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Interaction of fungicides on the growth of Trichoderma viride

Article · July 2020

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s.Karpagavalli Karpagavalli N Kiran Kumar

Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University
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 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2020; 9(4): 922-924

E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
www.phytojournal.com Interaction of fungicides on the growth of
JPP 2020; 9(4): 922-924
Received: 26-05-2020 Trichoderma viride
Accepted: 28-06-2020

S Karpagavalli S Karpagavalli and Nannapaneni Kiran Kumar

Associate Professor,
Department of Plant Pathology,
Abstract
Adhiparasakthi Agricultural
College, G.B. Nagar, Kalavai,
Trichoderma viride is a potential biocontrol agent for plant disease management especially seed borne
Tamil Nadu, India and soil borne diseases. Trichoderma is a free living saprophytic fungus with high Competitive
Saprophytic Ability (CAS), soil inhabitant and also survived on aerial parts of the plant. Biological
Nannapaneni Kiran Kumar control alone will not be feasible to combat the disease in case of severe incidence. Based on high cost
a) Research Student, and environmental concerns it is not advisable to protect the crops for the entire period by conventional
Department of Plant Pathology, fungicides. Biological control, in integration with fungicidal treatment was more reliable approach to
Adhiparasakthi Agricultural manage soil borne and seed borne pathogens. In the present study the native isolate of T.viride was used
College, G.B. Nagar, Kalavai, for assessing their growth on fungicide amended medium (poisoned food technique). The fungicides viz.,
Tamil Nadu, India carbendazim (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 per cent), copper oxy chloride (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 per cent), thiophanate
b) Assistant Professor,
methyl (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 per cent), benomyl (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 per cent) and sodium hypochlorite (5, 10
Department of Plant Pathology, and 15 per cent) were used. Mycelial growth in fungicide amended solid medium and mycelial dry
Acharya N.G. Ranga
weight in fungicide amended liquid medium was studied to assess the compatibility. The radial mycelial
Agricultural University,
growth of T.viride was significantly reduced by the fungicides at all concentrations tested. Among them,
Agricultural College, Bapatla,
Andhra Pradesh, India copper oxy chloride showed minimum inhibition of 45.55 per cent in mycelial growth and maximum
weight of 77.00 mg of mycelial dry weight at 0.2 per cent concentration.

Keywords: Trichoderma viride, carbendazim, copper oxy chloride, thiophanate methyl, benomyl,
sodium hypochlorite, mycelial growth and mycelial dry weight

Introduction
Nowadays pesticides and organic compounds are widely used to control various plant
pathogens in many countries. Fungicide applications kill important beneficial fungi and also
weakens the natural antagonistic activity. In spite of well known side effects of chemicals on
environment they are continuously used to control plant pathogens. Biological control of soil
borne plant pathogens is a potential alternative to the use of chemical pesticides, which already
proved to be harmful to the environment. Several strains of the fungus Trichoderma was
isolated and become effective bio control agents of various soil borne plant pathogenic fungi
under green house and field conditions (Duke, 1990) [3]. Species of Trichoderma are well
documented mycoparasites and have been used successfully against pathogenic fungi due to
their high efficacy ad broad spectrum activity (Ramesh Babu, 2006) [6]. Biological control
method has been considered as more natural and environmentally acceptance approach against
the use of pesticides (Bagwan, 2010) [2]. Considering this background, the present study was
carried out to access the compatibility of native isolate of Trichoderma viride with common
fungicides at their lower, actual and higher quantity of recommended doses.

Materials and Methods

The culture of native antagonist Trichoderma viride collected from nearby village of
Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, G.B. Nagar, Kalavai was used in this study.

Fungicides used in this experiment

Table 1.
S. No. Common name Formulations Chemical name
1. Bavistin 50 % WP Carbendazim (Methyl -2- Benzimidazole Carbamate)
Corresponding Author:
S Karpagavalli
2. Fytolan 50 % WP Copper oxychloride
Associate Professor, 3. Hexamar 70 % WP Thiophanate methyl
Department of Plant Pathology, 4. Benofit 50 % WP Benomyl
Adhiparasakthi Agricultural 5. Bleaching powder 3–8% Sodium hypochlorite
College, G.B. Nagar, Kalavai,
Tamil Nadu, India
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com

