St. Joseph College of Cavite Inc.

PRAYER TO ST. JOSEPH

Oh, Blessed St. Joseph, protector of the

Augustinian Recollect Family we
humbly pray that you guide us in the
way of salvation. Obtain for us great
purity of heart and fervent love of the
interior life. After your example may all
our actions be for the greater glory of
God in union with the Divine Heart of
Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of
Mary. And grant, O holy Joseph, that
ever secure under your protection we
may share in the peace and joy of your
holy death. Amen.
Leader: St. Joseph
All: Pray for us
 EARTH AND
LIFE SCIENCE
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MR. MARVIN N. BUSTAMANTE
ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE OF CAVITE, INC.
 Core Subject Description
• This learning area is designed to provide
a general background for the
understanding of Earth Science and
Biology.
• It presents the history of the Earth through
geologic time. It discusses the Earth’s structure,
composition, and processes. Issues, concerns, and
problems pertaining to natural hazards are also
included.
• Italso deals with the basic principles
and processes in the study of biology. It
covers life processes and interactions at
the cellular, organism, population, and
ecosystem levels.
 Universe and Solar System

Earth and Earth System

Minerals and Rocks

Exogenic Processes
FIRST
Endogenic Processes
QUARTER:
EARTH Deformation of Earth’s Crust

SCIENCE History of Earth

Geologic Processes and Hazards

Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards

Marine and Coastal Processes and their Effects.

 Introduction to Life Science

Bioenergetics

Genetic Engineering
SECOND
QUARTER: How Plant Survive
LIFE
SCIENCE How Animal Survive

The Process of Evolution

Interdependence and Inter-relatedness

 LESSON 1
UNIVERSE &
SOLAR SYSTEM
 The Universe: Structure,
Composition, and Age

• The universe as we currently

know it comprises all space
and time, and all matter and
energy in it.
• Itis made of 4.6% baryonic
matter, 24% cold dark matter,
and 71.4% dark energy
 The Universe: Structure,
Composition, and Age

• Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8

billion years old.
• The diameter of the universe is possibly
infinite but should be at least 91 billion
light-years (1 light-year = 9.4607 × 1012
km).
 The Universe: Structure,
Composition, and Age

• Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the

three most abundant elements.
• Stars – (the building block of galaxies) are
born out of clouds of gas and dust in
galaxies.
 The Universe: Structure,
Composition, and Age
• Instabilitieswithin the clouds eventually
results into gravitational collapse, rotation,
heating up, and transformation into a
protostar- the hot core of a future star as
thermonuclear reactions set in.
 The Universe: Structure,
Composition, and Age
• Stellarinteriors are like
furnaces where elements
are synthesized or
combined/fused together.
• Most stars such as the Sun
belong to the so-called
“main sequence stars.”
 The Universe: Structure,
Composition, and Age
• In the cores of such stars,
hydrogen atoms are fused
through thermonuclear
reactions to make helium
atoms.
• Massive main sequence stars
burn up their hydrogen faster
than smaller stars.
• Stars like our Sun burn up
hydrogen in about 10 billion
years.
 Birth, evolution, death, and
rebirth of stars

• A star’s energy comes

from combining light
elements into heavier
elements by fusion or
“nuclear burning”
known as
Nucleosynthesis.
 Birth, evolution, death, and
rebirth of stars

• The remaining dust and gas may end up as

they are or as planets, asteroids, or other
bodies in the accompanying planetary
system.
• A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and
clusters of galaxies form super clusters.
 Milky Way Galaxy
• Our sun and all the planets
around it are part of a galaxy
known as Milky Way Galaxy.
•A galaxy is a large group of
stars, gas and dust bound
together by gravity. They come
in a variety of shape and sizes.
 Milky Way Galaxy

• Milky Way Galaxy is a large barred spiral galaxy.

