-2- V7) 1) Row reduce the matrix f= 5 : Q into wo eche loo | “2-30 3-1 form, 1 45-49-49 Ry Ry . nof[t4 5-4-4 sro 3d | 2303 -) © -3-64 4 men 5 Ry IR, T+ R3 ~q ~4 oO : ‘ 6 -& 1S 1S” oo 6 4 4 RS RoE tt Qos yo { t 48 -49 -# O12 -3 = oO! 2-3 -9 64 49 a oe. 5 Ryo IRet Ry W 4 5 -9 -¥4 © mt 3 -3 © 00 0 6 0 0 0 FS} 6 From above yeduad echelon mats? we observe that column ',2,4 ave the pivot elements and column Jand Sar non- pivet Columns b) choose bh and k Suchthat the followtne suctem has Gi) 90 Solution Gi)a unique solution cc) ny Solutions Xythty=2 | ANit BX =k |PF thts = 2 4% 49%, =K Bade (0 bay 48°k Ro AR, Ry ef! bia Le Ah-9: 8-k Ci) the System will have no Solution, when 4b-8 205 9-K#0 heg; x £9 Gi the System tll hare unique solution th-8#0 = hee ® 4h-2 40 and 8-k=0 ©) 4h-o40 and &-k 40 Gi) Ke can have mang solutions for System Of equations whenever the deamber ¢ one Pe eae ab ne Reduced echelon form 9% les than the nember of un knowns, We have, Ah-8=0 and 8-K=0 [ie bee and K2g] 7 2 Q det pf F227 ig é Solve the equation feb PT Lil inp rate det X= [E] PA. Me X3 Rye Rot 2) 5 Ramm Rat C3) Ro Ae | 2 -4 9 0-3 6 0 3 -Ro Rot Ro L: fe 4 2] Paty -3 6 ]e¥ 7 oo 1 --L= ve, b Z 3 -i Sol fe 4 : ome 4 PY of 43 é 1 00:6 (E:b} = J-o 19 +9 Sart sg Rm are Ris R3~> Rat CIR," [Lb] - 10 0:6 y»]/O1 oft O-l 1 t-12 RsPRatRy | 0 ” 1 0 0:6 C ed - O1o in| ©o1;0 t= [| = g | 3 0 | Next, ee Ux= $, where X= [2 2 | Bete el — -—_ se - Oo #-0 oO Oo 1:0 R,> R- 2R3) | Ro > Ry ~ 6R3! Is 2-4 0:6 0 -3 0712 0 o 1:0R> Py; > hs; » [ta 053) - 11 orn4 © o1: 0 Ro RAQR | » 10 0:-5 o10:-4 0 00 0 3) Fond -the bases and démenstons for the 00 spa, the Column space and the Null spac of the matrix. “9 -§ 8 O ~IF Az 13 -8 | 3S ou -19 FF ! F “1305 = T0 find the row space fo fn matrix A we have to obtat TOW veducod echelon -form of A. / Rix<> PR, | ael! 3-5 | § -2 -§ 8 0-19 ZS -44 | -l 4-13 5 -3 | Ry OR, ha i Ry P3R,-Ry i Pg RB -Ry 13-5 1s Plo 4) -9 2-4 0-2 4-4 IF a 8 4 8 @ +Rs 8483; Ra ARR, ; 1 3 -6 1 (Onna tied oe Te 0 0 0 6: ° 0 0 0 4: Ro + > A eke 13 6 1S o 1 -2 2 -# 000 41-8 © 000 OL ; Cases for the ww spaw of A 15 $61,361, (04224 C0,0,0,1,-S) J dtm (Rowspate) > 3 ¢ aif]? co am p Spa of A ka ' cE fl 3 uf] > if{ FILS To find Null spa of & Solve for AX =O pxj-|-2 ss 8 o -1t 10 es 1 3 -§ 3 5 :0 3 FF 1 50 1 + 13 5 ~3 0 wow weduced echelon form x - oP PP -s 1 ore OR a Oe eae nO 0 0 0 | -S:0 o 0 0 0 Oo :07 ~S%e=0 My = Xe Ny = B%,- 3% FIR, - $ XZ + Xy- SAF =O Uy = Ag - 6%; me | % Te - 6% Xe} 2 | Qtz- 9% 4 3 t 5 Xe tS L ce 1 2%] 2 x <3 I cid oO A 5 2 fl 5 “67 [4 2) fs I! °| [2 | Ol,Li im Cell A) = 2, | Ve tification aof- Rank theorem, Rank h tim Glulo)=n | gta = 5 = | tena Verified,ona leze the mate, poessible A) det o- [30 13 doi, 113 dat [A-DIl = att 1 3A T 1 1 3A QA ead }-1[ca-a)- Jarl tad] =G- ay an ba-iJ-Q-a)t C a a 8A tea - 94 6A BAtIA™~ see -Ad tH A-VO =O gp one TOO Wh slh method A=, eeo[t 9 ay ~a0 | P-FAAIO =O 0 @ -14 20 Aza, 1-7 10 [0 The efgen valeus of A = 22,7 for Aza, fo = A-AT= A-aT= ait proud (tod ef rains fa. QL: [ Py ae vo » fit 1:0 9% af? ° [: 0 0:0 ef % [241/40 [‘ 00 10 XL oO IRar Rot OR) 5 Ry? Ra” Ry; ” ee Dee: 0-38 3:0 © 3-3/0 Ry» Of, | Rim R4223 » M) 0-1 :0 Oo M-1:0 © 00:0 “BH "| To avotd Computing Pp) AP: PD = a 0 O ona 0 Oo 5 31 [isa Ir 3 and pel VJ = i stn “Poh 200 I ol O20 or) oo Ss (Here, 9 4% dtagonaltaable J Sisopl t Veach iif ROR fF t-a 110 vw |-2t Ito ( 1 -2!0 Ry Rot R.} v{t ra 120 0-3 3:0 00 10 U- %2O0 =r HE Hy - 350 => X= % aty id fvee variable. [ip J 0 ' oy i 0 E AP PD “tha iy B34] [-[eee at5. het ne 1a and. b- “E] suse the factortzation A- ARto find the Z 5] deart -¢quares Solution of Ax=b H + 4 q => Let), %y be denotes the columns of the materia A and Perform “the Gram- Schmidt process 00 %,,%a det ye ae [! > IMll= Pose rcr en? = 2 Wall = JEST+ G+ EFrEy = {100 = w[3 4 The least Square oy i jes "5 alb ab- fet ng Hest 2-2 2 2 Write the mentecl matrix [Ria]: [al 3: i] 0 514, Rohe 5 sfas: 2 01: %o Rie RS =| 0 ee | 0 No 7 eo ey ; x, | ee) . [2 en 5% eft] [3 | 4t0 EL othe Least gquare golution of hxe= bSe) ut a-[) Tt ; ‘ can every veetor fo Qi be writtenas a HneaY , E : % 4 Combi nation of the columns of matsiz A 24 5 A} Dothe columnt of A span Re have Solu bien for Do the columns of A spar 9 Does the eg aay each g 10 Ri? a-f' 4 12 o1 3-4 026 Ft 249 5 ~+ Ry > Ry AR, 5 R37 Rs 2k} (412 1412 3 2 lo1 3-4 | © 4 0264 00045 ot 3-tl o13 4 | Ry Rg & | 14128 | 2fo13 -4 0 ofOis O00 -#t 4 contains vot positions To above matrix not every DW O, Cn particular columns of wow 3) and 9t shot that not 2) vectors in Ry Can be written as linear combination af cola off, oe a aan eee open v as such column of A fs Gn et not fn | alto we observe that the equation Ayx=b doe not have Qlution, thus se conclude that column of A do not pan b) tor what valuec) of b w0ll ¥ be fo span $s "5f ya eerie =3 4 fai}, &ofo4 ff | and 4 = 3 e -7 a b> 4-€ Span LV iM Ma} FY and only ef “the vector ©q uation GE WMA oy F9GV5 har a solution wth %,%, ta biing wet ght s. COnSidley AX + 4 (Ax: y] : Es S +314 rl@-4 7 3 “2-4 och Ro Ra & Ri Bt 22, of] tl o -3 2-4 1 -3 3-4 ~f Ob ~g py O 1-2: “2 -F Oth O32 -6 : h-g R> RF3R, 5 ' 5 -3 1-4 OF 2 Ly OO ot hs In the above row reduced will have solution Pf entize Last row t¢ the 26% reew ie, bt$ h-F-6 [h=+5 | Thus, for bh: 5 -the vectyrs {Y%, YMG} Span / Ha) Descr?be all solutions Of Ax- | fo parametsic vector form, where A=/[3 § - | and b= “ also, give @ geometric esesiption © ented matrix the System . Ft 3 Of the Solution set =[a: a. 3 pa qos 4 : 1-8 '-4 a 5-4: 4F ROR FR => 030 '6 6 1-8 3-4) LCuo [3 6 -4 7 © 1 0 ty © 10:2 Ry RoR noe 6 [3 5-4: F ae ~ fo 4 : 3° 2 a 6 “2 3%) 4 5% -4%z =F :0 3% 2 4u3-3 % = 4% <1 1 3 “3 a. f[% Fy -) %3 Xs parametric vectorform X= p+tv X=: f-l x,| 46 2 t% 0 oO i 2 -| th cohere ple] and w[e 0 ! geomet rieal cescvipti on of the solution set, . | [-- “The equation parses ‘through the point P 13) along ‘the a tls 0. | vector y's b) Determine if the Columns of the matrix tr 1 ‘ 0 12 are lineavy Fndependent. 5 ¢~ (A sb] To check for fndepenctence we have B ‘le | oO oO D267. [9 1 40 o (0:6) 'o2-1 to 5 8 0:0 Ri Ry oft 2 -1 20 O' 4:0 5 8 0:0 Ri> SR,~ Ry} Y j 2-130 %= 0 1 . one a A 4+4%,=0 %2 = 0 R3 2Ry - Ry} . % t 94:0 Ay t2X,- %3=0 Orr 4:0 % t08Co)- (0 +0 0 013:0 %,=0 ° i ( o 2]. Lt ts Uneasly Tndepencknt of rl y Totepenteet | Ga) Let T be Mnear transformation whose standard matrix 2 ' -3 = A=/-6 4 0 §) Decide, ff 7 Fs One-to-one mapping SB) 1) Decide, fT fe maps Ponto et 2 R>RtSR 5 R37 R,— Ro 5 ww 2 ' ia ~ oO qo7-4 o 4 2 Oo -2 3 2| feve o fe ! “3 oad 0 Oo 50 oO Oo 3 if Ry ART ARL, 2 ' 73 fo # -4 oO oO 1 oo | Ry Ry ®as p: {M8 13 o -4 oo Oo 0 Tt %& clear that there ave PO free variable so that equation Px =0 only the tvivial Hence T Pg one-one mapping. last ro Of A does not contain a pivot position £0 columo of matrix A does not Spar of &, (Hlen T coes not maps e onto ef] a #8) b) Find the inverse of matrix mf , s]." ee ex tst where, 0, ere 4 3 8 3) * to 3 Lo. 0 ‘6 of 4 -3 8 eee“2 9.0) A watete of the form A= [* | te watel to block epper of 4 Du % PXP , Doo ¥s U4 and f ir ia ee eal peru me that Govertible, Find a formula fe pl 3 a metaix of the form H2[Pu Pra] te called a block 6 Por Si claae a” matrixdet us cenote #!' by B. and partition 8, so that DB = Us: ° | where Bu . B, Bo» Consider, = pe = [Pu Bit ApS, PyOot PB | _ [” 6 OBn 1M 2:8, 08,24 Ays82 eo 1B, + .8,,° Ip —O Pu Big t AjpBo9 =0 —@ © By +A2B, =0 —®@ foo B2 = Tq -—O from © Bo - Ty Pia from @ By, <0 oy frm © Au Bj = ~ Ma TqArs ad u Bio i Aya Id. q yy fom © By = pon! ~ M2 C0) 4! Bu = +t phi! Since oT and ai ave tduntity matrix we have W [¢,r trancformation from Beto & defined b) If T t& linea -52,F4%) Show that T Pc Mover lible by 1%, %) = C6n~ PX» and fink a formula. for T. > given, TO%,%) = (6%, 8%, [7%] Then ae ‘| 2 -¢ 4 Check for Alextsts ov not 1 & [Al #0 IDL = 42-40 22#0 - plextats => 1 extets pic tft 8 iat ls 6 [73] ~ 6 F HH) ol 5 6 fe Af + sh 3 | =I 4, Stxy)=e TCD =f) C2) | . f pwd 442 | [x ay + 3%r | fet) * (‘x +4, Serr 3%), | (F henee Tis tnverfhle, and Ten) = Cee + 4%, gomt3%) | 4Lf 4-2 I] 3 3 toa) dee A ° 4 ; | wo | and “f3] 34 -8 6 ol 5 G) determine, 8f & ein Nul A. Could w bein colA? if v fein cold Could Vv be ?n Nal ? Gi) Determine, Ans WE NullA) Pf fluto 7 6 p-fa4-2! 