VIEN DONG NAM A je ee CAO HUY DINH VAN HOA AN DO NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA -HANOL, 1993LOUNHA XUAT BAN Hom 4000 ndm qua trdi bao thang trim, didn cS ciia lich si ngwiri dén An D} bon bi va kien nhdn dd xdy dmg nén nn wr nda dn Dé dgm dd bin sde dan tbc. D6 td nén van hoa bidn khao Kat hirong ti sie gide ngd vd sidu thodt vink vidn, 1d sue tim 008 khong diet mét Nhung gud tre td tinh. Thiet lich sik cho thy mdinh dat in Dé cé the di chia edt, ve ra thdnh amg minh, soag nin van hoa in buo gid’ cting thing nhdt va ineong ta. Ba nhdu ndm nay ban doc Viet Nam dtege am quen wi nn van Abu dy, nn van hou dd co dnh hueimg sdu sde din devi sng van hia anh than ctia ngieor | ide at ngdn vied. Tap tnd tude cita nid nghién cur dd yud cS Cao Huy Dink Van how din Bs" fin nay ra mit bun doc aldo ddp wng alu che an Muda neay cadny ding ve dd nice digu ky vd day huv2n bi dn Pb. Cun sach Li nuit yong nhueng cong tak cia a2 ai cp Nha mire KN Oo do Trung gi Kioa hoe vt hot vd anda van quode gia Muee hicn vdicue vndt buat kip thot niin dip AY nig 20 nam ngdy thank dip Bi min Ding Nam A hoe VigtNamn, Do nhitu itu kien Ahuich quan vd chit quan cudn sach cO thd con ahieny khidm khuy Et ahdt dinh, do viv Nha xudt bdn Van hoa va Vien Déng Nam Ata cor quan chit qudn cia tap stich rBt mong nhdn dtecre ahueng yi kidn dong yop phé ink cite ding div bgn doc nha hodn tien cain sdoh trong nhiteng fin ti ban Xin tran trong gion dieu cting ban doc. NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA VIEN DONG NAM 4 Ha N6@i, $-1993duly 27, 1993 India and Vietnam have had deep cultural and commercial contacts stretching beck in the history of many centuries, The message of Lord Buddha wavelled from india to this region in the early period and forms the religious foundation of many South East Asian cultures including Vietnam. The deep Indian cutturat infiuence is Clearly visible in the surviving relics of the Champa Kingdom which existed in te Central and Southern Vietnam from 2nd to 16th century A.D. The architecture of Cham temples and the Indian mots in many pagodas bear an eloquent testimony to this close between India and Vietnam in the ancient times The process of cultural interaction is a teraction: continuous, ongoing and a two way process. Livewise, there are many elements ct Vietnamese cutture which have been bee In India, Guided by cut geographical proximity, common asian hentage and similar nature of cur experiences for our freedom struggle. the vaduicnally close tes between India and Vietnam have been further conschdate in the modern times and our bilateral exchanges continue to grow. 'am happy that the Institute of South East Asian Studies is bringing out a compilation of selected wntings of well known scholar and former Director of ihe Institute, Prof. Cao Huy Dinh on the various aspects of Indian culture. Prot. Cae Huy Dinh had the opportunity to spend nearly two years in Indian for his study ard research work and exzerence india from close quarters. The publication of Prof, Dinh's impressions of Indian cutture would no doubt contribute to a closer understanding of india and Indian culture among the people of Vietnam. a (S.L.MALIK) AMBASSADOR OF INDIANgty 27 thang bay 1993. Hai nude An Dé va Vidt Nam cé nhing méi t&p xc, giao ha shu sc VB van héa va thuong mei van bat nguBn ty trong ich siz hang beo thé ky nay £i. NhGng loi truyén day cia Die Phat 44 jan téa ti An 08 t6i khu vue ny tr thoi xa xua Va lao Bp nén nén ting tin giéo cia nhidu Mn vEn héa Dong Nam A, trong dé cé Viét Nam. Anh huong sau sfc cia van héa An Dd o6 thé thy 3 sng trong nhing di tich cén tai cba Vuong quée Cham Pa ting tn tai & mitn Trung va mi&n Nam Viét Nam tix thé ky 2 cho tir thé ky 16 sau CN. Kign tnic oda nhing ngdi dén Cham va nhong mé tip An ©6 6 nhigu ngdi chia chinh la ‘hang minh chimg hing hdn v8 méi anh hudng qua kai chat ché gite An 08 va Vidt Nam trong thai 06 dai. Qia trinh téc dong, anh hudng qua lai ve van ha la mot qua trinh lian tye, dang tép di&n va theo hai chidu. Nhu vay, ¢6 nhitu yéu 18 cia nbn van héa Vidt Nam d& duoc hip thu tai An Dd. Do su gan gui eda hai nude ching ta vd mit dia ly, do cing co mét di sin chung cla chau A va co ban chat gidng hay noi nhing kink nghitm eda chung ta trong cudc dau tranh vi tu do, cua hai dan téc nhimg méi-quan hé gan gui cé tinh tmyén théng gia An 0 va Viat nam ngay cang duge cng 66 trong thai dar egay nay va mot quan hé 1130 déi d4i ben cua ching ta dang tép tuc phat taén Téi rt vui mimg duve biét Vien Dong Nam A dang xuit bin mhimg bar viet chon loc vé nhimg khia canh khac nhau trong nén van héa An DS cia gido sr Cao Huy Dinh, mat hoe gid néi ti’ng, cus gam déc vién. Gido su Cao Huy Dinh, timg cé dip cong tac glin hai nim 6 An 08 ¢é hoc tip va nghitn cwu, da nha cam va tim hiéu An 06 mét cach xac thuc. Vide céng bS nhimg dn tong ella gido su Cao Huy Dinh vé nén van héa An D6 chic chan sé gép phan gitp aban dan Viét Nam hiéu biét ngay cng sau sae hon vé An G6 va van héa An Do. Ngai S.L, MALIKTT CHAN DUNG CAO HUY DINHDOI LOL VE TAC GIA Toi con nho mot hom cach day d& hon 20 nim, anh Dinh don nha ti choi va, trong chu chuyén hoi thm thong thuomg anh nho nhe ndi :’ Nay, anh Phd oi, anh vé lam (¥ noi nghién ciu) Dong Nam A voi i di. Toi ngdin ngudi ca vi ty nghi minh bic gi Se Dong Nam A ma fim va cing ndi thing ra voi anh nbu vay. Anh cir tir t6n ma thuyét phuc va khuyén khich t6i, “ Toi da trinh bay voi cy Toan 1di(Gido su Vitn si Neuyén Khanh Totn 1 Cha nhi¢m Uy ban Khoa hoc x@ hOi va cling I ngudi thanh Lip ra Ban Dong Nam A hdi bay gic ). Tat cd chung ta khdng ai biét gi vé Dong Nam A ca; cho nén phai viri lam vis hoc théi". ROi anh phic ra bdn dinh huvmg lam - Nghién ciu Lich sirva Van héa Dong Nam A; 2. Nghién ctu Nam A dé ditt r minh hon; 3. Lay Vidt nam lam dja bin thye dia dé c6 tu Ligu so sinh UOi chigu vGi lich sit - sin hda Gie nude khic & Dong Nam A. 4. Lam 76 tac dOng cit vin his Trung Quée va An DQ di v6i van hoa Viet Nam va cic nude Dong Nam A. Roi anh “bai binh bé tran” nhw sau : nhd anh Ben, anh Long, chi Ha gac cho Ai g6n lich st, nhO anh Dac, anh Duung, anh dy va toi gic gon van hoa. Dac hiét, “Anh va ti - anh noi - sé tap trung tim higu anh hurng van héa An toi ving nay”, Phai noi that 1a ti thay Wr thd qué di ch. Boi vi duge lam viée voi mot chuyén gia (hye sy) v2 van hou An D6, di timg di du hoc hai nim & An D6 tai trutmg Dai hye Banaras Hindu va da timg du Jam tir xr Bengal bén Dong sang Gujarat bén Tay An Do, tir Utta Pradesh trén Bac xuéng Kerala dudi Nam, la m6t digu that ding hoan hi. Va sudt 20 nim qua, néu Bun Dong Nam A 1di Vién Dong Nam A c6 duge chit ft thanh teu 5nghién cdu gi cung [2 nho da thc hién phat tiga may din hudmg ban dau do, Dae bids dO! vor han than (6i, dink hung the tu da gidp ich rat nhidu wrong vigc ep ca van lida Vigt Nam va Dong Nam A vay. Nhimg an phim cia anb trude dav vin hoa An nhu Sokuntota, R Tago, Mahabharata, nhiit fa Tim hid Thin thoat An Dé da tig gay lén trong dong dio ban doc mot long kink né thuc sy vB ste cam thy sfu sic (ngay cA trong cde tic phdm dich) va cich phin lich sing sua chit ché cia anh, nha 1a khi di vio cai mé cung cia than thou An. Mac di chi ld mot cudn “Tim bidu” nhu § dd khiém tn cla tae gia, nhung cvdn sich ve Thin thoai in D6 vita anh d tro thanb mot thi cfm nang cho phimg ai bude diu mudn nghién ci vin hoa An DO va hién nhién, cho cA nguvi nghidn evu vin hoa Dong Nam A, not ma van hoa An di in déu dim dic tir hon 2000 nim vé