ANALYTIC

GEOMETRY

Engr. Katelyn G. Gabon

 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
• ANALYTIC GEOMETRY – deals with
geometric problems using
coordinates system thereby
converting it into algebraic problems
• Rene Descartes – regarded as the
founder of analytic geometry by
introducing coordinates system in
1637
• Rectangular Coordinates Systems –
also known as Cartesian Coordinates
System
Distance between two points
𝒅= (𝑿𝟐 − 𝑿𝟏 )𝟐 +(𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏 )𝟐
Distance between two points in space

𝒅= (𝑿𝟐 − 𝑿𝟏 )𝟐 +(𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏 )𝟐 +(𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 )𝟐

Slope of a line

𝒚𝟐− 𝒚𝟏
𝒎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 Ɵ =
𝒙𝟐− 𝒙𝟏

• For parallel lines: 𝒎 𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐

𝟏
• For perpendicular lines: 𝒎𝟏 =
𝒎𝟐
Angles between two lines
𝒎𝟐− 𝒎𝟏
𝑡𝒂𝒏 Ɵ =
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏
Distance between a point and a line
𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪
𝒅=
± 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐

Use:
+ If B is positive and the point is
above/right of the line.
+ If B is negative and the point is
below/left of the line
- If otherwise
Distance two parallel lines
𝑪𝟏 − 𝑪𝟐
𝒅=
± 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐
Division of line segment
• Let 𝑟1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟2 be the corresponding
ratio of its length to the total
distance between two points.
(𝒙𝟏 𝒓𝟐 ) + (𝒙𝟐 𝒓𝟏 )
𝒙=
𝒓𝟏+ 𝒓𝟐
(𝒚𝟏 𝒓𝟐 ) + (𝒚𝟐 𝒓𝟏 )
𝒚=
𝒓𝟏+ 𝒓𝟐
• If the point P (x,y) is at the midpoint
of 𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 , then
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
𝒙= and 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐
Area by coordinates
 Line – shortest distance between
two points
• General Equation: 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
• Point-Slope Form: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
• Slope-Intercept Form: 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
• Two-Point Form: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
𝒙 𝒚
• Intercept Form: + =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
Conic Sections – is the locus of a
point which moves so that its
distance from a fixed point
(focus) is in constant ratio, e
(eccentricity) to its distance from
a fixed straight line (directrix)
• Circle – produced when the cutting
plane is parallel to the base of the
cone. Circles reflect rays issued
from the focus back to the center
of the circle.
• Ellipse – produced when the
cutting plane is not parallel (or
inclined) to the base of the cone.
Ellipse reflects rays issued from the
focus into the other focus.
• Parabola – produced when the cutting
plane is parallel to the element (or
generatrix) of the cone. Parabola
reflects rays as a parallel (with respect
to its axis) outgoing beam.
• Hyperbola – produced when the
cutting plane is parallel to the axis
of the cone. Hyperbola reflects
rays from the focus as if coming
from the other focus.
 General Equation for a Conic Section:
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
• When B is not equal to zero, then the principal
axes of the conic are inclined (not parallel to the
coordinate axes). The curve can be identified
from the equation given by determining the
value of the determinant, 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶.

𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0, the conic is an ellipse, e<1.0

𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0, the conic is an parabola, e=1.0
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0, the conic is an hyperbola, e>1.0
• When B is equal to zero, then the principal
axes of the conic are parallel to the
coordinates axes (x and y axes). To identify
the curve, compare the coefficients of A and
C.
If A=C, the conic is a circle.
If A≠C but the same signs, the conic is an
ellipse.
If A and C have different signs, the conic is
hyperbola.
If either A or C is zero, the conic is parabola.
A. CIRCLE – locus of a point which moves
so that it is equidistant to from a fixed
point called center
General Equation:

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

If D & E = 0, center is at origin (0,0). If

either D or E, or both D & E ≠ 0, the center
is at (h,k).
Standard Equations:

• C(0,0) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

• C(h,k) (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

• When the equation given is general equation rather
than the standard equation, the center (h,k) of the
circle and its radius (r) can be determine by
converting the general equation to standard using
the process known as completing the square or
using the following formulas:
• Center (h,k)
−𝑫
𝒉=
𝟐𝑨
−𝑬
𝒌=
𝟐𝑨
• Radius(r)
𝑫𝟐 + 𝑬𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑭
𝒓=
𝟒𝑨𝟐
B. PARABOLA – is a locus of a point which moves so
that it is always equidistant to a fixed point called
focus and a fixed
straight line called directrix

where: a = distance from vertex V to focus F

d = distance from point to directrix
f = focal distance
General equations:
a. Axis parallel to the
y-axis:
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

b. Axis parallel to the

x-axis:
𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
Standard equations:
• Vertex (V) at origin (0,0)
a. Axis along x-axis
– Opens to the right
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙

– Opens to the left

𝒚𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒙
• Axis along y-axis
– Opens up
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒚

– Opens down
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒚
• Vertex (V) at (h,k)
a. Axis parallel to the x-axis:
– Opens to the right
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)

– Opens to the left

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)
b. Axis parallel to the y-axis:
– Opens upward
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒚 − 𝒌)

– Opens downward
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂(𝒚 − 𝒌)
• The eccentricity of the parabola is the ratio
of the distance to the focus to the distance
to the directrix.
𝒇
𝒆=
𝒅
Since f = d, then
𝒆=𝟏

