down the equation for instantaneous voltage. ICBSE D 95C ; Haryana 02} Solution. Here €,,,,=220 V, f =50 Hz Instantaneous voltage is given by E=6, sin wt = v2 E,,,, sin 2nft 414 x 220 sin (2 x 3.14 x 50 f) 11 sin 314 t volt. Example 2. The peak value of an alternating voltage applied to a 50 02 resistance is 10 V. Find the rms current. If the voltage frequency is 100 Hz, write the equation for the instantaneous current. Solution. Here R =500, E,=10V, f =100 Hz & 10 1 4 -200ma R50 5 Tyg =0.707 Iq =0.707 x 200 = 141.4 mA ‘The instantaneous current is given by I= I, sin2 n f t=200sin 200 xt mA, Example 3. Calculate the rms value of the alternating current shown in Fig. 7.2. [CBSE D 93} Solution. 1 poeftteth 2A hs 7 o >t _ [22+ (-2)? +2? ~ 3 2A =2A. Fig. 7.2 Example 4. An alternating current is given by the equation i=i,sinot +i, coset. Find the rms value of the current, USE Main Feb. 21) Solution. fae) ee ip +i) | = sin ot + —2— cost i 24 2 242 P+ P+ = i? + i, (cosdsinat + singcos et) if +2 sin(at + 6), tan oes a ime == Example 5. The electric current in a circuit is given by i= ig (t/ 1) for some time. Calculate the rms current for the perisd = fot=t. Solution. The mean square current for the rms current for the petiod f=0 to t= is given byee eles Example 6. if the effective value of current in 50 Hz a.c. circuit is 5.0 A., wohat is (i) the peak value of current (ii) the ‘mean value of current over half a cycle and (iii) the value of current 1/300 s after it was zero ? Solution. Here Iy =5 A, f =50 Hz (i) ly =V2 yy =V2 x 5 =7.07 A. (i) yg =2 Iy =0.637 «7.07 =4.5.A. x (ii) At #=1/300 s, I= Ip sin2 x ft=7.07 sin (2nx 50x 2.) é 07 sin = 07x 9-612 A. 3 Example 7. The instantaneous value of an alternating voltage in volts is given by the expression, =140 sin 300 t, ‘where t is in second. What is (i) peak value of the voltage, (i) its rms value and (iii) frequency of the supply ? Take x=3, V2 Solution. Comparing the equation : €, =140 sin 300 t with the standard equation : € =€, sin wt, we get ( Peak voltage, E, = 140 V. (ii) rms value of voltage, &, _140 Ens aT g 7100 V- (iii) Angular frequency, © =300 @ _ 300 fan 3x8 <. Frequency, =50 Hz. Example 8. A resistance of 400 is connected to an a.c. source of 220 V, 50 Hz. Find (i) the rms current (i) the maxi- mum instantaneous current in the resistor and (ii) the time taken by the current to change from its maximum value to the rms value. UE Main June 22] Solution, (i) E,,,, =220 V, R= 402 Tyg = = ins =“ (i) Maximum instantaneous current, Ty =N2 Iyyg = 1-414 x 5.5 =7.8 A. (iii) Let the alternating current be given by I [ycoset Let the ac. take its maximum and rms values at instants t, and f, respectively. Then, patot,=0 > t= I = at ot, ms ~ Jo. = > a. 1 5-25ms 4o@ 4x2nf 8x50 5 ms. c Problems For Practice 1. The instantaneous emf of an a.c. source is given by € = 300sin 314t. What is the rms value of the emf? [CBSE D 2000] (Ans. 212 V) 2. The emf of an ac. source is given by the expression €=300sin 314f. Write the value of peak voltage and frequency of the source. (Ans. 300 V, 50 Hz) 3, The instantaneous current from an a.c. source is I=5sin 314 What is the rms value of current ? [CBSE PMT 2000] (Ans. 3.54 A) 4, An alternating voltage given by V = 140sin314t is connected across a pure resistor of 50.. Find (i) the frequency of the source. (ii) the rms current through the