trinte. Anh Dinh quan tam dic bide dén Phat git, nit 1a voi y nghia an hoa An di wn vain hoa 1 true dé cic nha nghién edu van hoa Viet Nam chua c ditu kiétn di sau tim hidu. Vice tnaic hE ta anh Dinh To chung tdi (anh Nguyén Duy Hinh, chi Te Thi Cung vi tdi } di tham thd céc chia Prat 6 ndi ngogi thanh H3 Noi dé suu sich xem cd glanh hudng cia A’n DO. Qua nhiéu ngdi chia ching ti da od dip dén viéng tham, cau hoi én eda ming cos anh dat ra voi ching toi Ta: Cac ban c6 thay gi An Do trong cai nay khong 2 ( bac thi do 1a mot pho tuung, luc ‘thi tam do ca sa trén tuymg, hay cde quydt tay, loe th) cay tndp nay, bd cuc ngdi chua kia, v.v...). Chiah anh la nyuti dau i I¢ 1 ramag cho thi nghia {y cla Ki cho Um ma ni bat mé trong cic chia ob humg Mat Tong. Anh thume cé cai kiéu chép migng rat duc biét bigu 16 Yong kinh phyc ngusng mé tiim ¥ cao thiim eta cic hae cao ling. dai dic thud trude, cing Bud 16 ndi an hin cha minh chua thé hign duve tron ven 6 mét bigu hign quan trong cia anh hudmy, Vict Nam, mot vin ddcai tm @ic cha ban than minh dai vor !oi day tham digu cha Due Dai Su ma anh chimg nio chm thy duye qua nhimg ngay thang anh banh buung bén vr Phat. Cing chinh trong link vyc nay - Phat giao - anh da trinh bay trong nhidu budi nban thie cia anh vé mdi quan be hiru or ob tinh Ké thiza cla Phat Bido d6i voi Ba la mon gito trude diy va An Do gido ngay nay 4& may anh ém trong Ban cing suy ngim trong viéc tip can Phat Vigt Nam. Sau nam sau (1979) khi sang An DD hoc va viéng tham cic dén chia Phat gido, An Do giao, bin thin 131 da co dip chimg nghiém nhimg oh§n xét sau sc cha anh v8 sy hon dung do. Khi anh vinh biét chung ta (1975) anh con dé lai mde cng trinh dang dé ma anh da 4p @ nhidu nim : Lich sit Phét gido Vite Nam, voi mot ban dé cuong chi tiét 25 trang va mot cap tw ligu day khong it hon 10, phan, trong 06 tap " Ngon tay chi mit tritng ” - iich Wrong cia Die Phat - a mOt trong nhing ong tinh “we ligu thu hat nhitu tim suc trau chude abat cua anh, Cai so die nhdt cia anh Dinh la v8 Tinh vue vin hoe va vin hoa gan giun, Toi cd may min duge dye mot sO bue thus cha anh gui ch Tir Thi Cung, nguvsi han doi va ong tac vitn gan géi cha anh , boi anh du hye bén An Dd, ki v8 ohimg tap yo, 8 hoi Kon abd bea 65 ma anh dO dip duge dy. Nhing bic tranh thét f& sinh diag dui ngoi bat fic thi sii nda lic thi trim Hing ohu muda criyéa ch cinh tuong ky vi cia 14 his cho ngudi ban divi cla mink. Mol Kec aol noi, khi nao 06 dip, anh Dinh voi (im long wu di va nbigt. tek che minh Udi voi van héa An D9 cing muGn thong dat cho mol agudl quan minh cai huyén Giga vie boa cia mpt xb sir mh Engels i timg minh danh Ia cha “thay tw va vi née”. M6t ban vao n3m 1973, trong mo bubi hop mat 6 00 quan, mol ngudi dé nghj anh Dinh hat mot bai hat An D9, Khding chit agin ng, anh cdi giong ca mx bai d3n ca wir Onh vt ching myc dag 7Krishna. Cé dao nhiéu ngudi thi oS bay nhicu guong mat simg sO vi “od nghe Ong Sy hit bao gid dau !”, vay ma hom nay voi cai giong trim uaim thiét tha anh 44 fam cho moi ngudi nghe mo mang dén mt dém tring sang trén 6 nOi, ob chang myc déng dimg gia mia digu Vong ‘Tinh trong ing sdo réo rat, chung quanh cé doan thon nit lac thi yéu digu 14 lust, hic thi ram rich cudng si theo tng s4o (ram bdng. Phi La ngudi od im minh vao trong cudc sing cia ngudi An DO binh thudng dén chimg myc nao dé méi od duye stv Lruyén cam nhuing 46. Mét chuyén gia thyc su vé vin héa An Do, ve Phat gio An DO, ¥@ vin hoc din gian An Dé. Do la anh Cao Huy Dinh. Mor ngutn bam vite 06 Hy ludn va 06 dau dc thyc Uén, mot ngudi diéu hanh cong vite 06 ly 05 tinh, D6 B nguii Trudng ban dau tién cha Ban Nghién ctu Dong Nam A thude Uy ban Khaa hoc x4 hoi Vide Nam ( nay la Vién Khoa hoc x4 Oi Vie Nam ). Nhan ky niém 20 nm than lap bO mon Dong Nam A hue Vict Nam (1973- 1993) ching Wi mudn gidi thigu mot guong mat Uicu biéu cha Nghnh qua nhimg suy nghi cia anh vé van hoa An DO, mot ogudn chm bimg va anh hudng trong dai déi voi van hoa Dong Nam A T$p séch thp trung vao chi dé vin hoc mong gidi thitu wii cac ben doc khOng chi mot bic tranh twy khéi quit nhung tan dién vé nite vin hoc An, ma odn chit yu Pa gidi thigu cdi digu thic tim hon An, off ii cla nn via hia An Dd. Thang 1 - 1993 CAO XUAN PHOMOT VAI NET LGN VE VAN HOC AN DO Van hoc An Dé co mot kbOi luyng rong Lon, mot ndi dung phong pho phae tap va mét trinh dO nghé thugt rat cao. No khong nhimg [a cai gia tai khdng 15 cia dan tc An, ma cdn La mot kho tang vi dai cia nhan loai. Tir 3000 nam nay, vin hoc An da trai qua mOt qué trink phat i. Trong lich sir van hoc thé gi6i, tinh chat lién tuc va lau dai do chi tim thay & van hoc Trung Hoa, Do Thai va Hy Lap. trig én tue vi aa I ‘Theo nhimg bit tich oon tai den ngay nay, vin hoc An bit dau tir nhimg tp kinh Vé da. BO kinh nay gom 06 : Rig Vé da, Yogiu Vé da, Xomo Vé da. Dac bigt la Rig Vé da duye sang tac va thu thdp tir thé ki 10 trudc-CN, xua hon ca van chuong Homero 6 0} Hy Lap. Noi dung cua bO kinh nay phan anh qué trinh xm nhp va phat trién cia ngwoi Ariang vao dat An D6, va tit c& sinh hoat nguyén thiy cia ho, No la m6t kho tang vin hoc than thoai vO cing phong phi va phic tap. Sau kinh Véda fa tp than thoai va truyén thuyé: Purana. Sau giai dean Véda, xua nhit cia vin hoc An DO thi dén giai doan Anh hing 9ca va van hoc cé dién Sanskrit, Pali va Prakorit. Dé f& nhang ng ngOn thay 6 cia cac ngirt ngon Indd-Ariang 6 mign Bac An ngay nay. Dong thoié mtn Nam An van hoc of, Tamil la giai dean xa nhat cha cic ngir ‘neon thude “ahém ngit ngdn Dravidiang, Hai tap Anh hing ca vi dai ja Mahabharata g6m 22 van ciu tho va Ramayana gdm 5 van navi clu. Mahabharata la mét sing tac tip thé cia nban dan Ur doi nay qua doi khdc, gdm rat nhitu chuyén than thoai Hin voi ehuyéa thutmg va kinh ké, phan anh toan dién ca mot qua trinh phat trién lau dai cia x4 hoi An tir neuyén thiy cho dén cudi giai doun nd We. Cha yéu n6 md > chién tranh idm trong ndi bo dong ho Bharot (tén cia mot bé sara what & An Dd, do dé ngdy nay nguti An goi nude Ia Bharot) gia hai nh’ Panrovax va kaurowsx, Theo mha sir hoc macxit Dango thi cude chién tranh dé 12 bigu hién sy suy tan coa ché d6 no Ii 6 An DO, Ramayana cha yéu mo ta cude tinh duyén tric ud va moi tinh chung thiy cla hoang te Rama va Valmiki sang tac bing 1i¢ W chnh, tind va (4 ngudi. Ve truyén ké thi 06 tp ngu ngon Panchatantora , viet bing ving Sanskrit, rit ddi dao tfnh chat nhan din va hién thye. x Van hoc of dign Sanskrit rat ram rit phic tap. O day chi nie lai thi si Kalidax ." Hoang d& v8 tho' cia An DO. Kalidax van dyng va phat trién cao dd hinh Anh truyén tinh cia tho Sanskrit dén mic 4} chua timg thay dé ca nggi tinh yéu da d6i, tinh you thién nhien va tinh yéu dit nuve. Nhémg tac phdm cia ong gom ba vi kich, dic bigt fa kich Obhighiang Sokulrota n6i viéng ca thé gidi ngay nay, hai ap anh hing a va mit'sé tho tré nh, fang man ndi tiéng nhal la Megohodut (nghia ia Str may ). » Ngoai van hoc Sanskrit, 0 van hoc Pali va Prakorit cba cdc giao phai Phat, Giacn cing ta nhimg kho tang thin: thoai, truy@n thuyét 10 nang Xita. Tae gid ca Gp nay Ib ig Sanskrit, rat n6i ting vi nhimg ciu thova thi ca nit site phong phil, Dac bid 6 tap Giataka gim abite chuvén abo ké lai tin kigp cha Dic Phat, ntumg dy j nghla thc 6 <4 hdd. Vin hoc Phat gido va Gisen gido tiép tyc cho dEn the kp. VII, VII de ma dao Phot thye sy suy tan 4 An DO. Ve ban chit: no pl nh dé mdt moc dO nat dinh tinh thn céch Tang aban dan, qua nhimg cudc xung dGt vo te gido va chinh tri, muda khude bo x4._hOi phan chia Ihinh