We will hhave to spend a fot ‘of money on the ‘construction ofthese '@ We can report people's words by using direct ‘speech of reported speech. Direct speech is the exact words someone used. We use quotation marks ('") in direct speech. e.g. I'm tired,” Helen said. Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not, Uuse quotation marks in reported speech. We can either use the word that after the introductory verb (say, fell, etc.) oF we can omit it builaings. ‘@ Personal pronouns, possessive adjectives! possessive pronouns change according to the ‘meaning of the sentence. e.g. Helen said (that) she was tired, What dic Mr Lee tel his partner yesterday? . He tol his partner, We will have to spend a lot of money on the construction of these buildings. oR ‘He told his partner (that) they would have to spend a lot of ‘money on the construction of the buildings. eZ We can report someone's words either a long time after they were said (out-of-date-reporting) or a short time alter they were said (up-to-date reporting), Q Fin the gaps with say or tein the correct tonne! Re We can use the verbs say and tell both in direct, and reported speech. © Say is used with or without a personal object. When used with a personal object, it is always. followed by the preposition fo (said to me). e.g. He said. 'm cold He said (that) he was col He said to me, 1m colo. He said to me (that) he was cold, © Tell is always followed by a personal object (told me). €.g. He told me, '!™m cold. He told me (that) he was cold. Expressions with say and tell: 102 Say good momning/atternoon etc, somethinginothing lc. a prayer, $0, a few words, etc. tell the truth, ale, a secret, a story. a joke. the time, the ditference. sb one’s name, sb the way, one ‘rom another. one’s fortune, sb $0, ete A “This sugartree chocolate is delicious’, 1) eal Sandra. I can't 2) the ditlerence between this chocolate and the one containing sugar. ike it 100.3) Mark. "| wish someone had 4) ‘me about it sooner. | could have last so much weight! To 5) you the tuth, I don't think you should lose weight, 6) Sandra. lke you just the way you are. she 7) him. B ‘I saw Paul in town today’. Steve 1) Louise 12) '9004 afternoon 10 him and | noticed that he'd had his hair cut | should have 3) something about it, but it looked awful, so I didn't mention it. ‘You did the right thing’. Louise 4) him. W's better to 5) rothing than 06) alie © At Alison's wedding reception, he father stood up ang Dy the guests that he would like to 2) a few words. He started to 3)... a story about when Alson was young. Alison felt embarrassed, but she didn't 4) 's0. Then, her father §) the guests some jokes, which everyone found very funny, Finally, ne 6) ‘a prayer forthe happy couple,‘Statements Report Vero tenses and time expressions change in reported speech: ‘) when the introductory verb is in a past tense. 9. Im moving toa new fat next week,’ she said She said (that) she was moving to a new fat the following week. ») in out-of-date reporting. eg. (Monday 2 May) Mike said, 1 borrowed ‘some money from my parents. (Thursday 5 May) Mike said (that) he had borrowed some money trom his parents. ©) when we consider what the speaker says to be untrue 9. Paula and! are best riends,"Jack said to me. ‘Jack said to me that he and Paula were best trends, but Paula had never actually met him. ‘The tenses change as follows: present simple» past simple ‘I need a new car.’ Greg said Greg sai that) ne needed a new car Present continuous past continuous He's sleeping.’ she said She said (that) he was sleeping present perfect » past perfect ve already seen this fi, he said He said (that) he had already seen the frm past simple + past simple or past perfect 1 got up late," Tonia sai. Tonia said (that) she (had) got up lte past continuous.» past cont. or past pertect cont. "Twas working at four o'clock, Tim said. Tim said that) be was workingihad been working at four o'clock future (will) » conditional (would) TM call you tomorrow." ea sai, Fea said (that) she would call me the folowing day. ‘The past pertect and past pertect continuous remain the same. © Some words and time expressions change according to the meaning of the sentence: ‘now + then, at that time, immediately today, tonight + that day, that night yesterday » the day before, the previous day tomorrow the next day, the following day this week + that week last week the week before, the previous week next week » the week after, the following week two days ago + two days before here» there come + go Reporte @ When this/these are used in time expressions, they change to thatithose. eg.this week + that week, these days + those days When thisithese/thatithose are not used in time expressions, they change as follows: a) they change to the when used as adjective that is, when they are followed by a noun. e.g. This flm is boring.” Claire told me Claire told me (that) the film was boring bb) they change to It or they/them when used as pronouns, that is, when they are not followed. by anoun. 