2 Ace | 3) te, Ho -$ 4 9 Als li9 5 F 9 i ; ee 34-8 6]lo flu # vector 0 therefor « fs not 19 nul A, 3 > abe tn colof A, needs to belong to R. but ud & is uw cannot be %0 olf, Gi) v ts col of A, Sf FE catitfies the ag, hen fb Ax =b f hence we consider augmented [AV], and conclacle whether the eg are consistant be obtafning wow veduced echelon form, fvj- [2 4-21 3 -2-5 #3 - 37 86 5 Ry RAR,» Rp PPR, -9Ry ” 2 4-2 1 3 ~ o-1 5 42 ©) =2, 10-9 =I Ry> Ry FIR vy f@Fa213 O-l &§ 2 00 0-17 -SPro “he eebeoo form we observed that condition At=b, £6 gaticfieds hena vite colu of CA) V doet not belong to oullh) sinew ver ») ust b(-3] »-[ 3] ofa] of $m consi der the > . bases for R given by Bz Lb, b,j and C= fe, 1G} Find change fF coordinates matrix frm cto 8. —> the required matrix = e1Giac Pat [bbs : 2] ReskrtRe weft -24t-4 5 3 44°49 F Ri Ra + Ry ~[a -2 1 -F°-5 0 21-12 3B ao Bl-r org 3 ee oO -2 12 8 vf! o-s 3 oepes) po mation POS (i) Find-the matrix for T ve lative to the baste £1,4,0,0 por PR, and the te Standard baits for Rt p> pf - [pe 12 Define T: 2 Ri by Tp) [E> | Gi) shoo that 76 a Gocay transfer 9) To chow “thal T #6 L.7 Let Plt) and q(t) be 400 polynomials 0 P, and ¢ be ang ~1ve Galea Tleprqyt] = Ye) po2tge2d] poy] qe)” iy qe) fe} P41q@) Je] ped fa] 4d #9) CD POO4 qe) PO) qc piqnco) plot 40) Pio) 400) eT pO] + [qc] 1 [epcer) = [epyt-2) ept2), pe?) epics) s[cpc) |= ce] p@)| = c7 peo) cep) (0) ey poo | Cep) (0) ep) plo) |[teT ts bineay transformation Dt ii) Standercl basis for pt te given by Es £0), 69, 2,647 where, €,= {1,0,0,0} &= £0,1,0,09 + fo,010} & -$0,0,0,1} fov basis 1,4, 0,0} ir 2 we have Here PCa! a ry Tepe [ PCY ' rep] = _—o Crop [PEP] TT] Pes fs pw) I ' P Co) | é tlere pce) =t +o) = [POD] [> frepy). [3 “] PO) Jef 3 @ef,| —® po ‘ 0 Po) OL &Neve pot): 4? _ : 2») : a 7 fred fay neo fa] Poo 1 ! ploy 0 ° 3 Mere pCt)=t . sep). [PED] [rs “8 1Cp): PC F “1Cpy) + a3] _ feo “fa : Me | pco) 0 ° from €4 0, ©O Wd © required matrix for T ts Mg Np= [1 cb)]t (1¢by)}, (cb). (COI. é L { -2 4 -8 1 304 9A | 1 | ' 0 0 o Ba) Let = [ TT vod u:] 4] Find the ortho onal projection of 4 onto 6 2]. Then writtey asthe Sum of'two orthogonal vectors, ane in Spang}, and one orthogonal to & =+ wWe know that the cuban aoa prjection apy onto oe yous 4 Jf?) [40] was 4 Tf] 2[20) fs} oL) [7] the Component of 4 orthogonal to 4 “i: [ He) “Lo to write | as Sem Of ort hoge 6-4 A “ nal vectry A 4° ee LY given bySS . * ! 