ding cp, dy nhimg bat dng, fu x tl l6i do mbdny ting kip thong ti va ding lit Brahaman gay nén. Vint vin hoc Phit vi Giaen giao rit nhitu tinh chit ‘di hue, chim ies va hién thyc phé phan. na Bit dau tw the ky VU. IX .X trddi, vain hoe An bunie sang thot ki thir hai. Lac nay An Do trdi qua ahitu bide d6i can ban v@ chink hOi va vin hda. Phat gido suy tan. Hindu gido kh Phyc iyi tle ci Tai nhimg nguyén the 18 nghi cts Brahaiia gito trade kia pa khdp ch An Dd, xudag phia nam, ChE pong kn a Dh ra khong biét bao nhicu ta noi chign. Va Vari thé ky XI Hing eta n nguii HDi giéo van ait Ad Dmg thd te ing Ble ma cic nga Ng mL indi theo ding Yado nae An. there thai: tr ahing-Wrang ed Opobhramsa va Prakovit, da hinh thanh ‘ei tig’ dinh khdp cdc midn bie An vi cao aguytn Déctog nein : Bengali, Avami,Oriya, Hindi, Gugiorati, Marathi, Kawtani Pengiabi va Kasomiri. ‘ Qua cule bin d6i dd iruyn thdng cha vie — khong bi gin doun, ma cha duge phat trién shu howhoc cia cic ngon ngir moi. Hindu gido mot hinh thie ci sideman gio, sau khi Phat gido bj tidu didt, da ding sich vo Sanskrit va nhing than thogi, Acuyén thuyét, kink ké cu dé uuyin gido. Hai ip anh hing ca Mahabharata va Ramayana, truyén thuyét v8 thanh Krisosan (trong tap Purana xua) duve coi Li nhimg ngudn cim hing manh mé, thiéng liéne, ching khac ci kinh thanh 4 truytn thuyet cia |Giald gido & chau Au thoi trung ed. Cac lrutmg phai thi ce rung co An nha Gionona, Karoma va Yogo ia nhing din chung cu the, Nhung noi chung nhimg thir vin hoc nay du nang mii tn gido than bi, khO khan hinh thi. Tir cuts aN ky XTL trek di. cic ngi ngdn vi van hoe mtn Bac An nhur Hindi, Bengali, Pengisbi it nhicu chiu anh huimg cis Hi gid thong tri. VE tw wang ngunyi ta thiy ob su od ging dung hoa gitrs Hoi gido va Hindu giao. VE agin nga, mot titng ndi t khdc ding (rong tity dinh va van chuomg qué te | Do la ding Urody, ke1 quar cha sy phéi bup gia hang yu i agit am va danh tir Ba Tu vin ahimg thd ngir 0 Pangiabo va mot vung win Deli. Ve vin hoe, thay it ohity mau sc Wn giéo, thin thopi, truycn thuyt va Gag man tir th gidi. HOi gito ( BaTu. Anjip ), cbng wit tinh cick chau chudt gia tag cha gini cp quy tic. . Nhung dng thot cling 0) hai hinmg {hdc tir ahan din L. O kbp cae Sia phon Gung Gin gian dé ra 6) 5 nhing truyin ké, bai ca hie tj, toyew asic ttedel dad hating kim truce. hdc fa im fy thong . Unite Ly rank tangtheume chét chor, chia iy do chicn tanh phong iste gay 4, bee: diengsda dic binh dan thyc iz gian dj dé hai bude chim bcm off hoe §Y 988 OK cia phong kién va qui te thOng 11) Hoi gta Nhiseg dim on wht treyde Xé cy cic virny th ngir Bhogiopuri, Maithili (chad phopme vi cia tiéng Hindi) di chita dyng dy noi dung hita tet ; 9?2. Nhimg nguvyi xudt than binh din. co h nhivu, lai duye tigp xic voi cic Hing 16p uén cha HOI, mun chong Jai nhong hinh thuc cau ky gia tao, khe Khat cha bon chinh théng Hindu gido va HOt gido. Tidu bigu cho tinh than tién DO do [a thi sT Kobiro va thi si Tunxidax Kobiro (1440-1518), 6 mot Bing gin Banarax , tam nghé dét vai. Tho Ong tuy c6 chur it binh thee ton Ong ua tye Litp bién ché neon am ca HEL sue gidn dj deo dai, wong sing dé ché nhao nhing tin db Hindu va Hai gido ngu xuin, dn bim. ding tn sido dé tia phinh 4p bu nhin din. Ong da diéu con, phan khang ché 46 ding cip ha khic va ca nggi Unb thin binh dai fa cao c4 cia Jao dong. Vi thé tho Kobiro da duye phé bi rong trong ohin Tunxidax. moa thi st vi dai cia An DO va cia the gidi sau Kalidasa, séng trong thé kt thir XVI. Ong voe Braman, nhung nehto khd, phai hanb kat lang thang . Ong da vicr fai tap anh hing Ramayana dui tén mdi la Ramichorinaonor bing thé ngir cia dan chung mién bic An (thube Hindi), da lam cho cu cheyén am hiéu dao ty it ride, nhung diy ¥ nghia x4 hoi cia dan chang thank mot thu thi Ramayana cia Valmiki { thi si Sanskrit of dai ) sng lai trong nan dn vGi mot tinh cam chan thus, moi tinh than nhdn dao cha nhia, © mot noi dung hign thyc. Tunxidax da gan Lin tinh yéu va long chung, thay cia Rama, Xita vdi su dau tranh gita thién va 4c va-nguyérr vong cha nhdn dan duvng iho) mudn shag mot cude Udi Luv dep. Nho nhimg tinh chit dé ma tho Tunxidax da 4n sdu vao dan ching uong ton An DO , dic bidt BO mign bac, va anh hudng dén moi sinh hoat van nghé khac cia nhan dn voi mot moc dO chua time o trong Ijch str van hue thé gid, Tir Tuntidax , nhan vet Rama va Xita da tré thanh nhimg ahdn vat tinh thigng va phd bién trong tho dao, tuOng kich, mila cia dan chingI Cho mai dén thé ky XIX, tac ngudi Anh thyc sy dn dinh non thOng tf trén dat An thi vin hoe An bude vio giai doan phye hung cua van hoc An Do. Tiép xuc voi tink thin Tay Phuong qua van boc Anh ki chi yéu, van hoc Phap, Dix, Y, cS Hy Lap, La Ma, va sau nay qua vin hoc Nea (sang thé ky 20), van hoc An Dé bién déi hin tir ban chat. Gin lién v6i vin hoc , ngu ngOn cing theo da dé ma hi¢n dai héa rit nhanh. Dic bift ngir ngdn Bengali da bifn d6i som nbat va da 16 ra 6 mot kha nang ddi dao t2 nhj nhdt. Ri dén Hindi, Malavalam, Telegu... ThS ngit Khari Boli 6 gan Déli da urs than tiéng noi vide thong dung cia ngé ngon Hindi (cai ma bay pity ta goi la Hindi viet va noi thong thudng, duye hicn phap An DO cOng nhan sé thinh agi ngdn chinh thie cia toin lige bang An chinh la dyatrén cu sé cia thé ngir Khari Boli). Voi anh hung ca van hoa Tay phuong, va nha truong Anh, mot tang lop tri thie tigu rsdn moi ra doi , ong voi nghé in va xuft ban Gi tryc tgp lam cho vin hoc va ngit ngon An bién déi. Cac hinh thic dang thai van hoc phat trién. Ngay xua trong vin hoc An chi oo tho va truyén ké, nhumg tir gid da mang da, céc logi : Liéu thuyét , tnyén ngdn, kich sin khdu, nghj lugn v.v.. Nhumg cin ban quyét dinh cho cfc xu hung van hoe moi 1A ci tinh chat thude dia phong kifn cia An Dé, on sé x hOi cho cude du tranh ww tudng va nghé thudt kéo dai cho dén ngay nay gitka cAc xu hung : + Lang man titu cye, d3i try do anh hudng xdu cia van héa ww sin Tay phuong, dong thdi véi t{nh ch&t né i cia vin héa thye dan, lt+ Tinh thin yéu nude, yéu din 6c, yeu nhan dan, hobe dudi hiah thie fang | man, hode phé phan hién thyc roi di dén con duong hita thy x41 hOi chi nghia, Xu huning the nhdt diy rdy cd nbda cho nghia, chan nan titu oye, bi quan trade thei dai, rbi din dan dim chan kn uit ca céc binh thde truy tac cia nghé thufii Tay phuong. Titu bite nhSt fa phai chi luong tang man trong van hgc Hindi nu Lala Srim Vasadax , Protap Narayan Mishra, vv... Nhung dindi sy ap bie cia Jé quic Anh, wi tinh thin yeu nade ndng nan cia dan We Aa Dd, da xual hidn moc nth vie hoe yeu nude hét strc Udi dao & kbp cic van hyc An. Ludng vin hoc dé ching nghy cang ob ¥ thdc, song song wii sy tién bd cia phong trko dtc ip din tdc. N6 bang nd ding thGi voi cude cach mang 1857, ma tidu bie aid, mot thi st adi tiéng cha vin toc Urodu. Cho d€n dai chiéa hur nhdt, vii phong trao diu rank manh mé oba din We An t la dau trank chong chia st dit aude An & Bangan, ta hi hay Rabindronatho Tagore da tre née Hing thy tree thd gidi voi gidi thudng Nobel 1913. Sy aghitp vi dai v8 toba dite cds Ong li mot ing hop hai hoe cha thi ca Kaladax, cia nbin 690 ché nghia céa cic thi si rung o8 An nw Tubidax, vi ch rit rm Lal voi tinh thin dodn két yeu nude cia ahin din An DO - : Phong trao chéng shyc dan Anh do Tilak dim, dis 2 ta pong trav Ai quéc Gandhi di Anh hudmg d&m mbitu ubden ia hee man yeu nude oho Hem-Chandra we : Bengali, phai Chbhayavedo & van hoc Hiadt Trog; nguvi la quay vé di vang, hoai ludeg tel abiing: xva cia An Dd. ding thin thoy, dang fjch