Meeting the hygienic

needs of the client

 The principles of hygiene in
giving care to client
• Interpersonal skills in practicing effective
nurse patient relation ship
• Develop skills in assisting patient in the
maintains of body cleanliness
• maintaining a safe and hygienic environment
• Comfortable the patient
• Respecting client dignity and independence,
Practices concerned with hygiene
and healthful living ctd…
• The most important aspect of maintaining good health is good
personal hygiene. Personal hygiene which is also referred to as
personal care includes all of the following: Bathing and
Showering
• Oral care/oral hygiene (mouth care/mouth hygiene)
• Scalp and Hair care
• Skin and Nail care
• Foot care
• Genital care
• Dental care
• Prevention and care of decubitus ulcers
Practices concerned with hygiene
and healthful living
• Personal hygiene is an important
• Personal hygiene is the practice of maintaining
cleanliness of ones own body.
• washing hands before meals and after defecation
with soap,
• brushing teeth at least twice a day specially after
breakfast and after meals,
• taking bath with soap regularly, keeping nails
short and taking regular exercise
 Assist client in meeting his
hygienic needs
• Personal care and hygiene is different for each
person.
• Some people may prefer baths, others may
want to shower twice a day.
• Providing clients with the opportunity and
support to continue this routine is an essential
part of person-centred care
 Hygienic modification during
illness
• When person is ill, We have to assist for keep good
hygienic
• Some times patient can’t get a bath from wash room,
We have to do bed bath
• Some time we have to assist mouth care/oral care
Because patient cant do it lonely
• Like wise skin care, scalp and hair care, perinatal care
dietary supply also
 Oral hygiene
• The mouth is important for eating, drinking, taste,
breathing, speech, communication, and the immune
system.
• The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium
lining the inside of the mouth.
• In addition to its primary role as the beginning of the
digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a
significant role in communication.
 Oral hygiene ctd…
• Oral hygiene contain brushing the client teeth or
cleaning with dentures according to the daily routine
• Oral hygiene maintain integrity or teeth, gums,
mucus, membrane, tongue and lips
• Teeth consists of three parts
1.crown – Cleaning area
2. Neck - Cleaning area
3. Root - -
Keep individual’s mouth clean and free of disease and
another problem
 Basic principles of mouth care
• .Provide oral care of the teeth, gums, and mouth.
• Remove offensive odors and food debris
• Promote patient comfort and a feeling of well-being
• Preserve the integrity and hydration of the oral
mucosa and lips
• Alleviate pain and discomfort, thereby enhancing
oral intake.
• Prevent complications
 Patients who need mouth care
• Person who cant do his own personal hygiene We
should give mouth care
• Some disorders of the mouth include infections,
ulcers, cancer, cleft palate, dry mouth syndrome,
dental caries and speech problems
• mouth injuries patients, oral surgery, inflamed
mouth tissue, and unconscious or semi conscious
• Ventilate patients
Patients who need mouth care ctd…
• Having high fever
• Seriously ill patients
• Paralyzed patients
• Not taking oral feed (nil by mouth)
• Prevent dehydration
 Tools of mouth care
• appropriate toothbrush (Soft-bristle toothbrush)
• tongue depressor
• torch
• Kidney tray and forceps
• Gallipot
• Gauze swabs
• Sputum mug or small bowl
• Face Towel
• Small mackintosh
• Plain water in a mug,
• Paper bag.
• Gloves,
 Solutions we can use
• a baking soda toothpaste
• fluoride-containing toothpaste
• an alcohol-free antiseptic mouthwash
• Sodium chloride ( 0.9% Nacl)
• Water, salt water or Normal saline
• 0.12% Chlorhexidine or Chloride),
• Lime juice
• Boro- glycerin or lip balm(prevention dry)

•
 Preparing for Oral hygiene
procedure
• If can Explain to the patient that you are going to
clean his mouth and take consent
• Wash your hands
• Arrange all equipment on the bedside cabinet or an
over bed table.
• Wear gloves or PPE as needed
• Protect the privacy (close door or put the screen)
• Set the patient’s bed in a comfortable position
 Preparing for Oral hygiene
procedure ctd..
