= ware’ [Fen 0) - 0] ase pane’

= ty, pVa? INTENSITY OF WAVES The average amount of energy flow in a medium per unit time and per unit of its cross-sectional area is called wave intensity or average amount of power transmitted ina medium per unit of its cross-sectional area is called wave intensity. The SI unit of wave intensity is called W/m?. The human ear can hear sound of “intensity up to 10"'? W/m? called threshold of intensity. The upper limit of intensity of sound which can be tolerated by human ear is 1 W/m? called threshold of pain.interference? Explain constructive 2 (PU. 2005, SU.2013) Q.9 What is interference analytical, INTERFERENCE OF WAVES > - The resultant of two identical waves having same amplitude and same wavelength when both are travelling in the same direction is _ called interference of waves. The resultant waveform depends upon phase of two waves. The amplitude and intensity becomes maximum when two identical waves combine together in phase. The amplitude and intensity becomes minimum when two identical waves combine together out of phase. TYPES OF INTERFERENCE The interference of two identical waves interference and destructive interference. has two types called constructive CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE The interference of two identical waves when they are travelling in the same direction and combine together in phase is called constructive interference. The 1 superposition of two waves when crest of first wave falls on crest of second wave and trough of first wave falls on trough of second wave is called in phase. The resultant waveform has maximum amplitude and maximum intensity.a D UCTIVE INTERFERENCE The interference of two identical waves they are travelling in the same direction and combine together out of phase is called destructive interference. ‘The superposition of two waves when crest of first wave falls on trough of second wave and trough of first wave falls on crest of second wave is called out phase. The resultant waveform has minimum amplitude and minimum intensity, Destructive interference ‘Two identical waves out of = é ANALYTICAL TREATMENT Consider two identical sine waves of same amplitude yy, same frequency @ = 2nf and same wavelength = 2z/k having phase angles , and 4) are travelling along +x-axis, The displacements of these waves are yi t) = ym Sin(kx — wt = $1) y2(x, t) = ym Sin(kx — wt = $2) The resultant wave generated due to superposition of two waves is yx, t) = ya(x, t) + ya(x, 0) yx, t) = y= Ym Sin(kx ~ wt ~ 91) + ym Sin(kx = cot = 2) Ym [Sin(kx — wt ~ 1) + Ym Sin(kx — cot ~ )]: Tsar ae ier en 0 WaT nn leer ee So The amplitude of resultant waveform is Resultant amplitude = 2y_ Cod The amplitude of resultant waveform will be + 2ym when cor(“4) tl The value + | is possible when ae a OR am Sm Ane ote ae nk ‘Ap = 0, 1), 2(2R), 302R), 429) = ==7-" mQn) Ao = m(2n) Where m=0,1,2,3,4-— =“ The amplitude of resultant waveform is maximum having value 2ym when two identical waves travelling in the same direction have phase difference of integral multiple of 2. Hence both waves are in phase. This is condition of constructive interference. The phase difference Ad and path difference Pd are related as 2 m= ZPd The above condition of maximum amplitude or constructive interference in terms of path difference is Path diff = 0,2,20,3A,44 -----> mi. Path diff = md This is condition of constructive interference. It means crest of first wave falls on crest of second wave and trough of first wave falls on trough of second wave.The amplitude of resultant waveform will be zero when | VX | ay "Cons er 5 3 Co 2 ) 9 oe grit’ i The value zero is Possible when Ab _ x Bn Sn Tn 1 Barren ago ae 6 = 1(n), 3(n), 5(n), 2(n) ------ (m+) 2n Ap = (m+4)2n The Amplitude of resultant waveform is zero when two identical waves travelling in the same direction have phase difference of integral multiple of odd multiples of x. Hence both waves are out of phase. This is condition of destructive interference, ; The above condition of zero amplitude or destructive interference in terms of, path difference is Mn ais Pathdiff.= 55°, 2e (m+3y, Path diff = (m+3y. This is condition of destructive interference. It means crest of first wave falls on trough of second wave and trough of first wave falls on crest of second wave. Q Q.10 What are standing or stationary waves, derive condition of nodes and anti nodes mathematically? (pu. 2008, GCUF, 2014) STANDING WAVES The interference of two identical sinusoidal waves having same amplitude, same frequency and same wavelength when they are tavelling along a string in Opposite direction is called standing waves or stationery waves. FORMATION OF STANDING WAVES Consider a string is tied between two fixed supports. A pulse will be produced when string is plucked at one end. The energy given into an elastic medium travels as a transverse pulse towards other end. Now this pulse is reflected from support. The reflection inverts the pulse which travels back down the string in reverse direction. i train of There will be a train of positive pulses travelling towards right ie Ae bya Negative pulses travelling towards left when a series of pulses is put on Oscillator, The resultant of these travelling waves when interfering destructively and constructively is standing waves. FORMATION OF NODES AND ANTINODES ; The places of zero displacements are called nodes which are gare an destructive interference. The places of maximum displacements are called an which are produced due to constructive interference. Antinode ” Antinode ‘Antinode node node node, Momsen CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDING WAVES The standing waves or Stationary waves are characterize by fixed locations called nodes and antinodes formed due to constructive and destructive interference. © The points of Stationary waves where displacements are zero are called nodes. The distance between two consecutive nodes is 2. © The points of stationary waves where displacements are maximum are called