All the stars we see at the night sky are in our
own galaxy. It is called Milky Way because it
appears a milky band of light in the sky when you
see it in a dark area.
 Milky Way Galaxy

• It is very difficult to count the number of

stars in the Milky Way from our position
inside the galaxy.
• Our best estimates tell us that Milky Way is
made up of approximately 100 billion stars.
 Milky Way Galaxy

• Justas Earth goes around Sun, the sun

goes around the center of the Milky Way.
• It takes 250 million years for our Sun and
Solar System to go all the way around the
center of Milky Way.
 ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT
• Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods
and myths which narrate that the world
arose from an infinite sea at the first rising
of the sun.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT
• The Kuba people of Central Africa tell
the story of a creator god Mbombo
(or Bumba) who, alone in a dark and
water-covered Earth, felt an intense
stomach pain and then vomited the
stars, sun, and moon.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT

• In India, there is the narrative that

gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal
man whose head, feet, eyes, and
mind became the sky, earth, sun, and
moon respectively.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

CREATION THEORY
• The monotheistic religions of
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam claim
that a supreme being created the
universe, including man and other
living organisms.
 ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

SCIENTIFIC THEORY/HYPOTHESES

1.Big Bang Theory

2.Steady State Model
 BIG BANG THEORY
• The most accepted theory about
the origin of the universe is the
Big Bang Theory.

• Georges Lemaitre, a Belgian

priest, is considered as the first
proponent of the Big Bang
Theory.
 BIG BANG THEORY

• The theory was supported

by other scientists such as
Edwin Hubble, Arno
Penzias, and Robert Wilson
who presented pieces of
evidence to support it.
 BIG BANG THEORY

• The Big Bang Theory is the leading

explanation about how the universe began.

• Atits simplest, it says the universe as we

know it started with an infinitely hot, infinitely
dense singularity, then inflated over the next
13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know
today.
 The Big Bang Theory
(3 Pieces of Evidence)

1. Redshift: Expanding Universe

• In 1924, Edwin Hubble confirmed that our
universe is expanding, he found out that nearly
all deep space objects are moving away from the
earth or have a red shift.
• Spectral lines from stars and galaxies can be used
to determine the movement of the object toward
or away from the observer.
• The light of a star will either shift to the blue side
of spectrum if it’s moving towards the observer
or red side of spectrum if it’s moving from the
observer.
• The light of the star or other object that’s
moving away from the earth is termed the
red shift, meaning that the light from that
object is shifted towards the red side of the
spectrum.

• Thisevidence for expansion contradicted

the previously held view of a static and
unchanging universe.
2. Abundance of light elements

Elements like helium, hydrogen, with trace

amounts of lithium and beryllium found in
the observable universe agrees with
hypotheses of the big bang theory.
3. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
• Itsaccidental discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias
and Robert Woodrow Wilson earned them the
Physics Nobel in 1978
• This radiation is the thermal left over of the
transition phase that occurred when hot early
universe cooled enough for atoms to combine.
 STEADY STATE MODEL

• The Steady State Theory proposed by

Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred
Hoyle, suggests that the universe has
always been there and will always be
present.
 STEADY STATE MODEL

• It also conveys that the universe always

looks the same in any time or space but
continuously expands while simultaneously
creating matter, maintaining the density of
the universe, hence, the name Steady
State
 STEADY STATE MODEL

• Thistheory first explained that the cosmic

background radiation is a result of a
supernova.

• But after a thorough research, it was proven

that it is equal in any direction of the universe
and could not only be a result of many
supernova.
 STEADY STATE MODEL

• The Steady State Theory is so simple that it

was widely accepted even before the proposal
of the Big Bang Theory.

• The discovery of the cosmic background

radiation significantly supported the
explanations given by the Big Bang Theory,
which led many scientists to reject the Steady
State Theory.
THE FATE
OF THE
UNIVERSE
 Big Crunch

• The Big Crunch is one of the scenarios

predicted by the scientists in which the
universe may end.
• It states that gravity would stop the
universe from expanding and collapse into
itself, pulling everything with it until it
eventually turns into the biggest black hole
ever.
 Oscillating Universe Theory
(Pulsating Universe)
• It discusses that the universe is
expanding and will contract once
all the energy after the Big Bang
is used up.