std Holic la vii mx tinh usin mank mb. she thang vao chinh tn bing ngbi but va ch nha tho ; Chanhan, Navin. DinkerLokmanyatilak (van hye Marathi), aha the Bharoii (vin hoc Tamil), ohd the Vallathol (vin hoc Malayalam), nha van Viroshngam (van hoc Felegu), nha tho Tabal (van hoc Uroda). Tinh thin yéu nduc . yeu nhan dan con didu hién & phia tich cy hon, két hgp dau tanh giinh doc lap voi sy phe phan sdu s thye dan phong ki¢n va doi cai thin dé sGng cia nhan din, Wien ne mat thitt voi quan chung. Phong tao hin thyc hung it nhicu cia cic ha vin tin bier (he vidi, dae hide a cha van hye Nga ohu Tolstui, Goocki . - Premchand_ 4 b6, dude hige thyc dau tién cia van bye An Do. Lic ¢ dau On Ong viét bang Urodo, sau chuyén sany Hindi. Voi ong ngon Hindi d& chin mudi rit nhanh. Sudt mot di w KG, iu va sing tic cho dén hoi thé axdi cing, Ong ding van hoc de Gi ac cha bon thong Uj Anh, vach mil giai cip dia cha phong ith cau kot voi dé qubc boc 10 nding din An tan ig. Xuit than nong dan, Gng fa (nha van vi diti vict ¥ ndng dan. Kid ~ Godan” cing voi mbt 36 truyén ngdn ticu bigu coa Ony cd thE Hier via cac tae phd gid tri cia thd gidi . ‘Trong van hoc Bengali oo Sarat Chaticrdi, mot nba vin xuit sic chuyln md eb nhimg ké cing dinh bi x4 HOI rung bb, sing khd cy, tal fifigehtieng tim hdn dy nbin do cho nghia. Nikinig ha vin you nude kf tren da dong gop rit ahitu cho sz (ide Vit the heap opin An, Te aim 1936, Hoi cic nbi van titn boo Au Be than fap, do Premehaad lam cha tich dau lién, vin hoc Aun‘ ‘th thne@'sanig mia phong (180 mi manh mé, bao gon mK sth + begug iui Wie night si ong loan Aa DG. Van hoc tin bbb An DO 100. tteknd site rng, lide band dau wanh khong ngimg wi nbimg xu “ besteig pin mE. OO) trey cho Wi agay nay, vi dy cage dau uanh gia! pri POROGOTIONL (tifa bo) wii phai thyc nghigm PRAYOGOVADO wiimn 1946, ttong vin hye Hindi. 16ie wi trong lign bang An DO jang trén duimg tnedng thank dé din ia vi ng ngda chinh thie cia tong . 2 ddi dao phong pha, nhung thing abit luc luomg hom. cic nha vin, ahi tho cing ngay Ging chigm mor so Lux vain tidu bide. Trong van hoe Hindi. co nha van Yoshopal, tiép tue raven thong Premchand, dua tity thuytt vi truygn agin Hindi vao con durmg hidn thuc xt hoi ch nghia. Tac phim cha dng ding ké nhy :" Daya’, Desoadroht” (Dita phan quéc), Trong van hoc Ma ding dao, G day chi gidi thiga mit vii nha ci dem co nhit dién hinh cia dng ahu“Chimmin” (N. iohi. Tisu thuvét vunvi danh cf) va nhimg truyéa nyan cha Ong ct the $i 961 Maupassant va Tehekow . van hoe Pan why co Amrita Pritam fa nip thi si di iting Ga SiGt FAC ahicu thor vi dain ca. vGi nhimy dé tai tinh you. bow binh Anh agit, 0 aba van Mulk Rugio Anando, da cb gi Sp dung lap trudng moi vio ruven nyin dé vid ve ving aban va Ging cip cing dinh & An DO, nbu titu thuydt ~ Intouchahte”, “Cooli™ vial Iruy¢n ngin ki cc licp tue phat trién tr Min hoc din ic, "ve phan dah én thong hot An hien cong trinh kign thigt nistc An DO mai. vin hoc An hign nay adn tit mot trong ahimy ticng adi manh me cia phong trio dau tran cho vide phan ‘ip uty irunh & how binh the gidi va doun kot how nghj gida cae din toc. New Déli nyay 18-2-1959TiM RIEU THAN THOAI AN DO Khai Juan Nude An DO xa nay vin duye ménh danh fa nt sé cia thin thogi, Kho tang than thogi ay goi lai tdi the au cia rhitu dan We gin bO v6i nhau én mot Jue dia kha rong. Dat nude An Do 05 dai, nahin gang UOng tay, [a tr song Indux !? va ving Kasmir 06 nhigu hoa thom, qua ngot, bd bide vai mi&n Nga Ha, Penjab phi nhiéu rbi doc theo con séng Hang Ha va giat binh Aguyén bat ngat cho dén chau thd “Dat ving” mau mo gidp vin Banggan. Nhin doc bac nam, la tir day nai Hymalaya, dave vi ahr “Lu dai tuyét” hay “Bong hoa sen trang vi dai” di xuéng thanh Ying Tang Iép lop dén Iu vue song Hing Ha, 153i Jai qua ving ddi Vindhya sang cao nguyén Dékan rong lon, Usi by dién An DS Dumg hinh vong cung voi nhiéu hai do aha in Lanka (16e Xaylan hiy gia), Dat nuoe An Do os nhimg dinh néi cao, nhimg khu rimg ram, nhing con song km, himg dong bing rong cung di cdc giding chim nhu odng, tu hd, vet, thign nga, didu hau, viv... da cic gidng tha nha Su Us, voi, ign rimg, huou, khi, ran, cA, bd, dé, gya, city v.v..., va du cdc loai cay nh qué, ke, da, tram, xoai, mia, sen, mi, mach, vv... va da céc khodng sin qui nhu vang, bac, ngoc, kim cuong, cdm thach, vv... Dat nude Sy hang nam phai trai qua nhéng thang he nong kinh. khung v6i nhidu trin bao bui mi mit tir cic sa mac mign tay, mign trung kéo vé rang chay ca cdy 0b va cun ngudi, abig tran mua thu. dé dOi, Lién mién, Idi cvdN hang van sinh tinh thea nue {0, va nhimg dém dong rét buét do hoi lanh téa ca tir long luc dia. Nnung nhing (1) Nay thude Pakiutan, Do tén con ‘sng nay ma nguint Batu va say do, aguin Hylap goi dit aude & phia dong con sing ny fa Hind, tie An DS. 18gay xuin lai im 4p va trong sang dudi bau xanh chim trong sing khdng chit gon may. Pr eee Thiga nhién via hign djv, tuoi sang va hing vi lai vie thn fc va cay nghiét dy da gay abidu Sn tuyng sau she Ingay td trong nhéng ‘rang thin thoai dau tién cia ngudi An DO-Ho bit du hét va ke chuyén [a dé ca nggi nbig (yc lugng inién niga va ahing hite luong vi uy. Nhung rdi quan nim vé thién nhiéa va vi try cia ho cling din din bién d6i theo qua trinh bign di cua doi SOng vai chit, rf bOd va tinh than cia ho. : . Nhimg chi nhan cia than thoi An Dd Ja nhimg com aguoi who ? Ho di sing v2 phat triém nhu thé nto ? D6 2 didm miu chit 6 bide nhimg dc diém va qué trinh bign d6i cua thin thopi Aa DO. J. Ba ngan nam traic Cong nguyen, i mh SO np sing inte luu vue sing Indux. Hita nay nhimg di chi Harappa (gin vea giép Penjab) va MObenjé Dari (tinh Sind nay (hue Pakixten) khai quit vao nhimg nam 20 ci thé ky nay, dang dupe aghite ce va fhe lag xdc minh. Theo nhimg két lugn gan day th} siting ngvtd 6 dé thage chang t6c Sumerian va Dravidian. Ho da dst 166 wit utah vig, minh kbd cao dya tren robes agit wd, mock Msc ‘Audi (trdu,-bd, lun, vol, Ine di). Ho ob ahing © thi ile sate th inb.vi VE kel etatheo cha Aghia tinh tinh nhu cac ching toc khac irén nhimg mign khac cia An DO. 2. Cho dén khi nguti Aryan tran vao dit An Do thi thin thogi An DO moi higu hidn thin hé thong. ‘Ta dau den gies thién nhién ky the hai truce Cong ng mo abénb "? gewiri Aryan ma Enghen goi li “dan du muc dién tin” ©) dj te nhong thao aguyén phis nam adi Uran. dén ving Eranvej (Turkextan thuge Liga X@ cd) ri chia Lam ba bo phan; mot go ka abdm Mitannis wii kip vuumg quic 6 thuong iuu sing Mézdpcuami, mat gol a Irand-Aryan dinh cu é Iran (Ba Tu), va mot nit Bo {add-Anan qua Apganixtan Oi men theo nhing.duimg Jonme diu phia iy Hymalsya ma vao An Dod ving Ned Hava Penjab. Tai day do dtu kién thign nhién thich hop, cic bb ee Anan bit diu dinh cu, Via chain audi, vita tdng trot. Ho qudi bb, neva, dé, ciru, lai rng thém Li mach. Thit. siz. haah fa nhimg thdc an thuimg ding cia bo. Hy 6 nha bing et um xt thank time dom vi thi 1c, bb fgc va Lién minh bo luc thea che do Phe quyie hu aie dtm ci abidu din tic du myc. Dic ict ho ki bing new Ritu chicn va bat Khu, Tying cia by ls nhimy thi Hak quie'se (Raja). Vi khf cia ho & khién bing da. kitm bang Ging. cung tin Uai. va chién xc ahe nbang do abigu nygya koo. Ho chiles tikieg dé. dane abimg ahimg ngui thd dan o fu vue song . Ve i an Ea chi ving ty bac An Dov theo da de ho he Son (1) tle aiaiint chine ceig Gir mbsieng thins nguyen mute nor uid Uran ma di ve pines Gaya phat trim ra these hice ahi thisy (cua abicw dim the chau Au fign way. ‘Migs pike gin igh. Az a te herw