• The latus rectum of the parabola is a line

that passes through the focus and
perpendicular to the axis of the conic.
𝑳𝑹 = 𝟒𝒂
• When the equation given is a general equation rather
than standard equation, the vertex V(h,k) of the
parabola and its focal length or focal radius “a” can be
calculated by converting the general equation to
standard using the process known as completing the
square.
The following formulas can be obtained:
For axis horizontal: 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

𝑬𝟐 −𝟒𝑪𝑭 −𝑬 −𝑫
𝒉= 𝒌= 𝒂=
𝟒𝑪𝑫 𝟐𝑪 𝟒𝑪

For axis vertical: 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

−𝑫 𝑫𝟐 −𝟒𝑨𝑭 −𝑬
𝒉= 𝒌= 𝒂=
𝟐𝑨 𝟒𝑨𝑬 𝟒𝑨
B. ELLIPSE - is a locus of a point which moves
so that the sum of the distance to the fixed
points (foci) is constant and is equal to the
length of the major axis (2a).
General equations:

a. Transverse axis – horizontal

𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

Note: d1 + d2 = 2a. The major axis=2a,

is the distance from V1 to V2.

When the point is located along the

minor axis as shown in the following
figure:
The relationship between a, b and c is
𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐
with “a” is always greater than “b”.

If D & E = 0, center is at the origin (0,0). If

either D or E, of both D & E ≠ 0, the
center is at (h,k).
Standard Equations:
• Center, C at (0,0)
– Major axis is
horizontal
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝟐=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
– Major axis is
vertical:
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝟐=𝟏
𝒃 𝒂
• Center, C at (h,k)
– Major axis is
horizontal:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝟐
=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

– Major axis is vertical:

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝟐
=𝟏
𝒃 𝒂
The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio of the
distance to the focus to the distance to the
directrix.
𝒇
𝒆=
𝒅
When the point P(x,y)
is the minor axis:
𝒂
𝒆=
𝑫
If f=c, then eccentricity of an ellipse, e is
𝒄
𝒆=
𝒂
Since a < D and c < a, then the
eccentricity of an ellipse is always less
than 1.
𝒆<𝟏
The latus rectum of an ellipse is a line that passes
through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of
the conic.

𝟐𝒃𝟐
𝑳𝑹 =
𝒂
where: a = semi-major axis
b = semi-minor axis
When the equation given is a general equation
rather than standard equation, the center (h,k)
of an ellipse can be calculated by converting
the general equation to standard using the
process known as completing the square.
The following formulas can be obtained:
General equation:
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
−𝑫 −𝑬
𝒉= 𝒌=
𝟐𝑨 𝟐𝑪
𝒄= 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
C. HYPERBOLA - a locus of a point which moves so
that the difference of the distances to the
fixed points (foci) is constant and is equal to
the length of the transverse axis (2a).
General equations
a. Transverse axis – horizontal
𝑨𝒙𝟐 − 𝑪𝒚 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

Transverse axis is the axis that passes through the foci,

vertices and the center of the hyperbola while the conjugate
axis is the one that is perpendicular to the transverse axis.

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑎 = 2 𝐶

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑏 = 2 𝐴

where: A and C are the numerical coefficients (absolute value)

of x2 and y2, respectively.

Also, the relationship between a, b, and c is

𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐
b. Transverse axis – vertical:
𝑪𝒙𝟐 − 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑎 = 2 𝐴

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑏 = 2 𝐶

where: A and C are the numerical coefficients

(absolute value) of x2 and y2,
respectively.

Also, the relationship between a, b, and c is

𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄 𝟐
Standard equations
• Center, C at (0,0)
– Transverse axis
horizontal:
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
− 𝟐=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
– Transverse axis vertical:
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
− 𝟐=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
• Center, C is at (h,k)
– Transverse axis horizontal:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
𝟐
− 𝟐
=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

– Transverse axis vertical:

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐
𝟐
− 𝟐
=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
The eccentricity of a hyperbola is the rate of
the distance to the focus to the distance to the
directrix.

𝒄 𝒂
𝒆= or 𝒆=
𝒂 𝑫

Since a > c and D > a, then the eccentricity of a

hyperbola is always greater than 1.

𝒆>𝟏
The latus rectum of hyperbola is a
line that passes through the focus
and perpendicular to the axis of
the conic.

𝟐𝒃𝟐
𝑳𝑹 =
𝒂

where: a = semi-major axis

b = semi-minor axis
When the equation given is a general equation
rather than standard equation, the center (h,k)
of a hyperbola can be calculated by converting
the general equation to standard using the
process known as completing the square.

The following formulas can be obtained:

−𝑫 −𝑬
𝒉= 𝒌=
𝟐𝑨 𝟐𝑪
• Polar coordinates (r,Ѳ) refers to the
coordinates of a point in a system of
coordinates where the position of a point is
determined by the length of ray segment (the
radius vector) from a fixed origin (the pole) and
the angle (the polar angle) the ray (the vector)
makes with a fixed line (the polar axis).
Polar angle is sometimes called the vectoral
angle, the argument, the amplitude, or the
azimuth of a point.

Relationship between polar coordinates and

rectangular coordinates:
𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛉 𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
Solved Problems
Thank You!
Main Reference
1001 Solved Problems in Engineering
Mathematics by Jaime R. Tiong and
Romeo A. Rojas Jr.

Engr. Katelyn G. Gabon