PILLARS OF EDUCATION
1.LEARNING TO KNOW ✓ to better comprehend the world & its complexities
✓ e.g. concentration, memory skills, critical thinking skills, comprehension, asking questions, data
gathering & selecting information
2. LEARNING TO DO ✓
learning must transform certified skills into personal competence ✓ initiative and willingness to
work
✓ e.g., finding a job that is in line with your technical skills
3. LEARNING TO BE ✓
aims to provide self analytical and social skills to enable individuals to develop to their fullest
potential psycho-socially, affectively as well as physically, for a holistically-developed person ✓
e.g. personal development, professional development, self-actualization
4. LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER ✓
aims to expose individuals to the values implicit within human rights, democratic principles,
intercultural understanding & respect and peace at all levels of society and human relationships to
enable individuals & societies to live in peace and harmony ✓
e.g. rules of discipline --- The specific purposes of the school are the following:
a. Cognitive Purposes ✓
teaching the basic cognitive skills such as reading, writing, & speaking
b. Political Purposes ✓ inculcation of patriotism or loyalty to the existing political order
c. Social Purposes ✓ concerns with the socialization of citizens into their various roles in society
d. Economic Purposes ✓ involves training & preparation of citizens for the world of work ---
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION PROCESS
1. ENCULTURATION ✓ aquisition of one owns culture thru the process of socialization with much
help of parents, peers & siblings ✓ very first familiarization process
• IMMERSION ✓ state where the individual is exposed to the social norms ✓ engage deeply in
the activities to absorb all the teachings given
2. ACCULTURATION ✓ amalgamation of two cultures ✓
the adoption of a minority cultural group of a majority's culture
• INTEGRATION ✓ adopting from new culture while still maintaining the original culture
• SEPARATION ✓ maintain original culture & minimize contact w/ the new culture
• ASSIMILATION ✓ abandon original culture & adopt from new culture
• MARGINALIZATION ✓ exclusion/discrimination; cannot maintain original culture & cannot
assimilate into the new culture ---
• FUNCTIONALIST THEORY (EQUILIBRIUM THEORY)
✓ interdependence & consensus
✓ consensus - normal state of society
✓ social equilibrium - achieved through the process of socialization of members
(interdependent) into the basic values and norms
a. TALCOTT PARSONS ✓ conceptualized society as a collection of systems within systems
b. EMILE DURKHEIM ✓ education is the influence exercised by adult generations to arouse
and to develop the child in physical, intellectual & moral states ---
• CONFLICT THEORY
✓ assumes a tension in society & its parts due to competing interest of individuals and
groups
✓ society holds economic, political, cultural, military power, and not shared values alone
✓ based on four interlocking concepts: competition, structural inequality, revolution, & war
a. KARL MARX
✓ the founder of the CONFLICT school of thought
✓ believed that the class system separates the employers from workers and workers from
the benefits of their own labor
b. MAX WEBER ✓
the father of bureaucratic. thought ✓ class differences alone could not fully explain the
complex ways of society ✓ the main activity of schools is to teach particular “status cultures”
both in & outside the classroom ---
• INTERACTION THEORIES
✓ focus on the communication & the relationship that exists among and between
groups in education peers, teachers-students, teacher-principal, & teacher-parents
a. LABELLING THEORY
✓ related to expectations ✓ students are labeled either as gifted or learning disabled, fast or slow
learner, smart or dumb (affect the quality & speed of learning)
b. EXCHANGE THEORY
✓ based on the concept of reciprocity or mutual benefit ✓ bind individuals (teachers, students,
parents, administrators) with obligations (include reward & benefits)
✓ people behave in such a way that one individual can get something from the other & vice versa ---
KIND OF TENSION
• Tension Between Modernity & Tradition
✓ when for some the process of change is slow, for others it is not so, thereby creating problem of
adaptation • Tension Between Spiritual & Material
✓ when self-worth is equated with material accumulation may lead to apathy, passivity, hopelessness
& pessimism • Tension Between Individual & Universal
✓ while culture is steadily being globalized, this development is being partial
• Tension Between The Global and the Local
✓ challenge to an individual how he or she can adapt to the changing world without forgetting or
turning his/her back from the past
• Tension Between Long Term and Short Term Considerations
✓ when people prefer to have quick answers and ready solution
to many problems even if its calls for a patient, concerted, negotiated strategy of reform ---