• Assess the oral cavity
• Remove any partial or full plates or dentures
and keep them in a denture-soaking solution.
• If patient can brush his teeth alone, advise him
to do it and help
 Mouth care for unconscious patient
• Oral care for the unconscious patient should
be performed at least every four hours.
• Clean the oral cavity using forceps with gauze
• Use appropriate antiseptic solution
• Lipstick, chap stick, or Vaseline may be
applied to the lips to keep them from drying
out.
• Nursing Records. Nursing observations for the
patient’s mouth
 Common problem of oral cavity
• should be recorded in the clinical record, noting such
factors as:
• Halitosis –
Offensive odor of breath. It present poor oral
hygiene, to remove this, cleaning the patient mouth.
• Dental cerise
Destructive process coursing decalcification of the
enamel and denting with resulting aviation of the tooth.
This cause breakdown of the enamel barrier.
 Common problem of oral cavity
ctd…
• Dental Plague- It is a soft thing to film of food
debris, murine and death epithelial cells deposit of the
teeth
• Bleeding gums- It can occur lack of vitamin C.
• Glossitis- Inflammation of tongue
• Root abscess- Pus formation of the root of the teeth
 Common problem of oral cavity
ctd…
• Stomatitis-
Inflammation of the mucus membrane of mouth.,
Poor oral hygiene
immune deficiency undergoing chemotherapy and
radiotherapy patient taking anticolinergic drugs. Cause
decrease solution
Cheilosis- Cracking or ulceration of lip send angle
of mouth.
 Infections of the related organ
near oral cavity
• Parotitis – Inflammation of the parotid gland
• Sinusitis- Inflammation of the sinus cavity
• Otitis- inflammation of middle ear
• Adenitis- inflammation of lymph glands
specially adenoids
• Tonsillitis- inflammation of tonsils
 Prevention of the complication
• 1. Good oral hygiene
• 2. following patient, need mouth care two or four
hours to prevent complication
• having high fever, seriously ill, paralyzed patient
unconscious patients, patient having mouth breath
malnourished and dehydrate, patient under went
anesthesia. Patient are not taking oral feed, patient
having mouth disorders
• 3. Prevent dehydration
Prevention of the complication ctd…
• Use correct tooth brush and tooth paste
• To prevent unpleasant odor use mouth wash
• Well balanced diet
• Regular dental checkup
• Nurse should educate patient and relatives
regarding oral hygiene
Skin
Skin ctd…
 Skin ctd…
• Skin is the largest organ in our body
• It has highly specialized function that are
essential for human survive
• Skin cover approximately 20 square feet's
•
 Functions of skin
• Protection
• Regulation of body temperature- heat
production, heat loss, control of body
temperature
• Sensation
• Absorption- necessary UV rays that convert 7
dehydrocholestrol into vitamin D
• Excretion
• Give pigmentation
Factors affecting for healthy skin
• Skin condition
• Personal hygiene
• Disorder of skin function
 Skin condition
1. Development
2. Life style - Occupation, Bed rest
3. Health status- Dehydration or malnutrition,
Reduce sensation (leprosy)
4. Diseases - Diabetes mellitus
 Personal hygiene

• 1. Culture
2. Socioeconomic classes
3. Cognition and perception
4. Health status
5. Motivation
 Disorders of skin function

• Allergic reaction
• Infection
• Wounds – Accidental wounds, Surgical wounds
• Decubitus- Ulcers (pressure ulcers)- pressure
nutrition and hydration
• Moisture on the skin
• Mental status
• Friction
• Common location
 Bedsores
• Also called pressure ulcers and decubitus ulcers
• They are injuries to skin and underlying tissue
resulting from prolonged pressure on the skin
• Bedsores most often develop on skin that covers bony
areas of the body, such as the heels, ankles, hips and
tailbone.
