ULTRASONIC TESTING

METHOD LEVEL II & III

CHAPTER-7
Displaying Ultrasonic Indications &
Angle Beam Inspection with calculation
 Course Contains
1. Application, Training & Certification.
2. Ultrasonic Principles.
3. Ultrasonic Testing Methods & Equipment Controls.
4. Wave propagation, Reflection & Refraction.
5. Couplant , Ultrasonic Sound Energy & Materials Characteristics
6. Attenuation, Acoustic Impedance, And Resonance.
7. Displaying Ultrasonic Indications & Angle Beam Inspection with calculation
8. Ultrasonic Transducers And Standard Reference Blocks.
9. Immersion Inspection.
10. Ultrasonic Contact Testing and Shell’s Law
11. Applications Of Angle Beam Contact Testing.
12. Nonrelevant Ultrasonic Indications.
13. Discontinuities, Their Origin And Types.
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  Chapter 7:- Displaying Ultrasonic Indications & Angle Beam Inspection with calculation
 Displaying ultrasonic indications
 There are three basic types of visual displays which are commonly used to evaluate the soundness or quality of a
material being tested; A-scan, B-scan and C-scan.
 A-scan is a "time versus amplitude" display which reveals a discontinuity using a "pip" on a cathode-ray tube (crt).
The A-SCAN presentation, as has been discussed, is read from left to right. The height of a pip can be compared to the height of a pip
from a known reference reflector to give an indication of relative discontinuity size.
B-SCAN presentation, as shown below, typically uses an oscilloscope screen to display a cross-sectional view of the material being tested.

The image is retained on the CRT long enough to evaluate the sample and to photograph the screen for a permanent record.

C-SCAN is a "plan view" presentation similar to an x-ray picture.

As shown below, the c-scan shows the shape and location of the discontinuity, but does not show the depth.
 High speed ultrasonic scanning generally utilizes the c-scan presentation.
 As shown below, some recorders use a chemically treated paper. The paper movement is synchronized with the
movement of the transducer across the test surface.
 The advantage of the c-scan is its speed and ability to produce a permanent record. However, the scan shows only
length and width, but not depth.
 A typical bridge/manipulator is shown for a basic ultrasonic immersion test.
 When a c-scan is to be made, electric motors are utilized to activate the traveling mechanisms and the up and
down movement of the search tube.
 A typical A-Scan presentation is shown below using contact testing with an angle beam transducer.
 The procedure used to calibrate the UT unit is similar to normal beam testing and requires a calibration block
with a known size reflection surface at a known metal travel.
 A calibration block (IIW test block further discussed in lesson 8) is shown below with a known distance of 4 inches
to the curved surface.
 Using the sweep and delay controls, the pips are adjusted to show multiples of 4 inches on the crt.

 If the minature angle beam calibration block shown below were used to calibrate the above crt screen, where
would the pips appear?

 Depending on the direction of the angle beam probe, the pips would either appear at one, four, and seven inches
or two, five, and eight inches.
 The angle beam technique is often used for weld inspection as shown below.

 Typically, the weld should be inspected in the 1st or 2nd leg when-ever possible as shown below.
 To assist in evaluating the results of angle beam inspection, a direct reading ultrasonic calculator is commonly used.

