7AH/629AD

Letters To The Emperors

1. Negus, King of Abyssinia: His name was Ashama Ibn Al-
Abjar. Wording of the letter indicates that it was sent during
Makkan period. Negus accepted Islam and died in Rajab
9AH. The Prophet observed prayer in absentia for him.
2. Muqawqas, the vicegerent of Egypt: Hatib Ibn Abi Balta took
letter to him. he didn’t accept Islam but sent gifts for the
Prophet including two slave girls and a horse, Duldul.
3. Chosroes, the Emperor of Persia: Abdullah Ibn Hudhafa As-
Sahmi was chosen to carry this letter. He tore the letter and as
a result he was killed by his son.

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4. Heraclius, the king of Rome: The Muslim envoy Dehyah Kalbi
was ordered to carry the letter. He called Abu Sufyan and
questions about he Prophet and understood that he was a
messenger but didn’t accept Islam for the fear of his people.

5. Mundhir Ibn Sawa, Governor of Bahrain: Al-A’la Ibn Al-

Hadrami was sent to him. He accepted Islam.

6. Jaifer, the king of Oman and his brother Abd Al-Jalandi: Amr
Ibn Aas was chosen to carry this letter. They accepted Islam
after showing some reluctance in the payment of zakat.

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 KHYBER EXPEDITION
 After the treaty of Hudaibiya the Holy Prophet got safe side from
Makkans so he decided to teach a lesson to the Jews of Khyber
because they were the mastermind behind the battle of Trench.
 He maerched in Muharrram 7 AH.
 This time Hypocrites wanted to join the Muslim forces just for the
spoils of war but only those Muslims were allowed to go who were
present in the pledge on death.
 Abdullah b. Ubay informed Jews about it.
 The asked Banu Ghatfan fro protection and promised half of the
produce of gardens in return.
 The Prophet took such a route so that he could encamp between
Khyber and Banu Ghtafan to stop their correspondence.
 Banu Ghtfan were coming but they heard strange noises and they
thought that Muslims attacked there so they returned but everything
was fine so they got late.

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 Muslims reached quietly at night and the Jews were surprised in
morning when they saw them and shut themselves in their
fortresses.
 Khyber was divided in two regionss. In first region there were
five forts named: Nai’m, Sa’b, Zubayr, Ubay and Nizar. And in
the second region three forts named: Qamus, Watteh and
Salalim.
 In Nai’m there was Marhab and it was the strongest fort so
Prophet gave the flag to Ali who killed Marhab and Zubayr
killed his brother Yasir. After a fierce battle it was conquered.
 Second fortress was conquered in the leadership of Hubab b.
Mudhir. After three days long siege they entered. Muslims
slaughtered donkeys but Prophet announced it prohibition.
 Muslims got enough food here and they even got war engines/
Catapults.

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 Then Fortress Zubayr was conquered. It was too difficult to
reach there due to its height. A Jew informed that they get water
from a stream during night. So Prophet blocked water and then
they came out to fight some Muslims were martyred and 10
Jews were also killed.
 Ubay fort was conquered by Abu Dujana. He killed two great
warriors of Jews and then Muslims conquered it.
 Nizar fort was the strongest one. Jews kept there families here.
Muslims used the catapults and cracked the walls. After a fierce
battle Jews fled leaving their families.
 The forts of the second region were all conquered without fight
as Jews signed a treaty that allow them to leave this place with
families and they would leave all of their treasures.

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 Here Kinanah was found of hiding the treasures so he was
killed and his family was made slaves as per agreement.
 The Jews requested before expulsion that allow them to live
here and they will cultivate the land and give half of produce to
Muslims and Prophet accepted.
 A lady Zainab, a hypocrite, tried to to kill the Prophet through
poison and companion Bishr died due to it.
 Then Prophet appointed the officials and on his return he
married Safiya, daughter of Huyai b. Akhtab.

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 Significance

 Now Muslims were the masters in Arabia and the authority in

most its parts.
 Jews lost their government and control over their lands.
 The Holy Prophet got rid of their conspiracies as they were
under Muslims’ observation.
 Muslims got a great economic benefit.
 Allah proved the superiority of Islam over Judaism.

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 8 AH / 630 AD
BATTLE OF MUTAH
 Mutah is a village that lies on the border of Syria.
 The Prophet had sent Al-Harith Ibn Umar Al-Azdi to carry a
letter to the ruler of Busra.
 On the way, he was intercepted and beheaded by Shurahbeel
Al-Gassani, a close ally of Caeser.
 Killing envoys used to be regarded as the most awful crime.
 The Prophet was shocked when he heard this and mobilized an
army of 3000 men.
 He appointed Zayd Ibn Haritha as the leader and in case of his
death Jaffar Ibn Abi Talib had to lead and in case of his death
Abdullah Ibn Rawaaha was supposed to be the leader.
 On the way, Muslims were informed that 200,000 Christians
were coming to fight.

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 Muslims discussed the situation and decided to fight.
 Zayd fought gallantly until he fell fatally stabbed.
 Then Jaffar took the banner and did a miraculous job. After
loosing both of his hands he clasped the banner with both arms
until he was cut into two parts.
 Abdullah then became the leader and gave his life and then
Muslims decided to appoint Khalid Ibn Waleed as their leader.
 He fought so excessively that seven swords broke his hands.
 Finally he reshuffled the right and left flank of the army to give
an impression that fresh reinforcements had arrived and than
started retreating in a fully organized and well-planned
withdrawal.

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 The Byzantines did not pursue them believing that Muslims are
playing a clever strategy to entrap them.
 The Muslims sustained twelve martyrs and a large number on
Byzantine were killed.

SIGNIFICANCE
 It was the first battle between Muslims and Christians.
 Muslims gave a lesson to Syrians directly and others indirectly
that Muslims won’t accept injustice.
 They showed that they were not afraid of anyone’s numerical
strength and have the courage to fight for their rights.
 Muslims got a lot of confidence after this battle.

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