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E213 - 2022 Standard Practice For


Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing
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E213 Descripción completa

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 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E213 − 22

Títulos relacionados


Standard Practice for
Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for detecting discon- safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tinuities in metal pipe and tubing during a volumetric exami- responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nation using ultrasonic methods. Specific techniques of the priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ultrasonic method to which this practice applies include mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
pulse-reflection techniques, both contact and non-contact (for 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
example, as described in Guide E1774 and Practice E1816), dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
and angle beam immersion techniques, both conventional and ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
phased array. Artificial reflectors consisting of longitudinal, Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
and, when specified by the using party or parties, transverse mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
reference notches placed on the surfaces of a reference Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
standard are employed as the primary means of standardizing 2. Referenced Documents
the ultrasonic system.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
1.2 This practice is intended for use with tubular products E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
having outside diameters approximately 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) and Testing
larger, provided that the examination parameters comply with E1065 Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
and satisfy the requirements of Section 11. These procedures Search Units
have been successful with smaller sizes. These may be speci- E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
fied upon contractual agreement between the using parties. E1774 Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
These procedures are intended to ensure that proper beam (EMATs)
angles and beam shapes are used to provide full volume E1816 Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Elec-
coverage of pipes and tubes, including those with low ratios of tromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods
outside diameter-to-wall thickness, and to avoid spurious 2.2 ASNT Documents:4
signal responses when examining small-diameter, thin-wall Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Nondestructive
tubes. Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
1.3 The procedure in Annex A1 is applicable to pipe and ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
tubing used in nuclear and other special and safety applica- cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
tions. The procedure in Annex A2 may be used to determine 2.3 ISO Standard: 5
the helical scan pitch. ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing— Qualification and Cer-
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they tification of NDT Personnel
must be specified by the using party or parties. 2.4 AIA Document:6
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be Testing Personnel
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
3
information only and are not considered standard. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- the ASTM website.
4
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
Ultrasonic Method. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E213 – 20. DOI: Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
10.1520/E0213-22. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
2 6
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Practice Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd.,
SE-213 in the Code. Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
            
 
             
 E213 − 22

3. Terminology 5. Significance and Use

3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this 5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for
Títulospractice,
relacionados
see Terminology E1316.


detecting and locating significant discontinuities such as pits,
voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, etc., by the ultrasonic pulse-
4. Summary of Practice reflection method.
4.1 A pulsed ultrasonic angle beam by means of non-
contact, surface contact, or immersion method shall be used. 6. Basis of Application
Fig. 1 illustrates the characteristic ultrasonic angle beam entry 6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-
into the wall of a pipe or tube in the circumferential direction ment between the parties using or referencing this practice.
to detect longitudinal discontinuities using a single search unit.
6.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel
Fig. 2 illustrates the characteristic angle beam ultrasound entry
performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in
into the wall of a pipe or tube in the axial direction to search
accordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel quali-
for transverse discontinuities using a single search unit.
fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,
NOTE 1—The immersion method may include tanks, wheel search units, SNT-TC-1A, ISO 9712, NAS 410, or a similar document and
or systems that use streams or columns of liquid to couple the ultrasonic certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.
energy from the search unit to the material.
The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall
4.2 To ensure detection of discontinuities that may not be identified in the contractual agreement between the using
provide a favorable response from one side, scanning shall be parties.
performed in both circumferential directions for longitudinal
discontinuities and when an axial scan is specified by the using
Está leyendo una of Nondestructive Agencies—If specified
6.3 Qualification
in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified
party or parties, in both axial directions for transverse discon-
tinuities. previsualización
and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The appli-
cable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the
4.3 For efficient examination of large quantities of material, contractual agreement.
Cargue
multiple search units and instruments may sussimultane-
be used documentos para descargar
6.4 Size and type of pipe or tubing to be examined.
ously to perform scanning in the required directions. Multiple
search units may be employed for “interlaced” scanning in 6.5 Procedures and Techniques— The procedures and tech-
each required direction to enable higher examination rates to be niques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractual
Cargue para descargar
achieved through higher allowable scan index or “pitch.” agreement and should include:

Conviértase en miembro de Scribd para leer y

descargar documentos completos.

Comienza tu prueba GRATUITA de 30 días

FIG. 1 Circumferential Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube Wall

2
            
 
             