resistor. [CBSE OD 12] [Ans. ()) 50 Hz (if) 198 A] 5. An alternating emf of peak value 350 V is applied across an a.c, ammeter of resistance 100.9. What is the reading of the ammeter ? (Ans. 2.47 A) 6. The effective value of current in a 50 cycle ac. circuit is 5 A. What is the value of current 1/300 second after it was zero ? (Ans. 6.123 A) 7. The peak value of an alternating current of frequency 50 Hz is 14.14 A. Find its rms value. How much time will the current take in reaching from 0 to maximum value ? (Ans. 10 A, 5 ms) 8. A 100Q iron is connected to a 220 V, 50 cycles wall plug. What is () peak potential difference (i) average potential difference and (iii) rms current ? [Ans. (i) 311 Y, (ii) 198 V (ii) 2.2 A] 9. The equation of ac. in a circuit is I = 50sin 100 xt. Find (i) frequency of a.c, (ii) mean value of a.c. over positive half cycle, (iif) rms value of current and (iv) the value of current 1/300 second after it was zero. (Ans. 50 Hz, 31.8 A, 35.35 A, 43.3 A)Thus Example 9. A100 Hz ac. is flowing in a14 mH coil. Find its reactance, (Haryana 98) The SI unit of capacitive reactance is ohm (Q). Solution. Here f =100 Hz, L=14 mH=14« 10° H For ac, Xo «4 Reactance, X, =2n f L f 2 882. x £100 14x10 For dc, f=0 +. X.=00 7* Thus a capacitor allows a.c. to flow through it easily Example 10. A pure inductor of 25.0 mH is connected toa but offers infinite resistance to the flow of dic, ie, a S0Urce of220 V. Find the inductive reactance and rms current capacitor blocks d.c. Obviously, in the circuit if the frequency of the source is 50 Hz. (NCERT] & Ss Se Solution.Here, L=25.0 mH =25.0 x 10° H, Wot.V2 IC X, Eins =220 V, f= 50 Hz aa . X, =2nfL=2 x 3.14 x 50 x 25.0 x 10° = 7.85.2 Variation of capacitive es reactance with frequency. Togyg =~ = 220. = 28,03 A. rms "X, 7.85 x Capacitive reactance, il 7 Example 11. A coil has an inductance of 1 H. (i) At what Xe 56 tage frequency will it have a reactance of 3142 0 ? (ii) What j= should be the capacity of a capacitor which has the same i at reactance at that frequency ? [CBSE D 95 ¢] oe Fi Fig. 7.14 Graph of Xp vs. f Solution. (i) Here L=1H, X, =3142 Thus the capacitive reactance varies inversely with. = Xu 2 312 s00 He the frequency. As f increases, X. decreases. Fig. 714” UY F-35773 1a aa shows the variation of X, with f. [- X,=20 FQ) Seca re ea amen ete cnc (i) Capacitive reactance (ii) X_ =X, =3142.2 1 But - a Xe FFE 1 1 c= oe Formulae Used Qn fX_ 2% 3.142 x 500x 3142 1. For an a. circuit containing inductor only, =0.11x 10°F =0.11 pF. {i Inductive reactance, ie baa E Example 12. An ideal inductor of 5 Hi inductance is ® (i Current amplitude, Ip = 3° > oF connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz ac supply. [CBSE F 20) Pie & (@) Calculate the rms and peak value of current in the (ii) Effective current, Ing, = SO =O = 0 inductor. 4 (6) What is the phase difference between current through 2, For an ac. circuit containing capacitor only, the inductor and the applied voltage ? How will it change if a small resistance is connected in series with this inductor in the circuit ? H, E,,,,=200V, f =50Hz (@ Capacitive reactance, X¢ = Solution. Here L= rm (i Current amplitude, nfl =2nx 50x > = 500 H (a) (ill) Effective current, V2 In, = 1.414 x 0.4 = 0.5656 A. (b) The current through an inductor lags behind the applied voltage by n/2. The phase difference will decrease if