va Mie mate, C Mae, F Fagen tien tp. ‘tp UL Sy thin. SE Bae. BAZ, or 300. m0tn ve phia dong, mé rong canh tac tren khap eae tritn song kin cho dén luc bao trim ca mien bie An Do. Qua trinh du muc va dinh cu cha ngudi Indd-Aryun duce phan anh trong tap than ca Rig Veda. ‘Do fa niang bai hat ca nevi cic Lue lueng thign nhién nhy Dyaus (rin), Aditi Dat), Varuna (Bin), Surya (Mit tri), Usa (Binh mink), Soma hay Chandra (Tring), Agni (Lira), ladra (Mua, Sim, Sey. Vayu (0), vv... ma chung ta sé nghitn ane lan luot & bdn du. Lint hat va chm xue eda nguii Aryan clit trong sang, hon nhién. Tri utmg vag cia hy thal la eng 1m va anh manh. Ho aban cach hea thicn nhién va va try theo vim hon va cute song cha Ro. Ho Fat ict ro tac dong cha tin, dat nong. fanh, mua, gid dén suc vat, mia mang va con agin cic ho. Vi vay mdi hig tuong fiy déu duue ho ca Reon, MCA yeu va cong Lim su. Ho thd 1d vii cae vi than thin nhicn nbung dicu mong hice thue. sao cho he khoe man. ob con dong, chau bay, co dan bo beo ti dé ca nhidu be va cap nhidu sdu, vv... Ho ind 4 Gie vi than nhy hind anh cds he. Ho dOng hou nhimg tinh cam hogt dong hang nyay cia ho vii nhéng rung dong bien chuyén cit (yo val, i chny chat phac, nedy tho, cung hice Ein hay gidn du, cung lo du hay vui ming nhu chinh ho. Cac thin clung thich tang Thang du mye dé day. chng chin bo vit sia, cing yeu nhau va sinh sbi fay nv. cong déinh ahau bang cuny tén va chien a. cing khoe manh, hang dong va higu chica nhy chinh ha. Céc vj tain «y day that ra th abung ngucn binh ding trong ong x4 Aryan due mo bing biéu fume thien nhicn cu thé v2 sinh déng. Than thoai ding nghia Oguven thay fs nb viv. Ro rang the Rig Veda la nbimg bee tranh rat dep mod 1a thien ohio 6 nhimg noi nguci Aryan di qua va dinh on. dng thoi cing fi Ahung hinh tugny chin (hue ve cube sing cia ho, Su dong cm. gin chums 2)b6 gita con ngudi voi tao vat, tinh lac quan yéu doi, yeu lao dong, nhimg yéu t8 Gr duy lank manh o6 tinh chat duy vat ty phat cia loai ngudi trong thai tho au, dé 1a ndi dung tho Rig Véda. Mac dau ddi lac ngudi Aryan 6 (6 ra ngG ngang truce cai 1 tn tai cla chinh minh va ty nhién, ban khoan thic mac trude cli sing va cai chét, hay rang minh trade nhimg cdi khé khan vat chat, nhing tp tho dau tong Rig Véda cia ho cin ban van f& nhéme bai ca hon nhién. chan thyc va nhimg trang than thaai dep dé. 3. Thé nhumg nhimg cdi ng ngang, ban khodn va ring minh via ké én dan dan lai phat trién ra thanh nhimg ndi sy hai khong khiép cia con ngudi trudc canh troi dat, va ing ménh mong va crude sire van pha ring ron cla thién ahién d6i whi io déng va sinh mang cua ho. Con ngudi dang yéu tao vat béng thay minh nho bé va bit lye 46i voi to vat. Con ngudi dang sing bSng thay minh sé bj than chét J6i di. Va nhu thé baa than minh ching qua chi la mot bO phan, mot diéu hign tam thoi cia vi try bat diét. Hon thé nia. con ngudi con nghi¢m thay ring nhimg khi chat nhw Ii, ninic, khong khi... déu [a nhing yéu 16 co ban, pho bign cla vi try, ahing khi chat dé ct hién 1Oi bién! bién i hign dudi mudn inh mudn vé va ding hoa in hau, va nhu véy thi gita ching phai cd mot méi-[ién he, mot sy dOng nit ndo dé, Thé 1 tir day cdi nguyén nhan dau tién cha vi try va cua sy sing cu Am-anh ngudi Aryan, day dit tu-duy ho, khign ho ngay cang Jn trGn vao trong ndi Lim, va tram tu mac tuing vé cai (On tai phd bién, Cam tinh cy thé hdn nhign nhwong chd cho ly tinh siéu hinh mo mjt. Roi trong phan cudi cia Rig Véda, nhiing vj thn thién nhién trade kia duge nhan céch héa, vui vé, hdn nhiéa, binh ding, da bj tang quén din di va hinh tugng mot ding sang lt co hién ra ci mit ngay mH ro nét them. Lac dau thi bat c# vj than thiéa nhién ndo 6 trong Rig Véda cang déu od quy8n Ive ahy mhau dé sing tao ra cia cli vat chit, ra hank 22phdc tran thé cho con ngudi va duge con Aguti ca ngyi ebu nhau; gac diém nay céa thin thoai Rig Veda, Mac Muller ro] Héndthéisme 1"). Nhung vé sau th ngudi ts quy at c& moi quytn lye dy vio cho mt dfg sing tao duy nhit va ii cao. Sing wo bay git cling mit y nghia vat chat. Dang sang tao tir chO t& mot troag abitu Nguoi @ trong cing xa sing 190 ¢a odng cy lao dong hay cia cdi vat chat, va link thin, hoc sinh dé ra con ngudi lam ving din $6 cho bb} Jac, d&n ché bj tru tung hoa thanh mOt linh hon tuyét dt am hguytn nhan duy ahat cho moi vit. Dd i trudng hop nbang thin thoyi Misuakarma, Prajapati, Manu va Purusa ma ching ta sé nghidn cu é chuong thir V. : . ‘ Qué ininh ering tame hda va thin bf nay khong thé gid thich ding chi “tim te mae tug sau sic” hagc Cat “tim bda md dao” n bm" cia dan thc An Dd aby cic nha hoc gid theo cha y am chi truong. Cang khong thé dO (i hodn taka cho chi “thien nhign ky quic, bi hidm va uin nhdn” mith nhigt do dk de wen vat vai dip con nguini AnD. khign ho prai tn tra vio thé gid a + Tim, nhuedc nha bac hoe gia theo ché nghia duy vat dja if ay re, Qua irinh nay 0} tink chit phd bign trong Vich 5% vim gido adj, chung. Engen da phan tich rit ro:. : Ss» Negudi ta d@ nkan-chch hée cic tye I ( ohite he, nhimg dog thin dau tidn, nhimg dag thia ni. ong el RP trién ve sau Gia tn giao, Thang ‘mie hich ding oghy a nhidn, cho dn 6c cudi cang, no nag qui irish trips .. 6 thé Oi Ha mot qub cian clung cSt hoke joka ng inl ee 2198 1) Ti dig Paap + Vie cin Ca Dey Ant gfat khong mii Bit duc § aghis cha damh tie. Ching td a (i thich bup.nhin manh) trong tin trinh phat trign tinh thin, nén dong dao ahing ong than d6 ma quytn han bj han ché it hay nhitu va wy han ché tia shaw, moi Fim cho dau, oc ngudi ta quan nim 0} mot ong thin die ange Oka ‘DO, d6 & qué trinh hinh thanh tén giao Balamén Qa widt ly duy 14m than bi, vao nia dau thién niga ky thir nhat trie Cong nguyéa. Lic nay nong nghiép da phat trién vi dé thi xuat hin, Irung tam sinh hoat cia ngvdi Aryan bat dau chuyén sang lu vyc song Hing Ha. Ho da chin (hang va dong hoa nhidu bd lac thé dan. NO We ngoai tc duge két nap vio nOi toc Aryan ngiy cang nhitu. Xa Od Aryan phan héa ré eét thiinh cic giai cap (hOng tri va bj tri. Cac giai cp thing trj gdm nhéng nguvi thay tu BalamOn (Barahman) va vO Si quy tbc (Ksatriya). Cac giai ci i gdm nhéng nguyi ning Gin ty do, tho thi odng (Vaisya) va nd (¢ cing dinh (Sudra). Té che x4 bi the ché dO Ging cp rat chat ché. Giai cip ihdng tri ngay cang xa din san xudt cla obng xc. Lao déng tri de cing tach ri ko ‘GOog chin tay. Nhimg ngudi trade kia oi vite chiém tinh, thin van, ca axing v4 KE nghi phyc vy irye tgp cho nghé Urdng trot va chan audi; gir diy Be nhimg vj th3y tu hay dgo si chuyen nghiép. Lé chia ona du whew trong ofng <4 goi ( Yajna xu kia, nay tr thinh 1é bide 04:¢3), 18 dtkng mdy cho thin do ngudi Balamoo dtu khién. 