Fungicides on radial mycelial growth of T. viride sodium hypochlorite (5, 10 and 15 %). Control flasks were
The native antagonist T. viride was grown on fungicides maintained without fungicides. Three replications were used
amended poisoned Czapek’s medium by the method of for each treatment. The 9 mm disc of three days old culture of
poisoned food technique. Fungicides with various T. viride was inoculated in all flasks and incubated at room
concentrations used for this study were carbendazim (0.1, 0.2 temperature for 15 days. At the end of incubation period, the
and 0.3%), copper oxy chloride (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 %), contents were filtered through previously dried and weighed
thiophanate methyl (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 %), benomyl (0.05, 0.1 Whatman No.1 filter paper. The mycelial mats were dried in
and 0.2 %) and sodium hypochlorite (5, 10 and 15 %). an oven at 80oC and weighed. Again it was dried and weighed
Concentrations of various fungicides were determined as to get the constant weight.
actual, lower and higher than the dose recommended for seed
treatment and soil application. Statistical analysis
The poisoned medium was poured in to the sterilized Petri Data of the experiments were analysed by Completely
plates with three replications. Control plates were maintained Randomized Block Design (CRD) using data entry module
without fungicides. From three days old culture of T. viride for Ag Res Statistical Software© 1994 Pascal International
grown on PDA medium, 9 mm disc was taken and inoculated Software Solutions, version 3.01 for data entry and version
at the centre of the Petri plates. Plates were incubated at room 7.01 for analysis.
temperature (30 ± 2oC). From third day onwards the radial
mycelial growth was observed. Finally radial growth was Results and Discussion
measured by comparing the full growth of control plates with The native isolate of T. viride was tested against various
T. viride. fungicides with different concentrations under in vitro
The per cent growth inhibition of antagonist T. viride was condition. Along with actual dose of fungicides, lower and
estimated by using the formula given by Vincent (1947) [8] higher concentrations were also tried to study the tolerance of
and converted in to per cent compatibility. T. viride as radial mycelial growth and mycelial dry weight.

C–T Radial mycelial growth of T. viride on fungicides amended

I= ----------- X 100 medium
C In vitro experiment was conducted to find out the effect of
various fungicides on the radial mycelial growth of T. viride
Where, and the results are summarized in Table 1. The radial mycelial
I - Per cent growth inhibition growth of T. viride was significantly reduced by the
C – Colony diameter in control fungicides at all concentrations tested. Among the fungicides,
T – Colony diameter in treatment sodium hypochlorite (disinfectant) showed better radial
mycelial growth of 40.00, 38.00 and 23.00 mm at 5, 10 and
Fungicides on mycelial dry weight of T. viride 15 per cent concentrations. Copper oxy chloride was effective
The mycelial dry weight T. viride was obtained by using in all concentrations and recorded 49.00, 28.00 and 17.00 mm
Czapek’s broth. In 100 ml of sterilized Czapek’s broth in 250 of radial mycelial growth. At lower concentration, copper oxy
ml conical flasks, different concentrations of various chloride (0.20%) showed more than 50 per cent of growth
fungicides were added viz., carbendazim (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%), (49.00 mm) compared to control (90.00 mm). Benomyl was
copper oxy chloride (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 %), thiophanate methyl less effective as 10.00, 9.00 and 8.00 mm of growth at 0.05,
(0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 %), benomyl (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 %) and 0.10 and 0.20 per cent concentrations.

Table 1: Effect of different fungicides on the radial mycelial growth of Trichoderma viride
S. No. Fungicides Concentration (%) Growth of Mycelium (mm) Per cent decrease over control Per cent compatibility
0.10 35.00 d 61.11 38.89
1. Carbendazim 0.20 23.00 f 74.44 25.56
0.30 14.00 g 84.44 15.56
0.20 49.00 b 45.55 54.45
2. Copper oxy chloride 0.30 28.00 e 68.88 31.12
0.40 17.00 g 81.11 18.89
0.05 16.00 g 82.22 17.78
3. Thiophanate methyl 0.10 15.00 g 83.33 16.67
0.20 14.00 g 84.44 15.56
0.05 10.00 h 88.88 11.12
4. Benomyl 0.10 9.00 h 90.00 10.00
0.20 8.00 h 91.11 8.89
5.00 40.00 c 55.55 44.45
5. Sodium hypochlorite 10.00 38.00 cd 57.77 42.23
15.00 23.00 f 74.44 25.56
6. Control - 90.00 a - -
S.E. = 1.52 C.D.(0.05) = 3.11