• This theory, proposed by Richard

Tolman, can be described as the
combination of Big Bang and Big
Crunch.
 Oscillating Universe Theory
(Pulsating Universe)
• The Oscillating Universe Theory suggests that
once universe reverses and attains the point of
singularity, another universe will be born.
• This is referred to as the Big Bounce, Tolman
theorized that the universe may be first in the
cycle and could be a result of a previous Big
Bounce Event.
 Oscillating Universe Theory
(Pulsating Universe)
• Just like the Steady State, scientists discovered
many loopholes in the Oscillating Universe
Theory because it was said that for the universe
to collapse, energy must be present.
• This theory suggests that the universe will
collapse on its own after it reaches its full
expansion, which violates the law of physics.
 The Solar System

• Our Solar System includes the Sun and the

planetary system revolving around it.
•A “planetary system” is a group of non-stellar
objects (planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids,
meteoroids, comets and cosmic dust) that orbit
around a star, the sun is classified as a star.
Components of Solar System

• The Solar System includes four

terrestrial planets (composed
of rock and metal) and four gas
giants (gaseous material).
• These names are derived from
Roman gods and goddesses.
Components of Solar System

• Scientists believe that the

Solar System was formed
billions of years ago through
the gravitational collapse of a
cluster of gas and dust
particles in space.
Components of Solar System

• The Sun is said to have been

formed out of the mass in the
center, and these materials
slowly formed the other non-
stellar objects; planets,
moons, and asteroids.
 Components of Solar System

• Located between Mars and

Jupiter is a small asteroid
belt. Even though there are
only eight planets, our Solar
System contains hundreds of
star systems.
 Components of Solar System

• Some of the moons in our Solar System

are larger than the planet Mercury!
• Two of the moons of Jupiter have
interesting characteristics;
1. Io has active volcanoes,
2. Europa has a thick liquid water ocean
layer, though covered by thick crusts of
solid ice.
 Components of Solar System

• Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, has lakes,

rivers, and oceans of liquid Methane!
 Components of Solar System

• Beyond Neptune’s orbital path lie

trans-Neptunian formations made of
ice water, ammonia, and methane.
Ceres, Pluto, Haumea,
Makemake, and Eris rotate using
their own gravity like the other
planets, however, for this reason,
the scientific community has called
these “dwarf planets.”
Atmospheres, Rings and Magnetic
Field

Nearly every planet, and some moons, is shrouded with

atmospheric gases.
1. Take Venus for example, it has a thick atmosphere of carbon
dioxide and other toxic gases.
2. Earth’s atmosphere consists of mostly nitrogen and oxygen.
3. Mars’ atmosphere also has a thin layer of carbon dioxide.
4. The gas giants contain hydrogen and helium in their atmospheres.
 Atmospheres, Rings and Magnetic
Field

• From the 17th century to the 1970s,

astronomers believed that only Saturn
had an outer ring. With the advent of
modern telescopes, scientists have
observed rings on the other planets,
Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune.
• Although these planets’ rings are not as
prominent as Saturn’s.
 Atmospheres, Rings and Magnetic
Field

• Planets and stars in the Solar

System have magnetic fields, the
charged particles surround most
of these celestial bodies.
• The sun has a magnetic field of
its own called the heliosphere,
this emanates throughout the
Solar System.
 VORTEX THEORY
• Rene Descartes invented this theory in the mid
1600’s
• The solar system was formed into bodies with
nearly circular orbits because of whirlpool-like
motion in the pre-solar materials.
• According to him there should be a guiding hand
by the creator to make the vortex continuously
set in motion and returned bodies in the vortex to
their proper orbits
 NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

• In the 1700s Emanuel Swedenborg,

Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace
independently thought of a rotating
gaseous cloud that cools and contracts in
the middle to form the sun and the rest
into a disc that become the planets.
 SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY

• Same with nebular theory but solar nebular

theory states that 4.5 billion years ago, there was
an explosion of a star called supernova caused
the nebula to collapse forming the protostar (sun)
after 10 million years, then later the formation of
the protoplanets (planets).
 BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY

• 18th century French naturalist

George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de
Buffon proposed that the
planets were formed by the
collision of the sun with a
giant comet.
 TIDAL THEORY
• A massive star passed near the sun that set
up tidal forces and the instability of the Sun
which resulted in a part of its mass being torn
off due to the gravitational attraction.

• These materials formed a cigar shape that

later formed the 8 planets.