a small resistance is connected in series with this inductor in the circuit. Units Used Inductance Lis in henry, capacitance C in farad, reactances X, and Xin ohm, currents Jy and I, in ampere and voltages €, and €,,,, in volt.Example 13. Alternating emf, &=220 sin 100 nt is applied to a circuit containing an inductance of 1/ x H. Write an equation for instantaneous current through the circuit. What will be the reading of an ac. ammeter if connected in the circuit ? Solution. Alternating emf, € =220 sin 100 xt Comparing with € =E, sin2n ft, we get &, =220 V, f =50 Hz Current amplitude, Since the current in an inductive circuit lags behind the emf in phase by : radian, therefore, instantaneous current through the circuit is I= I, sin(100 xt —x/2)=2.2 sin (100 nt - 2/2) Thea.c. ammeter will read the rms value of current, 22 Ing = 2 =22 = 1.556 A. rms 2 2 Example 14. An inductor of inductance 200 mH is connected to an a.c. source of peak emf 210 V and frequency 50 Hz. Calculate the peak current. What is the instan- taneous voltage of the source when the current is at its peak value ? Solution. Here L=200mH=02H, €,=210V, f =50 Hz Peak current, 1 -f0- £0 210 igga X, Qn fl 2x3.14x 50x02 As in an inductive a.c. circuit, current lags behind the emf by 7/2, so the voltage is zero when the current is at its peak value. Example 15. A 15.0 pF capacitor is connected to a220 V, 50 Hz source, Find the capacitive reactance and the current (rms and peak) in the circuit. If the frequency is doubled, what happens to the capacitive reactance and the current ? [NCERT ; CBSE OD 09} Solution. Here C =15.0 pF =15.0x 10 F, Enns =220 V, f =50 Hz Capacitive reactance, 1 1 c= Fag 23.14 x 50x 15.0% 10 1 = Enms 220 ms 212 Peak current, [y = V2 Ins = 1-414 x 1.04 = 1.47 A The current in the circuit oscillates between +147 A and -1.47 A and is ahead of emf by 90°. =2120 04 A @=100 rrad s~ Now Kay If frequency is doubled, the capacitive reactance is halved and consequently, the current is doubled. Example 16. A capacitor of 1 uF is connected to an ac. source of emf & =250 sin 100 xt. Write an equation for instantaneous current through the circuit and give reading of a.c. ammeter connected in the circuit. Solution. Here C=1"F=10°F, €,=250V, 1 The instantaneous current through the circuit, I=l sin( ot + 2) -oct, sie(or + 2) =2%3.14% 50% 106x250 sin(100 att 2) =0.0786 sin (100 a+ 3) Reading of the a.c. ammeter is Tag = 0.707 Iy =0.707 x 0.0786 = 0.06 A. Example 17. A 200 mH (pure) inductor, and a SuF (pure) capacitor, are connected, one by one, across a sinusoidal ac voltage source V=[70.7sin(1000 t)] volt. Obtain the expressions for the current in each case. [CBSE OD 16C} Solution. Here V =70.7 sin (1000¢) volt Vy =70.7 V, w= 1000s (@ Peak value of current in case of inductor, Mo -Mo.__707___y 9.3535 a. X, @L 1000x200x10% Instantaneous current, I= Iysin ( ot *) (ii) Peak value of current in case of capacitor, My Xe Instantaneous current, I= Iysin{ ot + = | =0.3535sin{ 1000+ = 2 2 I. 0.3535 (10008-F Ja @CVy = 100 5x 10% 70.7 A = 0.3535 A C PD blems For Practice 1. What is the inductive reactance of a coil if current through it is 800 mA and the voltage across it is 40Vv? (Ans. 50) 2. Find the value of current through an inductance of 2.0 H and negligible resistance, when connected to an a.c. source of 150 V and 50 Hz. (Ans. 0.239 A)3. An inductance of