15 Bay @0i AOI ahimg culic sit sind hang trim con bo, chi tai hai cho sin xuit va fam kbd quan ching ning dn tic la dang cip Vaisya nhung fai cgi Cho thy vhng Batamba. Tir nay v2 su con nguyi moda thing cle wot rilka thas phai thong qua i high 1c va thiy cing UCMécF, goes top a. The Se Ha NOt 1962. tr, 599-600 2) Tita Php bh pabaenican. - 3) Tag Psp Secrge. “tABalamon, Dia vi vat chat va tinh thin clia thay cing Batamén [a cao nhat va bat kha xim pham. Ho nim doc quyén tinh than chi phi van mang cia moi nguoi. : Dé bién chinh cho doc quyén dé, hy dé cao Rig Veda, c& quyét dé fa sang tac cla thin thaah, 1a 16) thiéng ligng, chi 06 ngudi Balamon Ti co quyén hoc 1p va strdung. Hon nda ho dat thém ra abide thir kinb khac nhu Yajur Véda, Soma Veda, Athan Veda. Brahmana va Upanisad u¢ gidi thich lai Rig Vida, guy Ut ed moi su sng tao kin be va moi th thin lin bé vé cho linh hon tuyét d6i Brahman va cho dang sang tay (i co Brahma. Thin thoai tir ro nén ti tim tréu tuung. N6 ding dé mink hoa cho gido ty tu biéa, che khdng phai 1a nheng sang ic how nhign cia quiin chung. No xuyén tac hove tate bd nhong yOu t6 duy vat ty phat nguyen thay 6 trong thin thoi ci va 6 (rong van hoc dan gian duomg thir, Nhumg ngay tir thé ky thir 6 trade Cong nguvén trd di, dng cip vo Si qui’ tbe da tre nén hing manh, chién thing nhidu bd fac va thanh lap nhimg virme quée on, nhu Magadha tan xudng ch cuo nguyén Dékan, Vurmy quyén chiém uu thé lin at cd thin quyén. Mot mat khde quin ching nd it (Sudra) va néng dan tho thi cong (Vaisya) you Giu phai xdu bd ché dO ding cip va 18 nghi hign 18 RBi ‘cic bé lac moi bi thén tinh cing chong lai ché dd nd 18, ché dd cing phdm va (hod khéa nung né cba cic hoing dé, va mun quay ure lai truyén thong 16 chae x4 boi va tin nguimg cha the Rguyén thay. Tinh trang phitc tap nay duoc phan anh vao trong nhitu the van yx dai dign cho nhigu giéo phai. dang cip va dia Phuong khac nhau: * Than thogi Visnu tidn hé veri sy simg bai than lye cia Mat tres 44 66 10 xua 6 mién Tay An Dé. Dang cap quy t6c phat tién sy sing bai d6 va de cw Visnu Ucn mie ta dang sing tao tuyét déi Wan 4t a Brahma. :* Truyén.Krisna rt xua, m6 ta cube dai cia mot ding st muc dong trong b6 Jac chan nudi Braj bén trign sng Yamuna. Nhan vat Krisna chong doi voi cic vi thin Véda va Balamén, nhung cudi cing cling duge ding héa voi Than Visnu. aes * Truyéa thuyct Rama va Sita xuit phat tir mién Kosala & ying trung luu sing Hang Ha, d2 cao dao duc minh quan va tinh yeu chung thiy, dong thoi phan anh sy phat trién cua ngudi Aryan xuGng phia nam. * Than thogi Buddha 1a van hoc cia phong trio Phat gido, tiga bigu cho sy phan img cda ding cip Quy (ec trong b} lac Sakya tr dong bac An Dé d6i v6i dao Balamon va truyen thing Véda. * Than thogi Siva két hop vai tin aguomg nit than cia cac thi tc Dravidian lam nghé irdng trot. NO Ei thin thoai phd bién nhat & néng thdn trong dang cip Vaisya. NO phan anh sy dau tranh cho uyén loi vat chat va tinh thin cla ho, thong qua hinh thite tn gido, nhung cudi cing bi ton giao chinh thong Balamén loi dung. * Cac the than thogi phue tap cia rt nhidu dia Phuong, b6 lac & An Dé odn dinh vii tin nguone vat (6 va cho nghia tinh tinh nhu cic troyén vé Than Khi (Hanuman). Than Chim (Garuda), Than Rin (Naga), Quy Khdng 15 (Raksasa), Quy lin (Yaksa), vv... Traic nhimg yéu clu moi rat phic tap dé, do Balamon phai Chuyén thank dao Hindu © hon hop moi thi tin nguéng tai thinh mot hé thong thin thoai mdi, hé thong Trimurti (Ba than tugng). Hé thdng nay cdng nhan ba vi than Brahma - avisnu - Siva chi f& be mat cia Dang ti cao.duy nhat, tugng tnmg cho sy hai hia cia dot sOng x4 hOi va tinh thin trong vuong quéc. Bén canh dé lai 06 quan (1) Tieng Phip fa Hindouisme hay Brahmanisme hindoust (Dao Halamon Aa DH béa). _ 26ni¢m avatar (Visnu hda than) cho Fang bat ct vi than anh hung nto cba bat cir dja phumg nao cing chi la hinh thc hda thin cua Thin Visnu ma thdi. Quaa niém avatar a cao obit than ludn, coi Visnu th mot vi thin ti cao cia quéc gifo Hindu dé cing of cho quyta Ive cia nhi vua, dong thoi git duge dia vi thing tr} cha ding clip che thay tu Balamon, Do la sy ciu két gitia vuong quytn va tha quyta trong x4 hOi chiém hi nd 18 va cd phong kign sau nay nia. Két qua Ia nhime vi thin duce ca ngvi trong Rig Véda da habe mat di, hoge bi dua wuding hang thi yCu, ma Oi bat en hang dau Brahma, Visnu, Siva két hyp vii nir thin, ahimg akin vot aah hong, nhimg vat 16 va tinh tinh nguyen thy cia dja phuong. NhGag thin thoyi nay sé due gidi thidu 6 céc chuung Vi, VI, VIL, 1X. Diy a giai dean vin hoc anh hing ca, 05 hai 6} .sir thi kim Mabathaiate, Ramayana va pho tian tich Purana, ghi lai da cdc thé thin thopi, truyén thuyét va aah hing ca ob dyé cia abide ching tic, ahitu dja Phuung va nhitu this dai. Nho vay ma abiag thin tugng cu thé, ohm (inh, 6 mhan céch va hogt dong nhy ngudi, nbimg quan aifm v2 vb try 2 nbn sinh od tinh chit duy vac wy PhAt nguycn théy, abéng quan nigm vé you duung va hon nan trong thoi ky tho Su che tobi ngudi bat nguon tir cic bd lac tin Aruna va tir trong photg sho quan ching ching djo Balamén Iai duye dea vio trong abbag a. NiGu vin hoc d6, tuy 06 bj xuyén tac di ft ahidu trong khate bit cin he théng tin giéo Hindu va abt thin toga Visnw, Tinh Ninh Sy dnh. du mot tb dal aah vim bin Aryan @h dhe An De re a SE Sia fda, Lam no vis thong mbit via phéc tp , tp0 ate anid cha you cia van hoa An Di a6i chung va chia thopi Xe Trén diy i abimg nct khed quis v8 ae in we cha nhda cia thie thogi Aa DQ, wat a nhimg tac phim chtnh va qué trinh phét eriée oll ‘thin:qua mt thd gian dai hon 2.000 nim tir van hda Indux dén giai doan anh bing ca id hing thé ky sit ngay inade Cong nguyen, Co sé xd Oi, § aghis crigt hoc, thim my va anh hudng tn giso cing duge néu Hen mii clch sim tht diy. Nnimg chuong, myc sau sé danh cho viéc gidi thife ky s¢ tich chfnh cia timg vi than tigy biéu, theo sy bién 664 cisa BG qua céc tac phiim va cdc thoi dai cy thé.MAHABHARATA Vai Lai Ve Sit Thi Mahabrata Ngudi An DO oo mot cau phuung ngtin v8 hai sir thi adi tiéng cua ho :* Cai gi khong a} (rong dé thi cing Khong 6} ¢ bit co noi nao trén dat An DO“. ‘Cuda sach nay gic thiéu voi ban dye ban dich b6 sit thi thi ahat Trude khi tiep xie thing vii tae phém ching t6i lwu ¥ ban doc mot $5 dieu cin biét dé tam co sé tim hiéu vd van ohimg digu phong pha ma nguti An Dd gti ehm trong 46, Diy la nhimg digu ghi chép duye trong thai gian sing & An Do (nhing nim 1957, 1958, 1959) cing +01 suy aghi cla ching 164 v2 dat nude, con ngudi lign quan dén DO sir chi. Phdn dich toan dign “ wu fay diti van tida” nay la nhiém vy cas MOI cng trinh khae a, (1) Tap Mahabharata va zap Ramayana, (2) Chong t6i dfung bie tigng Anh : Mahabharata cita C. Rajagopa-achari do ‘Nbis xugt ban Bharatia Vidya Bhavan xuit ban nim 1955 & Bombay. (3) Dang chf Cao Huy Dinh , nha nghien cou van hoc din gian va nghitn cine van hoe c6 dai An 9, mit nea 1975, Bi gi6i thigu tren Ba nhisng ghi chép ciua dong. chi viet rhi rac trong abt 5% thw tir va tai ligu riéng giri Gr An DO ve cho gia diab. Nay ban dich cita ding chi lic con sing fam cung ven song chi Pham Thiy Ba duge Fa mit han doc. Tran trong nbime suy nghi cia mt nha aghitn cau da qua dui, oag chi Ta Thi Cung. favo va dag thbi cing fa mvt abla nghien ciu van hoe din Gian, a chep lai nhimg ghi chép cita dong chi Cae Huy Dinh, Gp hop lai thanh bai gibi thigu trenDoi nét vé An Da cf dai 1, Ngan Aryan van An D6 Khi nguti Aryan tran.vao An Do thi thin thoy An DO bidu hign thanh hé thdng :* thoi ky anh hang ca’, Can ghi nhan dai nét ve nguoi Aryan dé higu Mahabhurata va anh hing ca An DO. Trong lich si thé gici of dai, vin d& nguti Aryan Li mot van do don da Uimg duye gidi sir hoc tranh tuin nhidu. Trong pham vi cla thuag i chi Gin rit ra ning két Lwin da duye khing dinh : tani Aryan la 16 1in eta nhimg nguvi Au -A tai mot s6 nude lon .Thout tién, ho & mot dja digém az tru {4p trang roi phan vin di cic noi. > Qi tinh phan tn cla ngudi Aryan gin litn voi nan hong thuy, chign tramh bd lac va Uhdi ky du muc ti diu don gida thién nién k§ thir hai trude Cong nguyen, MOt nhanh ngu’i Aryan vac An DO. qua diy Himalaya dén vine Penjab va Kasomir . Ngudi An Dé dinh ninh rang trade khi neut Aryan vao An DO tht An DO da of ar din bin dia. Két qi khdo cd hoc cho hav vao khoang thoi giun ba ngan nvim {rude Cong nguyén (1) Xem thim : Cao Huy Dinh - Tim higu