 Pressure ulcers
• 1.The pressure is caused by –The weight of the body
continuously remaining is one position splints, casts,
bandages
• 2. Friction of the skin with rough bedding causes injury
to the skin
a. wrinkles in the draw and its careless handling sheet or
other bed clothes
b. Crumbs of food in the bed,
c. Chipped of rough bed pan, Hard surface of plaster
casts and splints
Pressure according to position
 Pressure ulcers ctd…
• 3. Moisture
• The skin contact with moisture for a prolong
period can lead to laceration of the skin
• leaving patient lying wet bedding.
• Patient with incontinence of urine and stool
• Severe perspiration
• Body discharges
 Pressure ulcers ctd…
• 4. pressure of pathogenic organisms
❑Due to unhygienic condition pathogenic
organism multiplies and infection settles on the
skin
1. Predisposing or indirect causes
2. Paralysis and limitation of movement
3. Edematosis and malnourished patients
Edematous patient, whose tissue are swollen
with an accumulation fluid.
 Pressure ulcers ctd…
4. Very old with sluggish circulation
5. Obese patients
 Prevention of decubitus ulcers/bed
sores/pressure ulcers
1. Prevent pressure
• Establish a turning schedule for bedridden patients
turn hourly.
• Have a firm cot and foam mattress for bed ridden
patients.
• Use extra pillows, pads and air rings to reduce
pressure.
 Prevention of decubitus ulcers /bed
sores/pressure ulcers ctd…
2. Prevent friction
• When changing position of your patient lift
him and do not drag him on to bed.
• Keep sheets without wrinkles and seams
• Keep bed clean and free from crumbs
• If patient is restless, protect pressure points
with soft pads.
 Prevention of decubitus ulcers /bed
sores/pressure ulcers ctd…
3. Prevent moisture
• Keep dressing and bed dry and clean
• Clean and dry the incontinent patients
promptly
 Prevention of decubitus ulcers /bed
sores/pressure ulcers ctd…
4. Prevent predisposing causes
• Identify the relevant patients
• Improve patient’s health by means of good
food, ventilation, sunlight and exercises
• Encourage circulation through massage
• Have patient to ambulate early
 Prevention of decubitus ulcers /bed
sores/pressure ulcers ctd…
5. Observe early signs and symptoms of
decubitus ulcers
• Redness
• Dark discoloration
• Bruising
• Tenderness of the area
• Burning sensation
 Prevention of decubitus ulcers /bed
sores/pressure ulcers ctd…
6. Give good care to pressure points
7. Careful cleaning and massage should be
carried out 3 or 4 times a day for all bed
ridden patients, for some patients it is
necessary to give care as often as every two
hours.
 Type of therapeutic baths
1. Hot water tub bath
• Immersion in hot water helps relieve muscle
soreness and spasm, water temperature should
be 45- 46 Celsius.
2. Warm water tub bath
• Bathing in warm water relieves muscle
tension. Water temperature should be 43
Celsius
 Type of therapeutic baths ctd…
3. Cool water bath
• Bathing in tepid water helps to lower body
temperature when the body temperature is over 40
Celsius water temperature should be 37 Celsius.
4. Sitz bath
• Cleanses and reduce inflammation of the perenial
and anal areas of a patient who has undergone
rectal or perennial surgery or in hemorrhoids or
fissures. Water temperature should be 43-45
Celsius.
 Type of therapeutic baths ctd…
5. Cold sitz bath - Cold sitz bath is more
effective in relieving pain in the postoperative
period. Back rub or back massage promotes
relaxation, relieves, muscular tension and
stimulates skin circulation. An effective back
rub takes 35 minutes.
 Care of the foot and nails
• The feet and nails require special attention to
prevent disease, odor, and injuries to tissue
• People are unaware of foot or nail problems
until pain or discomfort occurs
• Problems may result from poor care of the feet
and nails such as biting nails or trimming the
improperly exposure to chemicals and wearing
poorly fitted shoes
 Types of cleaning bath
• Bath room bath , shower bath, tub bath all can get
only assist by nurse
• Bed bath- Bed bath means bathing a client who is
confined to bed and who does not have the physical
and mental capability of self bathing the clients who
need bath in bed are those who are in plaster casts and
traction on strict bed rest, paralyzed, unconscious and
those who have undergone surgery
 Types of cleaning bath ctd…
comfortable bed bath, partial bed bath, self help
bed bath, the client have a complete bed bath or
a partial bath
In complete bed bath – The whole body is bathed
out, but in a partial bed bath only in areas where
the secretions accumulate are cleaned
Eg- the face, hands, axillar, back and perineum
 Types of cleaning bath ctd…
• Some times the term self administered bed
bath is used in which the clients is confined to
bed , but if he is able to bath him self
completely except for his back and legs. The
nurse provides everything for bath within the
easy reach of the patient
 Purpose of bed bath
In the past years most clients were bathing in the bed
because emphasis increased and preventing
complications of immobility
To clean the body off dirt and germs such as bacteria
,virus, fungus etc..
