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Inductive Deductive Methods

The document discusses inductive and deductive methods. The inductive method proceeds from specific observations to broader generalizations, while the deductive method proceeds from general principles to specific conclusions. Both methods have merits and demerits. The inductive method is well-suited for initial learning stages and discovery, while the deductive method is better for practice, higher-level classes, and enhancing problem-solving skills. An ideal approach combines both induction and deduction.

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Riya Elizabeth J 13
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188 views16 pages

Inductive Deductive Methods

The document discusses inductive and deductive methods. The inductive method proceeds from specific observations to broader generalizations, while the deductive method proceeds from general principles to specific conclusions. Both methods have merits and demerits. The inductive method is well-suited for initial learning stages and discovery, while the deductive method is better for practice, higher-level classes, and enhancing problem-solving skills. An ideal approach combines both induction and deduction.

Uploaded by

Riya Elizabeth J 13
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDUCTIVE

DEDUCTIVE METHOD
INDUCTIVE DEDUCTIVE METHOD

• Inductive – deductive method is a combination of Inductive method and deductive


method. Inductive and deductive methods not complete in itself. Induction should be
followed by deduction and deduction by induction. Our approach should be inductive
cum deductive. Start with induction and with deduction.To be able to understand
Inductive – deductive method one should have to understand them separately.
INDUCTIVE METHOD

• Inductive method advocated by Pestalozzi and Francis Bacon.

• Inductive method is based on Induction. Induction is the process of proving a universal truth or a theorem by
showing that if it is true of any particular case, it is true of the next case in the same serial order and hence
true for any such cases. So the technique of making transition from particular facts to generalizations about
these facts is known as the process of induction.

• It is a method of arriving at a formula or a rule by observing a sufficient number of particular instances.

• EXAMPLES : Angle sum property in a triangle, The volume of a cone is one third of that of a cylinder, vertically
opposite angles are equal, angles in a semicircle.
PRINCIPLES

• particular to general
• from concrete to abstract
• simple to complex.
• Known to unknown
STEPS

▪ Presentation of concrete examples


▪ Observation of cases under given conditions
▪ Finding common relations
▪ Generalization
▪ Verification
EXAMPLES

• Asks the students to construct a few triangles. Let them measure and sum up the angles
in each case.The sum will be the same in all the cases. They can safely conclude that the
sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles.
MERITS OF INDUCTIVE METHOD

• It helps understanding
• It encourages active participation of the students in learning
• It provides ample opportunities for exploration and observation
• It sustains the students interest as they proceed from known to unknown
• It curbs the tendency for rote learning as it clears the doubts of the students
• It facilitates meaningful learning
• It enhances self confidence
DEMERITS OF INDUCTIVE METHOD

• Its application is limited to very few topics in mathematics


• This is not suitable for higher classes because higher order mathematical principles cannot be
generalized through the observation of concrete cases
• It is a lengthy, time consuming and laborious method
• It is not absolutely conclusive as it might leave some doubts in the minds of the students regarding the
validity of the generalization arrived at through the observation of a few particular instances
• This method only facilitates the discovery of the formula or the rule. A lot of supplementary work and
exercises is necessary to fix it in the mind of the learner.
• It is not suitable for mathematically gifted students as unnecessary details and too many examples make
the teaching dull and boring.
DEDUCTIVE METHOD
DEDUCTIVE METHOD

• It is opposite of inductive method. Deductive method is based on deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is
the process of drawing logical inferences from established facts or fundamental assumptions.

• In this method we begin with a formula or a rule or generalization and apply it to a particular case.
PRINCIPLES

• general to particular
• abstract to concrete
• Formula to examples
PROCEDURE

• Immediately after announcing the topic for the day, the teacher gives the relevant formula.
To explain further the application of the formula to problems, he solves a number of
problems on the blackboard.The students come to understand how the formula can be
used or applied.Then a few problems are given to the students.They solve them on the
same lines as have been explained by the teacher.
• Eg:Area of a rectangle = length × breadth
• The students apply this formula to solve problems and then memorize them for further
use.
MERITS

• It saves time and labour for both the teacher and student
• It enhances speed, skill and efficiency in solving problems
• It is a short and elegant method
• It helps in fixation of formulae and rules as it provides adequate opportunities for practice and revision
• It helps in increasing the memory power of the students as the students are required to memorise a
large number of laws , formulae etc.
• It completes the inductive method as probability in induction is reduced to certainty in deduction
• It is useful for higher clases
DEMERITS

• It encourages rote memory as deductive method demands the use of certain laws, rules or formulae to
be recalled by the learners from their memory.
• It does not clarify the doubts of the student regarding the generalization and hence learning is
incomplete.
• It is not suitable for beginners
• It does not encourage students involvement in learning
• It is not suitable for the development of thinking , reasoning and discovery.
• Since it is based on blind memory , once the formula or rule is forgotten , it is not possible to rediscover
them.
• In this method the emphasis on memory at the cost of intelligence and hence psychologically unsound
COMPARISON OF INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE
METHODS

INDUCTIVE METHOD DEDUCTIVE METHOD

❖Based on inductive reasoning


❖Based on deductive reasoning
❖Proceed from Particular --- general, ❖Proceed from general --- particular,
Concrete --- abstract abstract --- concrete
❖Psychological method ❖ Unpsychological method
❖A method of discovery that stimulates ❖ A method of presentation that does not
intellectual powers develop originality and creativity
INDUCTIVE METHOD DEDUCTIVE METHOD

❖Emphasis on reasoning ❖Emphasis is on memory


❖Encourage meaningful learning ❖Encourages rote learning
❖Most suitable for initial stages of learning ❖Suitable for practice and application
❖Suitable for lower classes ❖Most suitable for higher classes
❖Enhances active participation of learners ❖Makes the student passive recipient of
knowledge
❖Lengthy ,time consuming and laborious
❖Short , concise and elegant
❖Facilitates discovery of rules and
generalisations. ❖Enhances speed, skill and efficiency in
solving problems.

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