7 ie 7 aan [ ‘). “OAT g | th: 1 [aod %: 7 Show that ‘} [2 Co, 6) 3 a orthogonal haste fo & ther OMpreee x alfa lineaw combinats Of 4, 85, and uy uy. ress Codi y - 0 ! “Pro 1] ct 1 2 Uy uy [- 4 | if: 0 14,4, a} are caer eas bases To expen % as Linear combi ~ pation of u ph Uy Re Ot Ey + 2 y, ie Qe Uy uy “Ce 4 fe] 5 oe, Cede fe va paqih x U3z= 18 eet au si eat (ERTL a? Su, ~ Buy + dugIq Orthogorally ctiagonaltze the matrix A: 7 F | -t-h § The chavactevistic og? 4s at (A- AI) = 0 6A -2 17 det/ {-2 6° -1 0 “Eo -t 5A @ AM[Gayc-a—rJ- [CrCs-a)-) iP- 6A] : 6-AC30-6A-6A4H=1) ¢.2(-t042A-1) + G4EA) = -9y 19 a*-40n 4144 = - (a-s)ca-6)Ca-d) A= 8,3, 6 a= 8 a A or. 2-2 “1:0 -gi:o): f72 ~2 7VP® : @-sr0] ~2 -2 -jf{ of = | -2 72 150 -t <1 -3/{ 0 =| -1-320 Rye Ry ARDS R3 Coil hel TO. ~ fot -2 -1 0 -2 -2-1!0 Rom QR, Rey Ry IR —Re; I -l -3:0 ”) ~f 0 0 -~ 30 9 0 -5 3:0 -% Le 2 ~S%3 =O : ty X3 =0. A, =X oJ ~%,—Xy~- 3% =O Ket / X= EX ELE b mya MD yAe3 (n-arJ-]2 27! (a-3t 0] ea - [3-2 -1:0 as : ~2 3 -1:0 2, SS Rs -) 1 220 ~1 -1 2 10 w-2 3 -1 20 3-2-1 10 RAR, FR; RO BR, +t Rs | ~lo-l 2:0 R37 RF Ro 5 Plo -- 5:0 ie a ee! 0-5 5:30 0 -¢ $ 0 000:0 Ro Mfg s RRs } [ -2- 0 242% 2 = ~!o 1-10 1-3 £0 , tr =% 00 0:0 ota 4320 | wep %3 s x, +X Ha 20 | = Xe fo X3 =; 1 1, £0 % | XS 13 1 _ft Sef 1 where, A,= 6 7. 7 a ‘J p-61])- [9-27 n-61:0 C J ~2 o 7) at -| -I -1 -I aeI rt “te. ha le eee |e by) * nae 6 0 v= Mee | ie s ie Well (ae | a [%8 . I: a Ya he . Dz : B | ; Prealvieva V3] 2 ie ie UG 00 6 0 Wp “16 ; A= PD PT: PPP. 1 “ip 1a “Ne fe oO In [a © 6 ie Ya 200 IE ae o Yea 716 {fs —t ¢ verified, aIs, Make a change of Vasiable x= Py: that tran sformethe quadre We form qob- BX %+ 9% into a quadratic form with no crs - protect pteve. Give P and the new quadratic form, — Given thak Qbe)2 Qu2—9x,% 43x te % q -4 0 [* a) to The matrix of the quadratic form ts A= | 4 t] (A-at)- [49-a ~4 [*, 3 a det CA-A1) = 04-A)(3-A)~16 = 1a po The characteristic eq %s IP -Arl =o We dt, for A=, form A-AT =A-T G a -4 8 (Aux :o] = [Py ae R>R-2k,; o[72 ~4-0 0 0:0 X= free variahlk ~ 22, —-4% <0 x= pf GD] (7) Ce J eigen vector corresponding to Ac}lhe det form A-ario) =/.% “+59 esa [-4 2 a] Ry > oth @ Ee 4:0 Ce On <0 % % fre variable 8%, -4%p =0 Cir s = za: [% Y ra e af a We i wis 2Y, [Pa Coreponding to A =| comp ott vow, = C20) + CN) =0 Way = SP = Ie (Vine ican = is a Wee Gee ime ike [Aa hs Te te eh Vie ane ie] +p: (Ae Me »[o "| Wal [se bP) (ie : aa to obtain req ubred quadratic form consider xtaxe Y"DY where X=PY Y= a 2 “at I) Gt) [i i 2 ng a fs the rezutred change oF variable 9 quadratic form.