To increase elimination through the skin
To prevent bedsores
To stimulate circulation
To induce sleep
 Purpose of bed bath ctd
• Clean the skin
• To provide comfort to the client
• To relieve fatigue
• To give the client a sense of well being
• To regulate body temperature
• To provide active an passive exercises
• To observe objective symptoms
• To give nursing care and opportunity for health
teaching
• To establish an effective nurse client relationship.
 What do you need to give a bed
bath?
• Four or more washcloths or bath sponges.
• Three or more towels.
• Two wash basins (one for soapy water, one for
rinsing).
• Soap (a bar of soap, liquid soap, or wipes). "No-tears"
or baby shampoo or no-rinse shampoo.
• Waterproof covering for the bed
• A table to hold everything
• Patient’s clothes for dressing
 Prepare water for bed bath
• The temperature of the water to be adjusted for the
comfort of the client. The temperature for the sponge
bath should be 110-115 Fahrenheit for tub baths or
bathroom bath the temperature of the water should be
90-100 Fahrenheit.
• You have to consider patient’s condition and
environmental factors
 Nurse’s responsibility in giving bed
bath preliminary assessment
1. Check the physician's orders to see the specific
precautions if any, regarding the positioning and
movement of the client.
2. Assess the client’s need for bathing.
3. Assess the client’s ability for self care.
4. Assess the cardiorespiratory functioning. Check
vital signs
5. Assess the client’s mental state to follow directions
 Nurse’s responsibility in giving bed
bath preliminary assessment
6. Check the client’s preference for soap, powder etc.
7. Check the linen and equipment available in the
client’s unit.
8. Check whether the client has taken the meal in the
previous 1 hour.
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
1. Maintain privacy of the clients by means of screens
or curtains.
2. Explain the procedure to the confident of the client
and check vital signs
3. Wash hands before and after the procedure
4. All articles used in the bath should be absolutely
clean.
5. Client’s unit should be warm and free from hazards.
 General instructions for giving a
bed bath…
6. All needed equipment should be at hand and
conveniently placed before beginning the procedure so
as to avoid leaving the client unnecessarily until the
entire procedure has been complete.
7.Conseure the energy of the client by avoiding the
unnecessarily exertions.
8.Keep the washcloth wet, but not so wet that it drips
9. Use a mild soap. (Dove, Ivory, baby soap )
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
10. Place a towel under the part of the body being
washed. A towel will absorb any excess bath water and
keep bed sheets dry.
• Wash and dry well between folds of the skin
11 .Remove the soap completely to avoid the drying
effects of the soap residue left on the clients skin.
12. Only small area of the body should be exposed and
bathed at the same time.
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
13 .Support should be given to the joints in lifting arms
and legs while washing and drying these areas.
14.provide active and passive exercise whenever
possible unless it is contraindicated.
15.Wash the hands and feet's by placing them in the
basing because it promotes through cleaning fingers
nails and toe nails.
16.Cut short nails, if they are too long.
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
17.A through inspection of the skin especially at the
back should be done to find out the early signs of bed
sore. A redness in the skin an excoriation of the skin
etc…. Should be reported immediately and treated
urgently to prevent development of bed sore.
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
• 18. All the skin surfers should be included in the
bathing process with special care in cleaning and
drying the creases and folds and the boney
prominences etc…. Since the parts are most likely to
be excoriated by moisture pressure, friction and dirt.
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
19.special attention is given to axilla and groin's to
prevent disagreeable body odors due to the
decomposition of organic materials.