kan thoai An DS . Nita xu3t ban Khoa hoe, Ffa Noi. 1964 tr 17, “30a co mot gidng ngudi sing & uu ve song Indux hyde ching We Sumérian va Dravidian, Hy da 06 nén ndng aghiép kha cao beo gm. 1rOng trot va chin mudi, Diu tich ngudi Dravidian oda rbd ngit ngin mign nam An DO. Ho a xdy dung duye nhing dé thj voi abing cOng trink kién trie kha didu luyén va dat dén tinh dO cao. Vay ma ngudi Aryan da chién thing ho, Qua trinh du muc va djnh ow cha newt Aryan trén dit An DO Ja qua trinh hinh thinh nda van hoe hodn chinh cia nude An Do, bao gim * van hoa Aryan di duge An DO héa va van hos An DO géc itn Aryan cing da dugc Aryan hoa fam cho a6 via thong nbat via phic tap, igo néa ot te diém chi yeu cia vin hd An DE." 2. Thin ca Rig véda va van df? Yajna. Rig Véda la ai ligu quan trong ué tim hiu lich st An DO of di 9), Qua Rig Veda, 03 thé bidt duve Phuung thity san xulit oo si xh hOi cua An DO od dai hao gom cu din ban Gia va nguti Aryan. Qda tinh phat ign dy tren manh dat An cung chinh Ba thoi ky ra doi cia nhing ky tich nghé thudt rye ro trén iruyon thing vin hide vin co (rude do, Rig Veda phan anh mot van 2 cu bin ve doi sing aguit ina trong cing xi nguyén thay. Yajne th ‘10 Lay Dinh : Sich dia din ur. 28 Seg (2) Vioda whe iv chie Vial fa Bit, Ved fa tr thGe Ube thd, Rig Vide migng .\E sau mii in thine sich . Diy Bi thp kink dpe trong We & bat, ts Vids disye viang mbt céch sin ohitn Tank mani V2 saw Whe tii guile phat tno Rig Veda ngay cing Ur? (hineh begin M amb aij. Rig é Rigé Veta. Yopiuunista: Sumaveda, Atharviia. Bg ee a 1028 sukota, Athevavtda ¢6 73) suena voi HOUO rise, Mmanh hin nhice oc ihe thoi wai kin kt ve de hip vo. el]phuong thic san xuit trong cdng xa nguyén thay. Nguéi Aryan cho Fang lich sur chia tam bn thisi ky (Yuga) : - Krita - Treta Doapara (Dwepara) Kati Ma&i mit thoi ky od mot giai doan rang déng di trudc goi 1a Xandia (Sandhya) va mt giai doan hoang hon di sau goi li Xandiansa (Sandhyansa). Mi giai dogn Sy bing mOt phan mudi cia : Kita (4800 nam) : Thai ky con ngudi duge tuyét dbi trong such. khong c6 xdu xa t6i Ki, tho hn, ghea tudng, con nguii cing lam cig chia déu cia cho nhau an. Treta (3600) : MOt phan tr sy trong sach bi giam di, sy hung thy khéng tnyc ciép nia, phai thong qua hide 12 va nghi KB. Mudn duge troag sgch, con ngudi phai thyc hin nghi va hién 1. Cudc @8i tinh than bit diu tach roi cudc sOng vat chat. Con nguvi nhin minh qua (han quytn. Doapara (Dwapara) (2900 nam ): Mot niza sy trong sych bj giam G& Kbdt hao, tham lam, kb cyc, than van ngay mot nhitu thém. it Bgedi chung sy thin. Nehi IE dé phic tp - "ali (ade chimg 1200) : Gid tri chin chi cdn mot phan tu, Doi inbt, da Ki, hung bp, khd cyc day rly. Nghi I cing khng oda néza. SOiy ih tim ches thn, mk nim bang 360 nm ngudi. vi vay ch bon thin Ry tiadh ra min gwd BA 4.320.000 nim. Nie ay, mie ubi-ky trea ty phin anh didi hinh théc huyén thal. githitg j nghvt sy phit trifa cia vil try, ola load ngudi. Méi giet hapa 0b quy Seb vba ding, 06 06 chic sin mit, 16 chic x2 hd, ‘Phong tye, tf hguing_md ching ta cin néu itn nhimg nét chink sau diy. ‘Thdi Ky Krita @ thd by chiéa din vw thidn nhidn,wi tha dir dé kiém an. Nbitu agudt bj chét, cho dén ca Prajapati f dang Sang Thé =cung phai “dé non” hay “say thai” vi thiéu 4n.Dén khi tim ra sta mdi Phyc hoi duge sic cia Prajapati. Cét 10i hién thyc o day 1a giai doan chin. nudi phat trién . Doi voi ngudi Aa DO sia fa thie An chinh tr lau doi. C6 sita, Ding Prajapati lai tiZp tue nhiém vy sng thé. Do 46, thé gidi Lip te nay no va phat trién. Cing trong thoi ky aay, cic vi than Indra ding dao bang da va dao bing xuong dé kiém 4n va tw ve. Trong sudt thoi ky Krita ngudi Aryan da di qua 60 ving, cing ig hug, cang chong choi vot thién nhién va thu diz. Dén lc tim diow tea va nude sic vat voi ky vhudt kha hon thi cude sing litn 0 bude tiGa nhdy vot. Theo Angghen, dé 1a hai you 16 truc titp gidi phong con ngudi. Nguoi Aryan goi than hia [a Anhi (Agni), got sy chin nudi phon thjnh va din cu déng dite 1a Poraja Pasavat (Praja-Pashavah). Tir day diét n thit chin, chin nudi phit trign hon, sia citing nhitu ra. Qua Rig Véda, ta nan thay nguvi Aryan coi Agni [a luc lug tao nén sy chuyén bign co ban trong xd Oi: Agni giup con nguvi ché tao cdc dd kim khi, bao vé sy dinh cu, Neutsi Aryan xy dung déi sing trén cor sé moi : Ita va stic vat, DA qua thot kv du myc, dén that ky dink aw. Trong Rig Véda da chi ro ac diém timg thin ky. “Krita lang thang day dé md tdn lén, Treta khén hin ding mde chd !” ‘Thoi ky Treta chinh [a thoi ky yajna, nghia 12 xuit hign mot phucmg thiic san xuit moi. Dang Sang Tao (Brahman) (Ding Sang Tao ob hai cach goi : Prajapati da néu o uén, va Brahman) ban cho con ngudi mon qita quy. Yajna d& dua ngudi dén thin vugng, yajna duye thyc hi¢n thi Brahman tn qi, yajna va Brahman gin bé vi nhau, nhu bong voi hiah “, lam ci (1) Xhéi dau Brahman nghia fa sang tao. sau riay Brahman con co nhitu Aghia khac. 6 giai doan dau nay Brahman cd $ ngbia fanh manh, gin woi thue tien céng xa Aryan 33Co thé dinh nghia nhu sau: Brahman la cing x4 cia nguoi Aryan v4 yajna ta phuong thie san xudt tap thé. Oday khong thé higu cing xii theo nghia dat dai, ma phai hiéu d6 1a tat ch moi thanh qué do nguvy Aryan tao nén bing phucmg thie yajna. Trong cong x4 Brahman, 6 trinh dO thdp cia thoi nguyén thay, chi 06 lao ding tp thé moi tn tai duyye . Phuong thie yaina trong Min hoc Véda la yu t6 chi dao tt cd trong cude séng cha cong x4. Cae nha nghién ctu phumy Tay da thin bi yajna. Do tu duy huyon thoai, nguoi Aryan coi 16 tin minh va moi lec lucny thitn nbién Ja thin va Vajna do than tinh thuc hign. Nhung ban chit Yajna la phuong thi sin xudt cla nhimg nyu Aryan dau tidn én dat An Dé, Sau nay Yajna 0} bién chuySn theo su phat urién x nO. a giai doan dau tién yana con duye Boi [a satra, CO nhimg dic ditm riéng cin chi y. Tat c& moi ngudi déu chung sue thye hién phuung thie yajna, VE Sau khi tu haw xudt hién mei phan ra hai dang nguvi : nguti dung ra thué va nguoi di [am thud. Hai hang nguoi nay duye phin nh trong aghi 18: yajna 1a ngudi chi gia dink gid cOng cho nguot thyy hanh nghi 18, ritvija 14 ngudi thyc hién sacra. Moi nguii trong cong xa cung san xuil, cing hudng tinh than cong ddag biéu hién ro ret trong nghi 18. Khi im 1 moi agudi cing udng ragu soma trong mot binh chung, Qua cac truyén thuydét wong Rig Véda nhu: Agnistema, Semayaga, Snadanja, Krata va Dévasatra, ta 3 thé bid due cong xa nguyén thiy Ja mOt Wp doan rat nhd ohu kisu tip dotn bO lac cia ngudi Polynésian, gidng nhu mot s6 lang An Do bay gids, cua chung, cia cong x4 fa dan sic vat dugc bao vé irong mot khu wong bing dé x€p goi 18 armavoraja ( Ashmavraja). BEp lita chung d6t bing gi xamit (Samidh). Gan bép [4 nha chung céa edng x4 trong dé cic hi sia, mi vv... Nha fam kidu dic biét dé cit rug soma, ruyu ay dung 34trong nhing binh goi I goraha (Grahas ) “!). Not tap hop cbag xh tk mahavédi dai khodng 32m, rong 21m, 0 nhimg md dit trhi ob Bm chd ghi, Ngudi trong cng x4 ty tip nhau & diy d& Phin cing vite, cling an, hat, mia vui voi than Lita, ca negt thin Wa Hang ngiy, Sang som, ca oOng x4 ty fp lai phan nhau cbng vite Kam. Ngudl thi dem cay soma gid lam ruyu. Nguti thi di cit od fam dm ghia 6 che than, bén gidy abt stic vat hoje ding ob dé lop Ru. ngadi di ty cit dot lia, nhom vat sita bd, sia ciry goi Ia duhita. Nhdew gids soc vat lay da lam shamita. Hy gia mi trong obi dé, dung dd trong nhénag dung cy b’ng dit. Thing mang lam bing ob otic gh Deo bing xuong. Ngudi duge tuygn Iya dé dén déc