 E213 − 22

Títulos relacionados


FIG. 2 Axial Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube Wall

6.5.1 Type, dimension, location, and number of reference

reflectors to be placed in the reference standard,
Está leyendo una
8. Apparatus
8.1 Instruments shall be of the pulse echo type and shall be
6.5.2 Method(s) for measuring side versus side acoustic
response of reference notches and tolerance limits, previsualización
capable of detecting the reference notches of the types de-
scribed in Section 10 to the extent required in the standardiza-
6.5.3 Items that affect examination coverage may also be
tion procedure described in Section 11. An independent chan-
Cargue sus documentos
specified such as scan overlap, examination frequency, pulse
density, and maximum search unit size,
nel para descargar
(or channels) of instrumentation shall be employed to
individually monitor the responses from the longitudinal and,
6.5.4 Sound beam orientation and number of beams used,
when required, transverse oriented search units. The instrument
6.5.5 Number of dead elements within a phased array virtual
pulse repetition rate per channel shall be capable of being
probe, Cargue para descargar
adjusted to a sufficiently high value to ensure notch detection at
6 .5 .6 P ro ce du re a nd u se o f d is ta nc e a mp litu de
the scanning rate employed. The instrument shall be capable of
compensation, and
this pulse repetition rate without false indications due to
6.5.7 Maximum time interval between equipment standard-
spurious reflections or interference from other instruments and
ization checks, if different from that described in 12.2, and the O
search units being used for simultaneous examinations in other
tolerance to be applied to a standardization check,
directions or along other scan paths.
6.6 The stage(s) in the manufacturing process at which the
8.1.1 The frequency and bandwidth of the instrument and
material will be examined. Conviértase en miembrosearch de Scribd para
unit shall beleer y of being selected to produce a
capable
6.7 Surface Preparation—The pre-examination surface satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of the re-
descargar documentos
preparation if additional requirements are necessary beyond
completos.
quired notches as compared to background “noise” response
what is specified in Section 7. from irregularities such as grain boundaries and surface rough-
6.8 Reporting ness.
Comienza
6.8.1 Criteria for reportable and rejectable tu prueba
indications (ac- GRATUITA de 30 días
8.2 Search unit frequency shall be selected to produce a
ceptance criteria), and desirable “signal-to-noise” ratio (S/N), from the material to be
6.8.2 Requirements for permanent records of the response examined, at the specified sensitivity. A S/N value of at least 3
from each tube, if applicable. to 1 is usually considered to be minimum. A higher minimum
6.9 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items— value is desirable and may be specified by the contracting
Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in agency.
this practice and if required shall be specified in the contractual 8.2.1 Select a search unit size, frequency, and refracted
agreement. angle (or corresponding parameters for non-contact tech-
niques) to produce an approximate 45 degrees beam-center
7. Surface Condition shear wave in the tube or pipe wall. For material with an
7.1 All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale, dirt, grease, outside diameter-to-thickness ratio less than 7, a lower re-
paint, or other foreign material that could interfere with fracted angle (or corresponding parameters for non-contact
interpretation of examination results. The methods used for techniques) must be used to ensure intersection with the inside
cleaning and preparing the surfaces for ultrasonic examination
shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surface finish.
Excessive surface roughness or scratches can produce signals
that interfere with the examination.

3
            
 
             
 E213 − 22

surface. This does not ensure detection of midwall disconti- ultrasonic transmission when the tubing is precoated several hours before
nuities (See Ref (1)).7 the examination.

TítulosArrays—
relacionados
8.2.2 Phased Array Transducers: Linear or Non-Linear


Each virtual probe in the array shall meet the appli- 10. Reference Standards
cable requirements of a search unit as defined in 8.2.1. Virtual 10.1 A reference standard of a convenient length (see A1.4)
probe responses within an array shall be normalized to each shall be prepared from a length of pipe or tube of the same
other for a defined beam profile. nominal diameter, wall thickness, material, surface finish, and
8.2.3 For contact systems, the curvature of the contact acoustical properties as the material to be examined. The
mechanism should match the tube outside diameter. reference pipe or tube shall be free of discontinuities or other
8.3 The positions of all conveyor and drive mechanisms conditions producing indications that can interfere with detec-
must be set to support and feed the material to be examined in tion of the reference notches.
a stable manner and at the desired scan “pitch” (helix). For 10.2 Longitudinal and, when required by the contracting
small tubes, support mechanisms must be used in the exami- agency, transverse reference notches shall be placed on both
nation station to prevent any transverse motion with respect to the outside and inside surfaces of the reference standard to
the search unit beam during scanning. If larger material that is ensure satisfactory examination sensitivity near each of these
not straight is to be examined, the search units may have to be boundaries.
supported in a “follower” mechanism to compensate for this.
10.3 Reference notches shall be separated sufficiently (cir-
9. Couplant cumferentially or axially, or both) to preclude interference and
9.1 For piezoelectric-based search units (non-contact tech-
niques do not require couplant), a couplant such as water, oil,
Está leyendo una interpretation difficulties.
10.4 All upset metal, burrs, etc., adjacent to the reference
or glycerin, capable of conducting ultrasonic vibrations be-
tween the search unit and the pipe or tube being examined shall
previsualización
notches shall be removed.
10.5 The notch dimensions and tolerances, which are
be used. Rust inhibitors, softeners, and wetting agents may be length, depth, and width (and for V-notches, the included
added to the couplant. The couplant Cargue
liquid sus
withdocumentos
all the para
angle) descargar
must be decided upon by the using party or parties,
additives shall not be detrimental to the surface condition of the unless specified otherwise by the product specification. Fig. 3
pipe or tube, and shall wet the surface of the material to illustrates the common notch configurations and the dimen-
provide adequate coupling efficiency. To prevent spurious sions to be measured (Note 3). Reflection amplitudes from V-,
signals or loss of sensitivity, or both, care must be Cargue
taken para
to descargar
square-, and U-shaped notches of comparable dimensions may
avoid the presence of air bubbles in the couplant. For contact, vary widely depending on the angle, frequency, and vibrational
squirter, or wheel-type systems, the equipment may use ultra- mode of the interrogating sound beam.
sonic or other means/techniques to monitor the coupling to
ensure uninterrupted examination. O NOTE 3—In Fig. 3 ( a), ( b ), and (d), the sharp corners are for ease of
illustration. It is recognized that in normal machining practice, a radius
NOTE 2—In the contact method, some couplants result in better will be generated.
10.5.1 The notch depth shall be an average measured from
Conviértase en miembrothe de circular
Scribdtubing
para leer y
surface to the maximum and minimum
7
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard. descargar documentos completos.
penetration of the notch. Measurements may be made by

Comienza tu prueba GRATUITA de 30 días

FIG. 3 Common Notch Shapes

4
            
 
             
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