20.cleaning is done from the cleanest area to the less
clean area.
ex: upper parts of the body would be
bathed before the lower parts.
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
• 21. Avoid bathing a client immediately after a meal as
It depletes the blood supply to the digestive organs
and interfere with digestion.
• 22. Frequency and the time at which a cleaning bath
is given should be adjusted for the comfort of the
clients and on the physicians orders. A critically ill
client may tolerate only a partial bath.
• 23. Do not touch the body with hands, It is unpleasant
to the clients.
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
• 24.Powders are used to prevent friction and to absorb
moisture but they should not be used on open
draining areas, since powder can make or from crast,
causing skin irritation.
• 25.Use only a small amount of spirit or cologne in the
back care. The rapid evaporation of spirit causes rapid
and excessive cooling of the body and also causes
drying of the skin.
General instructions for giving a bed
bath…
26. Use soaps which contains less alkali.
.27. Creams or oils are used to prevent drying or
excoriation of the skin.
28. The nurse should maintain good posture and
balances of the body during bed bath. Keep the client
near to the edge of the bed to prevent over reaching and
strain on the lower back.
 Care of the Eyes, Nose and Ears
• The eyes, nose and ears are important organs which
require no special care in daily life hygiene
• Care of the eyes, ears and nose prevents infection
and helps to maintain the functions. Hygienic care of
these organs is always done as part of the general
bathing procedure.
 Care of the Eye
• A common problem of the eyes are secretion that dry
on the lashes as crusts. This may need to be softened
and wiped away under sterile conditions. In
newborns, the eyes are treated soon after the baby is
born to prevent opthalmic neonatorum.
• With a gauze swab dampened with water gently
• swab from the inner aspect (nasal corner) of the eye
outwards.
• Use a new swab each time until all discharge has
been removed
• This prevents the particles and fluid from draining
into the nasolacrimal duct, during a bath, each eye is
cleaned with a separate portion of the wash cloth.
•
• When sterile procedure is required, each eye is
cleaned with a separate swabs, swabbing each eye
once only.
• This prevents spread of infection from one eye to
other and to avoid possible recontamination of the
same eye.
Nurses responsibility in the cleaning
of the eyes
• (when there is discharge or crust formation in the
eyes)
• Procedure
• Explain to the patient what you are about to do even
if the patient is unconscious.
• Preliminary assessment
• Check the diagnosis of the client
• Check the physician’s order to see the specific
precautions regarding the care of the eyes, the client’s
movements and positioning
• Make sure the bed area is clear of any obstructions to
enable you to move around the bed freely, and that
you have all the equipment - ensuring you are
prepared means you will not have to leave the patient
unnecessarily during the procedure
• Make sure that the patient is in a comfortable position
and that there is a good light source.
• Ensure patients privacy.
• Make an assessment of the patients eyes.
• Wash hands, put on gloves and open sterile pack.
• Place disposable towel around the patients neck.
• Ask the patient to close their eyelids, to avoid damage
to the cornea
• With a gauze swab dampened in the saline 0.9%
gently swab from the inner aspect (nasal corner) of
the eye outwards.
• Use a new swab each time until all discharge has been
removed
• Repeat the procedure for both eyes.
• Dry the patients eyelids gently to remove excess
fluid.
• Dispose of equipment.
• Ensure that patient is comfortable.
 Care of nose and ears
• The nose and ears require minimal care in the daily
life. Excessive accumulation of secretion make the
client sniff or block the nose the secretion can
become crusted obstruct the air way.