The results of this study coincided with the report of Shukla lower concentrations would be compatible for the integrated
(2011) [7] as fytolan showed least inhibitory effect on growth management of soil borne diseases (Rahulkumar et al., 2018)
[5]
and bavistin completely inhibited the growth of T. viride. it was contradictory to this result. Results of Kumar et al.
Rahulkumar et al. (2018) [5] also reported that carbendazim (2019) [4] was coincided with this findings as T. viride is
showed almost complete suppression of T. viride followed by completely incompatible with carbendazim, propiconazole
carbendazim + mancozeb. Whereas thiophanate methyl at and hexaconazole at 50 ppm concentrations and growth of T.
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com

viride was also inhibited greatly by tridemorph and fungicides on myelial dry weight of antagonist T. viride and
thiophanate methyl at 50 ppm concentration. In this the results are summarized in Table 2. All fungicides inhibited
experiment also lower concentration of copper oxy chloride the growth of antagonistic fungi T. virde at all concentrations
showed better growth. Carbendazim was next to sodium in the liquid medium compared to control which recorded
hypochlorite on growth. Sodium hypochlorite was 86.00 mg mycelial dry weight. Among the fungicides tried,
recommended for the management of soil-borne pathogens copper oxy chloride recorded the lowest inhibition (10.46 per
especially Sclerotium rolfsii. Benomyl completely inhibited cent) followed by sodium hypochlorite at 5 per cent
the growth at al concentrations. concentration (26.74 per cent). Highest inhibition was
obtained in benomyl as 83.72, 86.04 and 87.20 per cent
Mycelial dry weight of T. viride on fungicides amended followed by thiophanate methyl and carbendazim.
medium
Experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of different

Table 2: Effect of different fungicides on the mycelial dry weight of Trichoderma viride
S. No. Fungicides
Concentration (%) Mycelial dry weight (mg) Per cent decrease over control Per cent compatibility
0.10 57.00 fg 33.72 66.28
1. Carbendazim 0.20 54.00 g 37.20 62.80
0.30 47.00 h 45.34 54.66
0.20 77.00 b 10.46 89.54
2. Copper oxy chloride 0.30 65.00 c 24.41 75.59
0.40 58.00 e 32.55 67.45
0.05 61.00 de 29.06 70.94
3. Thiophanate methyl 0.10 48.00 h 44.18 55.82
0.20 46.00 h 46.51 53.49
0.05 14.00 k 83.72 16.28
4. Benomyl 0.10 12.00 k 86.04 13.96
0.20 11.00 k 87.20 12.80
5.00 63.00cd 26.74 73.26
5. Sodium hypochlorite 10.00 40.00 i 53.48 46.52
15.00 31.00 j 63.95 36.05
6. Control - 86.00 a - -
S.E. = 1.79 C.D.(0.05) = 3.66

Findings of this experiment coincided with the report of 5. Rahulkumar, Singh SK, Shikha Yadav, Raushan Kumar,
Shukla (2011) [7] and Ashwani Tapwal et al. (2012) [1] as Anup Kumar Choubey and Anupam Kumari.
fytolan or blue copper (copper oxy chloride) and captaf were Compatibility of Trichoderma viride with different
compatible with T. viride and bavistin completely inhibited fungicides and organic cake. Journal of Phaemacognosy
the growth. In this results benomyl and thiophanate methyl and Phytochemistry. 2018; 7(2):2398-2401.
were highly inhibitory followed by carbendazim (bavistin). 6. Ramesh Babu HN. Compatibility of fungicides with
Copper oxy chloride was compatible. Trichoderma harzianum. Agri. Sci. Digest. 2006;
26(4):279-281.
Conclusion 7. Shukla HS. Compatibility of Trichoderma viride with
The radial mycelial growth and mycelial dry weight of botanicals and synthetic pesticide, insecticide and
T.viride were significantly reduced by fungicides at all fungicide. Asian Journal of Chemical and Environmental
concentrations tested. Among fungicides, copper oxy chloride Research. 2011; 4(2):62-63.
exhibited the lowest inhibition of mycelial growth and dry 8. Vincent JM. Distortion of fungal hyphae in the presence
weight followed by sodium hypochlorite. Radial mycelial of certain inhibitors. Nature. 1947; 159:850-851.
growth may be spares or dense but mycelial dry weight
represented the actual growth.

References
1. Ashwani Tapwal, Rajesh Kumar, Nandini Gautam,
Shailesh Pandey. Compatibility of Trichoderma viride for
selected fungicides and botanicals. International Journal
of Plant Pathology. 2012; 3(2):89-94.
2. Bagwan NB. Evaluation of Trichoderma compatibility
with fungicides, pesticides, organic cakes and botanicals
for integrated management of soil borne diseases of
soyabean (Glycine max (L) Merrill). International Journal
of Plant Protection. 2010; 3:206-209.
3. Duke SO. Natural pesticides from plants. In: Advances in
New Crops, (Janick, J. and J.E. Simon (Eds)., Timber
Press, Portland, OR, 1990, 511-517.
4. Kumar A, Bansal RD, Chelak YK. Compatibility of
Trichoderma viride with fungicides for Plant Disease
Management. Int. J App. Biosci. 2019; 7(3):44-51.
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