ACTIVITY 4: GROUP REPORTING

Contemporary foreign and economic policies of Asian countries.

INDIA

5071 CONTEMPORARY WORLD

MTWTHF 1:30-3:30 PM

Group Members:

ANGELES, Jan Laura G.

AQUINO, Jairo

BALUT, Ma. Andrea Louise

DELA CRUZ, Rafaela Gaye

GARAY, Dominador Jr.

MAGDAY, Alezsandra

MENDOZA, Ronna Iana

ROMERO, Austin

SALUM, Tedd Austin

SOLIMEN, Phoebe

Submitted to:

Ma’am Diwata V. Donato

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 Instructor

I. Background of the country India, disputes and tensions were rampant.

A. Geography 80 percent of Indians identify as Hindu, 13
India, also called Bhārat and percent as Muslim, and 2 percent as
Bhāratavarsha, is a geographically diverse Christians.
country with a 7,500-kilometer coastline. Education: In India, the overall literacy rate
Surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Bay of was 74.04%. In contrast to rural areas, which
Bengal, and the Arabian Sea, India is mostly have a lower literacy rate (68.9%), urban
a peninsula. Its mainland covers 3.28 million B. Brief History
square kilometers, ranging from 20.5937° N India's history is characterized by a variety of
to 78.9629° E. India is a South Asian country significant periods and events. The Indus
situated in the Indian subcontinent. The Valley Civilization, dating back to 3300–1300
Indian subcontinent comprises seven BCE, was an advanced urban civilization in
nations, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Indus River valley. During the Vedic
Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and the period (1500–500 BCE), Indo-Aryan tribes
Maldives. India shares land borders with settled in the Indian subcontinent and
China to the northeast, Bangladesh and composed the ancient Hindu scriptures
Myanmar to the east, Pakistan to the west, known as the Vedas. The Maurya Empire
and Bhutan. (322–185 BCE), led by Emperor Ashoka,
Demographics was a powerful realm that embraced
Fertility Rate: India's total fertility rate has Buddhism. The Gupta Empire (320–550 CE)
declined over time. According to the Sample witnessed remarkable advancements in
Registration System Statistical Report 2019, science, mathematics, and the arts. The
India's TFR was 2.2. Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and Mughal
Population: As of 2020, the overall Empire (1526–1857) influenced Indian
population is 1,380,004,385. This places culture and architecture, while the British Raj
India behind China as the world's most (1858–1947) marked British colonial rule and
populated nation. India's struggle for independence. Post-
Median Age: With a median age of about 28, independence, India adopted a democratic
India has a comparatively young population. government system and has achieved
Around 50% of people in India were under significant progress in various fields.
25, and about 65% were under 35, according C. Culture
to the Census of India 2011. The Indian culture reflects a blend of various
Gender: India has a roughly equal gender influences that have evolved over thousands
distribution, with slightly more men than of years. Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism,
women. Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, and other
Life expectancy: The life expectancy at birth religions have followers in India. Festivals
in this population is 70.4 years for both like Diwali and Holi are widely celebrated
sexes. across the country, Traditional clothing such
Religion: Due to a vast variety of religions in as sarees for women and kurta-pajama and

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 sherwani for men represent the cultural include the freedom of speech, expression, belief,
attire. Indian cuisine is renowned for its assembly and association, migration, and choice of
diverse flavors and spices, offering a wide occupation or trade. These rights also protect every
range of dishes like biryani, curry, and Indian from discrimination on grounds of race,
sweets. Classical dance forms and music religion, creed or sex, and are enforceable in
are integral to Indian arts, while iconic courts of law.
architectural wonders like the Taj Mahal and Foreign Policies
Ajanta and Ellora Caves showcase India's India gained independence in 1947, New Delhi
rich heritage. India's linguistic diversity is pursued an active foreign policy, seeking status and
reflected in its vast array of languages, with respect, trying to reform aspects of a Western-
Hindi and English as the official languages. dominated international order, and aiming to
Indian literature, including ancient texts like safeguard its interests but over time, the policy inside
the Vedas and epics like the Mahabharata and outside the the government and policymaking has
and Ramayana, hold immense cultural changed
significance. New Delhi has four priorities:
II. Foreign Policies 1. ensuring that India’s status as a major
emerging power is respected by others;
Political Structures 2. supporting the country’s economic and social
India is a Union of 29 States and six centrally development;
administered Union Territories. 3. enhancing national security, especially
The States are Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, concerning China, Pakistan, and India’s
Assam , Bihar , Chhattisgarh, Delhi , Goa , Gujarat , immediate neighborhood;
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,Jharkhand, Jammu & 4. and acquiring the instruments of influence,
Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, including “soft power,” necessary to defend
Maharashtra , Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, its interests and realize its aspirations.
Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab , Rajasthan, Sikkim , Tamil At the same time, they have tried to forge close
Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and West relationships with states rich in the capital or
Bengal. The centrally administered territories are resources India requires. Indian governments have
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh , Daman tried to manage security challenges in similar ways:
& Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep and by pushing for action in multilateral settings,
Pondicherry. especially in the United Nations, to address
Constitution: terrorism, in particular; and by forging strategic
The country attained freedom on 15 August 1947. partnerships with powerful states capable of
The Constitution of the Republic came into effect on supplying diplomatic support and defense
26 January 1950. The Constitution Provides for technology.
single and uniform citizenship for the whole nation III. Economic Policies
and confers the right to vote on every person who
is a citizen of India and 18 years of age or older. Industrial policy:
Fundamental Rights:
The Fundamental Rights of every Indian citizen The first industrial policy was introduced in 1948. This