• The client who can not remove the secretion assist it
necessary to clear the congestion and protect the nasal
mucosa external crusted secretion can be removed
with a wet wash cloth or cotton applicator
• Moisten with normal saline or water for baby and
small children use of cotton moisten into anterior
nose and rotated gently cleanses the nostrils
• When there is poor hygiene of the ears debris may
accumulate behind the ear and in the anterior aspect
of the external ear
• This can lead to ulceration of the skin
• Common problem of the ear is the collection of
serum or ear wax in external auditory cannel
• This may cause some difficulties in hearing for
person
• It can cause discomfort when hardness
• Many people remove wax from there ears by using
sharp object which can traumatize the ear drum
• Warm liquid paraffin or olive oil instill into the ear
can soften wax and it can be easily removed when it
can’t be removed by ordinary measures, consult the
ENT surgeons
Demonstration bed bath
Bed bath
 Care of the perineum
• Perennial hygiene involves cleaning the external
genitalia and surrounding area
• The perianal area is conductive to the growth of
pathogenic organisms, because it is warm, moist and
is not well ventilated since there are many orifices
(urinary meatus, vaginal orifice and the anus) situated
in this area the pathogenic organism can enter into the
body
• Through cleanliness is essential patient prevent bad
odor and to promote comfort
• The most perinatal principal for the perennial care is
to clean the perineum from the cleanest to the less
clean area
• The urethral orifice is considers as the cleanest area
and anal areas is considered as the dirtiest area
because the orifice in the perianal area are in
proximity, cross contamination is a potential problem
• The normal flora of the urinary system is different
from that in the gastrointestinal system
• Entry of organisms from the anal orifice can cause
urinary tract infections, because these organisms are
foreign to the urinary tract, during the perennial care
clean the area around the urinary meatus, before
cleaning the area around the anus
• You have to give very special attention to the
perennial care
 Who are the people give perennial care
• Clients who are unable to self care
• Clients with genitor urinary tract infection
• Clients with incontinence urine and stool
• Clients with excessive vaginal discharge
• Clients with indwelling catheters
• Post partum clients
• Clients after surgery on the genitor urinary system
• Clients with injury, ulcer or surgery on the perennial
area of rectum
 Nurses responsibility in the perennial
care (For the female client)
Preliminary assessment.
Assess the condition of the perennial signs any
itching, irritation, ulcers, edema, drainage etc….
Assess the need and frequency of perennial care.
• Assess whether the perianal care should be done
under an aseptic technique or a clean technique
[Remember when there is a wound the perennial
care should be done under aseptic technique.]
• Check the physician's orders for any specific
instructions.
• Assess the client’s ability for self care.
• Assess the clients mental state to follow
instructions
• Check the articles available in the client’s unit
 Preparations for articles…
Article Purpose
A may containing: To protect the bed
Mackintosh
A jug with warm water or antiseptic solution To clean the perineum

Wet cotton balls or rag pieces in a bowl To clean the perineum

Gauze or rag pieces in a container To dry the perineum
Long artery forceps in the kidney tray To hold the swab for cleaning
Paper bag To receive the wastes
Clean linen [ Personal and bed linen] To keep the client clean
Pads, dressings etc.... As needed soap,
soap dish, towel and wash cloth if the client
is able to do him self.
Bed pan If the client is in need of passing urine or
stool.
 Preparation of the client and the
unit..
• Explain the procedure to the client.
• Provide privacy by screen's and drapes. Drape
the client as for urgent examinations fanfold
the top linen to the end of the bed.
• Remove all articles that may interfere with the
procedure e.g.: air cushion, knee pillow etc…
• Give extra pillows to raise the head.
 Preparation of the client and the
unit..
• Roll the draw sheet to the opposite side to
prevent soiling when bedpan is placed a
mackintosh under the buttocks over the draw
sheet.
 Preparation of the client and the
unit..
• Offer the bedpan. Keep the clean bedpan on
the bed on your working side. Ask the client
to flex the knees and lift her buttocks by
pressing the foot against the mattress. Place the
bedpan in position while the nurse slides her
left arm under the waistband lower the client
gently over the pan and adjust it comfortably
for the client.
 Preparation of the client and the
unit..
• Untie the pads, if any, and observe the
discharges, its colour, odor, amount etc.
Discard, the pads in the paper bag
• Leave the client for sometime so that she may
pass urine or stool if necessary ( never leave
the client if she is too ill or weak – and likely
to faint.
• Get the toilet tray and arrange the articles
conveniently on the beside table
 Pressure Point
• Back massage
• To assess condition of the skin.