negligible resistance, whose reactance is 22.9 at 200 Hz is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz power line. What is the value of inductance and reactance ? (Ans. 0.0175 H, 559) 4. A.coil of self-inductance has inductive reactance of 88.Q. Calculate the self-inductance of the coil if the frequency is 50 Hz. (Ans. 0.28 H) 5. Find the maximum value of current when an induc- tance of one henry is connected to an a.c. source of 200 volts, 50 Hz. (Ans. 0.9 A) 6, Calculate the frequency at which the inductive reactance of 0.7 H inductor is 2200. (Ans. 50 Hz) 7. What is the capacitive reactance of a 5 1F capacitor when it is a part of a circuit whose frequency is (@) 50 Hz (ii) 10° Hz ? (Ans. 636.62, 3.18 x10?) 8. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1/ mF. Find its reactance for a frequency of (i) 50 Hz and (if) 10° Hz. (Ans. 102,052) 9. A 15 uF capacitor has a capacitive reactance of 12 ©. What is the frequency of the source ? If the frequency of the source is doubled, what will be the capacitive reactance ? (Ans. 8846 Hz, 62) A capacitor of capacitance 10 uF is connected to an oscillator giving an output voltage, E = 10sin ot volt. If = 10 rads“, find the peak current in the circuit. (Ans. 1.0 mA) A capacitor has a reactance of 1002 at 50 Hz. What will be its reactance at 125 Hz ? (Ans. 40.9) HINTS 10. u. ee OE 800 x10 by lay 2. Reactance, X, =2n f L= 23.14 x50x2= 6282 L Xe E, are oe Current, dey = 3. At f=200Hz, X,=220 My ie 7. oni H. 2n f 222200” 400 2x22 x50%7 At f =50Hz, X, =2n f Le = 550, iste he we OBE Sip oe Qf 2*22%50 5, Here L=1H, €,, =200V, f =50 Hz &, V2 xby X, nfl P1200 ay, 3.14 x50%1 Xp _ 200x7 6 f=—b =. —_ = 50Hz. fon.” Dxaaxa7 ~ 90H 7. () When f =50 Hz, 1 1 u eG ¥e 2n fC 2%3.14x50x5x10 © = 636.62 (i) When f =10° Hz, 1 = 2 eo“ ayaiaxid? x5 x10 = 3,18 x10-? 0. 8. Proceed as|in Problem 7 above. 1 y i 1.5 x 10° Fy X¢=-—= 120 91 lene Co Lot moa 8 Rem pase Ut 8846 Hz ImX CC 2x3.14«12x15%10% When frequency’ is doubled, capacitive reactance becomes, 1 X, FE SF (POT Bane Dif ix 2 7.9 A.C. CIRCUIT WITH RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE IN SERIES 11. An alternating emf is applied to a series combi- nation of a resistor and a capacitor. Investigate the phase relationship between current and emf. Find the impedance of the circuit. AC. circuit taining Land Rin series. As shown in Fig, 7.15, consider a resistor R and inductance L connected in series to a source of alternating emf € given by b—Vp = RI} — V, =X, 4 con- €=£, sin ot Fig. 7.15 A series LR-circuit. Let I’be the current through the series circuit at any instant. Then 1. Voltage Vz = RT across the resistance R will be in phase with current I”. So phasors V7, and I’ arePe Tuy) mE el rl Trg a Stacy Formulae Used 1, Impedance, Z = fs R+X?=/R + oP i 2 Current, Igy = St 3. Phase angle ¢ is given by j tan 9-2 = SE or cos p= 8. 