cing vite grihapad. Adchoayux la ngudi vira lam via day vide. Udgada Ie ngati cai quan mua, brahman kiém sodt ho ve mat tinh than. Theo ukt dacma (Dharma ) moi vit dam ra d@u dé dimg va tidu thy. Céc thie cing dy chia phn, Nehi td kavena ta hinh thie chia phn thye pain cho ch cOng x4 chinh 1a mot mit cia ong thie yajna. Moi cong vige déu bat dau bing tee rugu soma. Lic nghi agoi cing udng soma, Bir Jn hang ngiy phong phd mbit tb hit dé, cit, - mai, Thit bd ciing od nhung i monn ngon nén gly chang hiém. Kai “an udng no say, ngudi Arvan danh gic ngd ngon tanh quah ding fira. DEn thi ky cing x4 gia dinh th) v8 nga Ru. . a _ T3chic nguytn thiy aay c& con ngudi Aryan goi Jagene iamg do quan he sdn suit dime thoi ld quan he hud théeg, Dd ts; tha sirm mht, ob trudc cd triratea, ob tinh chit 1y gol, gmk vie ditu hoa theo mhu cau o6 tinh chét ty abita.00g Heel ina zhs Gidi han cia gana khdng phai Ya khu vyc dit del cing Shing gtabidiy; CU Nguoi ta Gay ohya cay & thank rage ning.cai @i khdc ma [A gidi han thea pham vi ngudi cing huyét thong. Co thé din ra ox s6 danh tir chi nhimg hoat dong san xbat nguyén thoy tring voi nhimg danh tir chi quan hé huyét.théng: ~Ma: phan phil dd An cho moi ngubi do dac Matra: me ‘ -Pa:che che: Papatre : cha. + Deh :Vat sia ‘Dahitra : con gai + MOt gana thudng 06 khodng S00 ngwyi voi 100 con bd cai. vai oon bd dyc vi 100 con dé. Dé thm chd 6 va cia cai, gana phai trai qua vai Vd ch& chdc vd thintng xuvén chong ké dich it bén ngodi gana. Khi way ra tinh trang mgudi trong gana chét nhidu thi phai ly thém ti binh & bd tac khac hay nhap han vac bd lac khac. Trong nhimg ditu kige cfm xh bOi nguyée thay, nhimg thi tc bO Lac mOi khi tach ri7i ra thaah 16 chic mdi rit mau chong d6i thay va mang nhimg tinh chit khae thie voi bb fae gic, oo thé xa Ip voi bd fac etic bode tre thanh thir dich whi nhau. V2 tiéng mdi of se pha tap rat dang cha ¢. Tinh hinh saent Aan DO cing v4y. Do nhimg sy big: dong trong qi trinh di cx, ale tiEng Senscrit (tiéng Phan ) try atn rat phéc ap. * Mbhagitphip Aa DO Panini (hoi oS phan tich duge 21 hinh thoc oea'T tiutmg, bop bite obch cis dgi tir asmad Ba 1d va yushniad la may @& Panini i Gh ca 23 ta} cho 21 hink thoc dé (23 fut thi how ractling ahha! re Chita tranh thedrig xuyen xty ra. Toan ht obng x4 tham gia chide ammah naw B tham gia vao boo dfeg hing nghy, vi dO chink & mt 6) phe: che phuong thuc cheng yajna. Muc dich chién tranh Et able tedp thie sic via, neice wing, ding ob. Newt chi huy chign tranh Cling Gs mgubi Chen dies thot bleh: Khe 06 tiali chit“ iuing ” thoi phong tif, akong cick goi kh. Khi khdag ob ehién tranh thi, 36nguii chi huy duvec goi la Achivarya, khi chi¢n tanh xdy ra, aguii chi huy duye goi la Boramanapati (Brahmanaspati) hoc Boruhapati (Bruhaspati}. Tap Atharvavéda (1p 4) (4 ngtoi chi huy mic 40 dd, Gim cay di dé ném, mang mac dai cd ba mai nhon va MAt cai nga voi lam vu khi. Gana nao chang thi bat lay stic vat, thye phdm, phy na va te em, (ri nhéng ngué ti binh din Ong ri dem vé chd & thuing ngay. Trong phuumyg thee yajna, vie phan phdi san phim cho cic thanh vién cia cong x4 a mOt mat quar irong eda phuung thie. Vige Phan phoi dién ra dunyi nhitu hink thuc nghi 18. Negay thutng, nguxi Aryan chis nhing san phim cho nhing Aguti trong céng xi ding qua nhimg nghi 18 Havana, Havi, Hutassara hay Yajonasine. Sau chiéa tran. vide phin phdi chign loi phim cang didn ra qua Dinh thie nghi Ki dancer, danam Ei tir dung dé chi vide chia chign le pham. Trong Rig bo thi, thuony ngudi. main dao, da. ao co nghia la “chia "Ve sau, od nghia la: danam do Botamanapati lam én kn phim nbu sie vat, ddan, ndi nigu, quin 40, trang suc, vi khi vv... goi la Ubi. Chi [6 goi la Hivasu, cic chién loi duye dem chia go Vasuni nghia la do mot me dé ra. Me do 1a Vasu. Trong cing xi, dunam ta cOng cy dam bao sy sing chung. Sau nay danam dan dn thiinh mot tp tuc. Vi vay dén thoi nd Ie, nhimg Ong vua no edi dant aie vo khong phan phat chign loi phim cho quan si bi nhan dan coi dé [a mot dng vus xdu. Tom laf, yajna Ty mot hinh thie hién & ma ndi dung xa hOi 12 Phucmg thic sin xudt cis nguti Aryan, phuumg thie Jy bao gdm ahiéu yéu 00 nhu da phan tich @ tren tao thanh dic diém oy ban cia cing x4 nguyén thiy Ae Do. La phucmg thie san xuit tip thé. Truyén ké Akhyayika la mv biéu hin cia ¥ nghia san wit tap thé GO trong gana c6 ba thin tén fi Vasu, Rudra, Aditya cai quin ba 37 chit, Noi dé cic(ap doan, Prajapati- Dang Sang Thé - th4p tir mot ngon lia thiéng chia cho méi ap doan mgr ngon iia va bit phai thé ngon tia dy, Ca ba thn d@u tho chung ngon hia ay , duge mdi ntim sinh ra met con 56, Prajapati rat thich ben dem con bo cho tap doin Vasu, Tap dean nay nudi thanh duge 333 con b6 kAdc . Prajapati lai dem con bo me cho lap doin Rudra. Rudra lai cing nudi thank duge 333 con khic, Dén lugt fp doan Adytya audi, con bo me eGng dé duye 333 con niga. Cudi cing, cd ba tip dodn tip hop ci 999 con {ai cing wi con bo me lam thanh mot yajna vot 1000 con bo mdi dem cho khap moi noi poi la dakshina hay 1a qia biéu “. 3- Hon nhan trong cing xa nguyén thiy. Nguii An Do cd dai quan nigm : da ed bon Yuga thi ciing vd bin loai hon nan sinh con dé cai va Jam ca cha chi. Hy Uae tén cho hon nhan & bon thoi ky la: - Tho Krita : Samkalpa - Thin Treta : Xampacsa (Samsparsha) - Troi Duapara ( Dwapara) ; Maithuna - Thor Kali : Doandoa (Dwandwa) Samkalpa la hon don, quan hé hOn nhan vo 7 thee, theo ban ning, es la hOn nhan oO tink cich quan hon git hai gotorat! a giai dogn nay, hén dOn va hon nhan (rong pham vi thank vién mOt g6toru da thin Ié cit. Maithuna la thoi ky cu6i cing cia hon nban ty nhicn, 14 gisi dogn chét cia quin hon. Hinh thanh din din hinh thie ci aban song doi (Cop vo ching ). s (1) Mic tai hin cia BS be.Doandoa (Dwandwa ) !& hda aban lita d6i cla thoi ky Kali. Lic nay phy ni phy thudc hoan toan vao dan dng va dan Ong da chiém dc quyén tu hu vé he. . Trén day 1a sy bién chuyén theo lich sé cia nhimg hink thai hon nhan. Can tm hiéu thém vé nhimg méi quan hé cy thé trong timg thai ky hon nhan duge than thoai phan anh lai: - O thai ky Samkalpa, dién ra tinh trang hén dam gida cha me con cdi, anh chi em. Dang Prajapati nim voi con gai ; Brabaman, mot dng sang thé , cing vay. Vé sav mdi quan hé hdn ohin ay khOng duge chap nhan nia chi cd chuyén Prajapati hde thinh con nai dyc va con gai la Dyana hoa thinh con nai cdi dé in nim voi nhse cho cdc than linh khdi qué trach, nhumg sau céc chin cing biét vb Prajapati bj ban mt mii tén thay ngudi. Cang vé sau, titn bd hon, khi ¢ thie 3 phat trién thi tak trang guiin hon chi xty ra gita ngudi Jong thé hé ; bac Ong da vOt nhew, bac cha chi, me 0} voi nhau, bac anh chj em voi nhau. Qua thoi ky Samsparsha, la thoi ky cdim quan hé hin abhe gite anh chj em. Vigc cam doan nay khd thyc hin vi & Ida tobi may aged: cin dng va binh dng wi nhau. Trong Rig Véda, Yanuh cht ob ‘Yama, moSn nim voi Yama, ohung Yama ti chdi va bio 2*-Chc thie sé khéng bing long “ Yami noi ngey” Cc thin khdag cle de”, Nhu vay chimg 10 hinh thie hOn abin ndy wn ted dad dag Ob Atiba din ca mot chuyén khdcc : Xita, mt con gti cin Prajepest Set alias voi anh 2 Sovna, Soma Kaba che. Xiu Ot cha iy chan ile yeu dé fam Soma theo § minh. : ee - D&n thoi ky Maithura, cia quan i ee iting thanh vién tnong bO lac; quan hé bie mhin thyc. eee engi goi 14 asagotra. Tir day o6 nhimg sy phn Uka abitng shj tediqadbag. me : thj the indy hg. Dan dng troag bp lac dl tancvertengell st tee: dan ba lay chdng ngodi bb tac va obi: Ky omni Yep dh, st ch dien'th: ».