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policy set boundaries to areas of operation of the toward privatization and liberalization. It calls for the
public and private sectors. In 1956 it was revised to disinvestment of government equity. Foreign direct
be able to keep up with the Mahalanobis strategy of investment has been welcomed with open arms under
industrialisation embodied in the Second Five Year the new strategy. It is in line with the current
Plan (1956-1961). The revised policy put emphasis on economic philosophy of the government to liberalise
the expansion of the public sector. IIn July 24, 1991 the existing industrial and commercial policies with
the government of India announced liberalised the objective of increasing efficiency, gaining
Industrial Policy which put emphasis on market-led competitive advantage and achieving modernisation
development. This policy marked a great leap towards of the economy.
liberalisation and privatisation, and opened a door for International Trade Policy
foreign direct investment. This policy includes free trade in India. Free trade
suggests the smooth trade of a country. In the mid
Trade policy 19th century, the government of India modified the
trade international trade policies. The main aim of
these policies is to make the economy of the country
India strong. It maintains a mutual agreement of
National Agricultural Policy
wants and requirements during the trading process. It
In July 2000, the National Agricultural Policy was is fundamentally a guideline around import and export
announced. The annual agricultural development rate trades.
has been increased as a result of this policy. Land
reform encompasses tenancy reform, the expansion Exchange Rate Management Policy
of land-lease markets, and women's land rights. This The primary goal of these exchange rate policies is to
policy also attempts to bring about equal development provide stability in foreign commerce and capital
in the country of India's agriculture. It also movement.
emphasizes the importance of catering to domestic a. Fixed exchange rate: A fixed exchange rate is an
markets and maximizing the benefits of agricultural exchange rate that does not fluctuate or that changes
product exports. within a pre- determined rate at infrequent intervals.
b. Flexible exchange rate: A fixed exchange rate is an
Industrial Policies exchange rate that does not fluctuate or that changes
In 1948, the first Industrial Policy based on the mixed within a pre- determined rate at infrequent intervals.
economy principle was established, precisely c. Manage exchange rate: Floating exchange rates
delineating the spheres of operation of the public and are ‘managed’ partially. That is to say, exchange rates
private sectors. In 1991, India reached a crossroads are determined in the main by market forces, but the
when enormous economic challenges necessitated central bank intervenes to stabilise fluctuations in
unprecedented reforms in economic policies. On July exchange rates so as to bring ‘orderly’ conditions in
24, 1991, the Government of India declared the market, or to maintain the desired exchange rate
liberalised Industrial Policy, a major change from the values.
1956 Industrial Policy. The new approach prioritized EXIM Policy (Export-Import)
market-led development over state-sponsored - EXIM policy suggests the export and import policies
development. This approach is a significant step in India. Through these policies, the guidelines have

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been fixed regarding export and import. The recognized in the Exim policy review in 1999.
government of this country India introduced these Furthermore, those that can export more than 50% of
policies for five years in the control of the their products will be given special treatment.
development and regulation act 1992 regarding In short, trade policy reforms implemented in 1991
foreign trade. substantially altered the country's foreign trade
EXIM Policy 1997-2002 condition. It has resulted in a transition from an
Four important objectives of the policy are the inward-looking to an outward-looking policy.
following:
1. The fundamental goal is to accelerate India's IV. ANALYSIS
transformation to a globally-oriented, thriving India's foreign policy is shaped by five key
economy in order to reap the greatest benefits from considerations: conventional security against Pakistan
expanding global opportunities. and China, economic growth comparable to China,
2. The second goal is to promote faster economic energy security and environmental concerns, nuclear
growth that can be sustained over time. This is made capability and nonproliferation, and global prestige.
possible by giving access to critical raw materials, India aims to strengthen its military, attract
intermediate goods, components, and commodity and investment, ensure energy access, advocate for
capital goods needed to boost domestic production. disarmament, and contribute to global initiatives.
3. The third goal is to improve the technological Overall, India seeks influence, stability, and
strength and efficiency of Indian agriculture, industry, transformation in areas like regional security,
and services in order to improve their competitiveness nonproliferation, counter-terrorism, and development.
in the global market and to enable Indian products to REFERENCES:
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4. The fourth and last goal is to provide consumers Champakalakshmi, R., & Allchin, F. R. (2023, July 4). India | History, Map,

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The 1997-2002 Exim Policy was updated on April 13, India. (2021, February 10). Geography.

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