4, Instantaneous current, I = Ip sin (ot - 4) Units Used | RX and Z are all in ohm, inductance Lin henry and angular frequency @ in rad s Example 18. When an inductor L and a resistor R in series are connected across a12 V,50 Hz supply, a current of 0.5 Aflows in the circuit. The current differs in phase {from applied voltage by x /3 radian. Calculate the value of R. [CBSE OD 06} me =12 V, f =50 Hz, I,,,,=0.5 A, Solution. Here, €, o=n/3 rad E, 12 , Zann = 9 =240 Impedance, Z =" => R As cos d= R=Z cos 6=24 cos Example 19. A bulb of resistance 100, connected to an inductor of inductance L, is in series with an a.c. source marked 100 V, 50 He. Ifthe phase angle between the voltage and current is x/4 radian, calculate the value of L. [CBSE OD 01] Solution. Here R=109, f =50 Hz, =F rad Xi 2n fl As tenga ea"! = rar Rtan$_ 10x tann/4 Qnf 2x3.142%50 Example 20. A coil of resistance 300Q and inductance 1.0 His connected across an alternating voltage of frequency 300/2n Hz. Calculate the phase difference between the voltage and current in the circuit. = 0.0318 H. Solution, Here R =3009, L=1.0 H, fin re Ob 2h 20300010 | R 2nx 300 *. Phase difference, @= 45°.example 21. A coit “ohen connected across. a 10 V dc. For a.c. circuit, impedance supply draws a current of 2 A. When it is connected across a v 10 V -50 Hza.c. supply, the same coil draws a current of Ze 1A. Explain why it draws lesser current in the second case. lay Hence determine the self inductance of the coil, (Take x =3). As the effective resistance ofthe col is greater for BSE SP (CBSE SP O31 4 ¢. than for d.c,,so the current decreases in a.c. circuit Solution. The coil draws lesser current in the second case because of the reactance offered by the (ii) As Z=R° + X,? inductor. 5 Incase of dc, V=10V, [=2 A XpayZ-R? = oo? (20) Vv_10 r=“ = 50 x2! T 2 -08 10% 22361 «7453.0. Incase of ac, Ey =10V, Ig =1A ff Example 24. When an inductor is connected to a 200 V de Ze Eg _10_ 1002 voltage, a current of 1 A flows through it. When the same Ig 1 = inductor is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz ac source, only 0.5 A pera current flows. Explain why ? Also, calculate the self luctive reactance, inductance of the inductor. [CBSE D 19] X, = yZ? - RB’ = 10? -5* =5v30 Solution. Lesser current flows in second case o 2nfl= 53 because of the additional reactance offered by the 3 inductor to the flow of ac. 1-58 -_ 553 _ _ 9786 n. For dc. circuit, V=200V, I=1A 2nf 2x3x50 ee Resistance, =— == =2002 Example 22. An 80 V, 800 Wheater is to be operated ona = [71 100 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate the inductance of the choke : For ac. circuit, Vig =200 V, Ii =05 A, f =50 Hz required {CBSE D 91 ; Haryana 02] Solution. As P= VI y, ea Impedance, z= = Lan 1-2-8 10 and R=¥ =" -80 te Vv" 80 T 10 As the choke is connected in series with the heater, the = As Z=4/R? +X? current should remain same for the impedance adjusted. eo Veg Vg 2. X,=VZ-R? Rol YR + ant s7e = (400? - 200)? = V600%2000 = 346.40 or 10= iy x, 346.4 “tan x 50x 2 Inductance, L=— ==. =~" _y=11H. es o 3.1450 ap. or 64 + 10000n°E oe C Example 25. A 60-10 W electric lamp is to be run on or B=, or 1-8 =0.019H. 100 V -60 Hz mains. (i) Calculate the inductance of the choke 10000 x” 100% required. (ii) Ifa resistor is to be used in place of choke coil to Example 23. A student connects a long air core coil of achieve the same result, calculate its value. [CBSE D 97] mmanganin wire toa 100 V de. source and reords a current Solution. Here Ey =60.V, P=10 W of 1.5 A. When the same coil is connected across 100 V, 50 Hz a.c. source the current reduces to 1.0 A. Resistance of the lamp, (i) Give reason for this observation. Re 8, _ 60x60 - (ii) Calculate the value of the reactance of the coil. aa =3602 (BSED 94] Current through the lamp, Solution, (j) For d.c. circuit, resistance ae ee of Ey 60 6