The horizontal scale across the top of the card represents the number of inches between the transducer and
the center of the weld.
 The vertical scale represents specimen thickness and the arc shows the angle of the sound beam.
 The following is an example of a typical angle beam inspection using the ultrasonic calculator.
 A double vee weld with an opening of 30 degrees in a 2" steel plate using a 60 degree shear wave in the specimen.
  The following procedure should be used in setting up the calculator:
1. Draw a line representing the sound path from the upper left corner through the 60 degree mark on the
arc, extending to the 2" point representing the plate thickness. Calibrate the horizontal sweep of the
CRT to represent beam travel distance in the material being tested.
2. To show the full skip distance of the sound beam, you then double the 3 7/16" and mark that point at
approximately 6 7/8" (point "b" above)
3. Next, draw the 30 degree vee weld on the plastic slide or transparent paper that slides back and forth
over the calculator.
4. As shown above, a discontinuity is displayed on the crt screen at 5.5". The operator then measures the
distance between the center of the transducer (exit point) and the center of the weldment (4 5/8") and
slides the transparent paper to the same distance.
5. The position of the discontinuity is indicated and can be evaluated.
ARTICLE 4 ASME BPVC.V-2023
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Holes shall be drilled and reamed 1.5 in. (38 mm) deep minimum, essentially parallel to the examination surface.
(b) For components equal to or less than 20 in. (500 mm) in diameter, calibration block diameter shall meet the requirements
of T-434.1.7.2. Two sets of calibration reflectors (holes, notches) oriented 90 deg from each other shall be used. Alternatively, two
curved calibration blocks may be used.
(c) The tolerance for hole diameter shall be ±1/32 in. (0.8 mm). The tolerance for hole location through the calibration block
thickness (i.e., distance from the examination surface) shall be ±1/8 in. (3 mm).
(d) For blocks less than 3/4 in. (19 mm) in thickness, only the 1/2T side-drilled hole and surface notches are required.
(e) All holes may be located on the same face (side) of the calibration block, provided care is exercised to locate all the reflectors
(holes, notches) to prevent one reflector from affecting the indication from another reflector during calibration. Notches
may also be in the same plane as the inline holes (see Nonmandatory Appendix J, Figure J-431). As in Figure J-431, a sufficient number
of holes shall be provided for both angle and straight beam calibrations at the 1/4T, 1/2T, and 3/4T depths.
(f) When cladding is present, notch depth on the cladding side of the block shall be increased by the cladding thickness, CT (i.e.,
1.6% T + CT minimum to 2.2% T + CT maximum).
(g) Maximum notch width is not critical. Notches may be made by EDM or with end mills up to 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in diameter.
(h) Weld thickness, t, is the nominal material thickness for welds without reinforcement or, for welds with reinforcement, the
nominal material thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing
Code Section. When two or more base material thicknesses are involved, the calibration block thickness, T, shall be determined by the
average thickness of the weld; alternatively, a calibration block based on the greater base material thickness
may be used provided the reference reflector size is based upon the average weld thickness.
NOTES:
(1) Minimum dimension.
(2) For each increase in weld thickness of 2 in. (50 mm) or fraction thereof over 4 in. (100 mm), the hole diameter shall increase
1/16 in. (1.5 mm).
 ASME BPVC.V-2023
ASME BPVC.V-2023
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The minimum calibration block length, L, shall be 8 in. (200 mm) or 8T, whichever is greater.
(b) For O.D. 4 in. (100 mm) or less, the minimum arc length shall be 75% of the circumference. For O.D. greater than 4 in.
(100 mm), the minimum arc length shall be 8 in. (200 mm) or 3T, whichever is greater.

(c) Notch depths shall be from 8% T minimum to 11% T maximum. When cladding is present, notch depths on the
cladding side of the block shall be increased by the cladding thickness, CT (i.e., 8% T + CT minimum to 11% T + CT
maximum).
- Notch widths shall be 1/4 in. (6 mm) maximum. Notch lengths shall be 1 in. (25 mm) minimum.

(d) Maximum notch width is not critical.

Notches may be made with EDM or with end mills up to 1/4 in. (6 mm) in diameter.
(e) Notch lengths shall be sufficient to provide for calibration with a minimum 3 to 1 signal-to-noise ratio.
(f) Two blocks shall be used when a weld joining two different thicknesses of material is examined and a single block does
not satisfy the requirements of T-434.3.
(g) When a flat block is used as permitted by T-434.1.7.1, the two axial notches may be omitted and the block width may
be reduced to 4 in. (100 mm), provided the I.D. and O.D. notches are placed on opposite examination surfaces of the
block. When cladding is not present, only one notch is required provided each examination surface is accessible during
calibrations.
NOTE:
(1) Notches shall be located not closer than 1/2T or 1/2 in. (13 mm), whichever is greater, to any block edge or to other
notches.
Thank You