9. This is an unusual situation,’ Dad saia. Dad said (that) it was an unusual situation © Certain modal verbs change as follows: will» would He said. ‘One day Il be able o afford a car. He said (that) one day he would be able fo afford a car can + could He said, I can speak French He said (that) he could speak French can + couldiwould be able to (future reference) He said, We can meet tomorrow, He said (that) we could would be able to meet the nextday. may + might He sai." may call you He said (that) he might callus shall * should (asking for advice) + offer (expressing otters) He said, When shall! come?’ He asked when he should come. He said, ‘Shall! help you?” He offered to help me. ‘must musthhad to (obligation) He said, ‘You must frish this. ‘He said (that) | mustihad to finish it needn't. + needn'Vdidn't need to/didn't have to He said, ‘You needn't pay in cash He said (tha) I needn'tididn't need toldidn’t have to pay in cash Would, could, might, should, ought, had better, Used to and mustn't do not change. Must does not change when it expresses a logical assumption. e.g. a)! might tak to her," Danny said. Danny said (that) he might talk to her. )"You must be tired, Pau! told Susan. Paul told Susan (that) she must be tired. © In Type 1 conditionals tenses change in reported speech as follows: the present simple becomes ast simple in the if-clause and will becomes would in the main clause. 2.9. ou ask Liz, she'll help you,’ he said. He said (that if asked Liz, she would help me. 103© In Type 2 and Type 3 conditionals tenses do not change. eg. a) If Ihad more time, | would take up a hobby. Eric said to me, Eric told me (that) if he had more time, he would take up a hobby. ) 1 hadn't parked my car on a double yellow ling, | wouldn't have got a ticket,’ Sam said. ‘Sam said (that) t he hadn't parked his car on ‘a double yellow line, he wouldn't have got a ticket. The verb tenses remain the same in reported speech when the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect. eg. Mum says, Dinner is ready. ‘Mum says (that) dinner is ready. ‘The introductory verb is in the present ten: a) when we pass on messages. e.g. Debbie says she needs the car tonight. b) when we report the content of a letter, article, etc. while reading it. ‘e49. The article says that people use too much water. ©) when we refer to something someone says very often. e.g. Mum often says that ! shouldn't talk to strangers. © The verb tenses can either change or remain the ‘same in reported speech: a) in up-to-date reporting. b) when reporting a general truth or law of nature. e.g. The teacher said, aris is the capital of France. The teacher said (that) Pars isiwas the capital of France. university last month. Read their words, then eo Ruth met lots of students when she went to visit a report what they sald. 9.1. Sarah told her (that) she had made lots of friends, 4 ve mace The teachers lois of ends are vet hen (Sarah), am ly. 2 7 : re sora ge always romembe? way remem cr ane) 6 Fim earning rm lots of teresting taking my nal things. Paul exams nest month 7 (Roger) 104 » 10 " 2 3 4 18 16 wv 8 19 20 a1 22 23 24 25 26 Turn the following sentences into reported speech. Robert said, “This film is very funny’ Robert said (that) the flm wae very funny. {im starting a new job next week. she said I got my exam results last week.” he told them I cant atford to buy this dress. said Sally, “Iwould buy a cari had enough money,” he said to her Frank Said. That’ the house where I was born ‘That was a wondertl party. said Jil ‘Oranges grow in hot countries. the teacher said ‘Alt of people visit museums, he said This isa very famous statue, the tour guide told us. I don't ke that jacket” said Bob. ‘Tm lost the boy said. (up-to-date reporting) { may be a ite late this evening. she said ‘You'd better clean up this mess,” Mum said to Claire I've already done the shopping. she said. (up-to-date reporting) ‘ound this note under the sofa, said Sue ‘won't be late again. he said to us. it nish work ear, call you. she said Ive been taining hard recently. he told the reporters, Shall make some tea?” said Zoe ‘We must go home now. said the man to his children ‘Those are the boys who chased me. Sarah said ‘'m going to a party tonight (upto-date reporting) Lynne told her friends, | used to have long hair. Laura said “There is too much violence on TV. said Grandad. You ought to make a decision soon,” Andrew told her