• To relieve muscle tension in pressure area
• To promote physical and mental relaxation
 Types of back massages
1. Effleurage
2. Pertissage
3. Friction
4. Tapotement
 Effleurage
• Stroking with both of the hands from the
buttocks towards the shoulders and back again
stroke firmly as the hands move from the
buttocks towards the shoulders, and lightly as
the hands move from the shoulders to the
buttocks. Continue this 8-10 times
 Petrissage
• Start from buttocks and kneeling the
superficial tissues between the finger tips of
both hands, moving towards the shoulders.
When hand reach the shoulders switch to
effleurage for the downwards stroke and them
repeated the petrissage continue this stroke for
8-10 times
 Friction
• Using the palm of the hands to slide the super
friction tissue over the underline tissues move
from the buttocks , towards the shoulders,
massaging in and out from the midline of the
back, until all tissues have been massaged.
Switch to effleurage to move that towards the
buttocks and repeat and friction towards the
shoulder continue this stroke for 2-3 time,
giving special attention to pressure point area
 Tapotement
• Alternating striking the tissues on either side
of the back. Move from buttocks towards the
shoulders switching to effleurage to move
toward buttocks. Do this technique only once
or twice.
Tapotement
Tapotement
 Care of the hair
• It is make good appearance of once care and
skin reflect a general health of a person. The
cleanliness and grooming of hair is frequently
related to once sense of well being. Neat hair is
a factor in making a good impression to
another person.
 Care of the hair ctd…
• Well Balanced diet is essential for the health of
the hair. Hair need light and fresh air.
Stimulation of circulation by massage and
brushing it essential to by maintain healthy.
 Alopecia- loss of hair
• Unclean scalp containing dandruff, excessive
sebum and sweat will allow to growth of micro
organism and practice on the scalp. Oily hair
accumulate dust more quickly than dry hair.
• Keeping the scalp cleaning with shampoo after
washing, drying and combing helps to relieve
the dandruff
 Free aspect of caring the hair
• Daily care by brushing and combing
• Shampooing hair in order to maintain in
cleanliness
• Treatment of hair for infestation such as lice
 Purpose of the hair care
1. To keep the hair clean and healthy
2. To promote the growth of hair
3. To prevent loss of hair
4. To prevent itching and infection
5. To prevent acumilation of dirty dandruff and oily
6. To provide a sense of well-being
7. To stimulate circulation
8. To destroy pedicle
9. To appear neat well being
10. To observe the scalp
 Pediculosis and it’s treatment
• Term pediculosis is defined as the state of
being infected with lice. They are practice on
warm blooded animals. They are found on
head, eyebrows, eyelashes and perennial area
 Pediculosis and it’s treatment ctd…
• They associated in poor hygiene, crowded
living condition and other
• Lice can transfer one person to another direct
contact or indirect contact
 Danger of pediculosis
• Severe itching of scalp and stretches the head
consistently developed abscess.
• Severe infestation developed dandruff
• Itching of the scalp is a discomfort to the patient
causing restlessness an insomnia.
• Lice are blood sucking and cause Anemia
 Prevention of pediculosis
• It is easier than controlling this proper personal
hygiene,
• Daily comb the hair
• Daily washing the hair
• Keep the skin and clothes clean
 Assessment
• 1. When you are giving hygienic care to the patient
what are the principles that you should follow?
• 2.When a patient is ill how do you modify the
hygienic care ?
• 3. What are the most important component of
hygienic ?
• 4.what are the tools of mouth care?
• 5. What are the basic principles of mouth care?
• 6.What are the infections can be occurred in oral
cavity?
• 7.How do you prevent oral infection?
• 8.What are the factors affecting of healthy skin?
• 9.What are the main function of the skin?
• 10.How do you identify the pressure ulcers?
• 11.How do you prevent the pressure ulcers?
• 12.What are the types of therapeutic baths?
• 13.What are the purpose of bed bath?
• 14.What are the nurses responsibilities for giving bed
bath?
• 15.Who are the people to give bed bath?
• 16.What is the alopecia?
• 17. How do you prevent alopecia?
• 18.Describe the pediculosis treatment?
• 19.What are the types of back massage?
• 20.What do you consider when giving back massage?