antinodes. The distance between two consecutive antinodes is equal to 4/2. © © The distance between node and next antinode is equal to 4/4 ©® The pattern of nodes and antinodes is called standing waves or Stationary waves because locations of maxima and minima do not change and energy remains confined within a loop formed between nodes. Antinode‘sine waves of same amplitude ym, same frequency ® = 2nf and same i = In/k are travelling in opposite direction along x-axis. These eel do not suffer any phase change because they are travelling in opposite rection, ‘The displacement of sine wave travelling along positive x-axis is y(X,t) = Ym Sin(kx - wt) The displacement of sine wave travelling along negative x-axis is y(x,t) = ym Sin(kx + at) ‘The resultant waveform generated due to superposition of these waves is called standing waves or stationary waves. The displacement of standing waves is yx, = yi) +y20%0 eae cece y(X, 0) = Ym [Sin(kx - ot) + Sin(kx + t)} yo) = yal? sift) Coo(3= Sts y(x,t) = 2¥m Sinkx Cos(-ot) \yx9 = 2 ym Sinkx Cosot A ! This displacement does not represents: travelling waves because x and t do not appear in the combination form as(x ~Vt) or (x + Vt). Hence this displacement represents standing waves or stationary waves The amplitude of standing waves is Amplitude = 2 ym Sinkx The amplitude is not same for different particles but varies with location x of the particle. The amplitude will have maximum value of 2ym when Sinkx has maximum value. The maximum value of Sinkx is unity which is possible when n 3m Sn ae eran on ook Je Sh pee Soke. eC _ & 3h SR Mv vrovs oe eaeae ae a Similarly distance between second antinode and SHO3k. SRE IN _ bi : ‘ a AiG roe ee ss The amplitude of standing waves will be minimurt when Sinkx value. The minimum value of Sinkx is zero which is possible when bx = Oy, OR, 34m oT ay = 0,7, 2m, 38, 4%, ---° 7-777 ee a x= 0, x, ne, DD, clair ‘The locations ofthese points is called nodes because amplitude is minimum. The ® _ For example distance between first node distance between two consecutive nodes is and second node is 2 and 2 7 iryO penne m2 Similarly distance between second node and third node is Ronn hee Ne Deak tee es ee de : The distance between consecutive node and antinode is ]- All particles of ion except nodes. The energy is zero at medium in a loop execute simple harmonic moti a ing waves because energy 1S nodes, These waves are called stationary waves OF standi confined within a loop formed between two nodes. Q.11 What are beats? Show that analytically that number of beats per second is equal to the difference of frequencies of two oscillators. (PU, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2013, SU. 2014) BEATS The periodic altemations of maximum and minimum sound intensity are called beats when two sound waves of slightly different frequencies are travelling in the same direction combine together. The production of beats is basically interference of longitudinal waves. The resultant wave has time varying amplitude.‘These tuning forks are no longer identical when a weight is attached to one of the tuning forks. Now striking of one tuning fork will not cause.the other tuning fork to Tesonate at the same frequency. Tuning fork fedih rehager Striking tuning fork Now interference of their pitches will produce beats when both tuning forks having slightly different frequencies are struck at the same time. The no. of beats Produced per second is equal to difference in frequency of both tuning forks. MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT The waves in which particles of a medium move back and forth along the direction of propagation of waves are called longitudinal waves. The displacement of Sound waves is along the direction of propagation of waves because sound waves are longitudinal waves The longitudinal displacement of sound waves travelling along positive x-axis is given as S(x, t) = Sm Cos(kx - wt) It is easier to deal with Pressure variation in a sound waves rather than actual displacements of particles. PRESSURE VARIATION IN SOUND WAVES The change in pressure gives rise to change in volume when longitudinal sound Waves travel through a medium, The ratio of change in Pressure AP to change in volume Per unit original volume (AV/V) is called bulk modulus of medium. AP “(AV/V) Romee : sectional - The volume V of layer is i 5 a fmee v= Adx sue sos @) rarefacty thickness of layer of medium + changes amount AS during compression and avid pres akegs ear ae oda The change in volume of layer is Pe ON ae i ne a ®) Put eq(2) and eq(3) in eq(1) 1 AP(x, t) = -3 4s Under limiting conditions when Ax goes to zero AP(x, t) = -Be= AP(x,t) = -B Su ox AP(x, t) =| (BkSm) Sin(kx - ot) AP(x,t) = APm Sin(kx - ot) Where APm = BkSm is maximum change in préssure called pressure amplitude. The variation in pressure with time for constant x is written as AP(t) = AP, Sin ot SUPERPOSTION OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS Now consider pressure variation ‘AP(t) and AP2(t) produced in a medium by two sound waves of same amplitude AP, and slightly different frequencies @ and @. AP,(t) = APm Sin ait APx(t) = APm Sin @zt The resultant pressure variation AP(t) called superposition of two sound waves is given as AP(t) = AP; (t) + AP: (t)ieee AP(t) = APm Sin@)t + APm Sin wot are AP(t) = APm (Sin wit + Sin wrt) AP() = [2 AP» Cos (25) t Sin (oz) | : AP(t) = (2 APp Cos Gamp t) (Sin aye) Where Jeu= al is called amplitude factor and “+2 is called average angular frequency, f TIME VARYING AMPLITUDE OF RESULTANT PRESSURE The time varying amplitude of resultant pressure variation having angular frequency Wamp is given as Amplitude = 2 APp Cos @ampt The amplitude frequency @amp is small because w; and «2 are nearly equal. It means amplitude of resultant pressure variation fluctuates slowly with frequency @amp and defines an envelope within which variations are rapid. This phenomenon is a form of amplitude modulation. The pressure variation AP\(t) and AP;(t) and resultant pressure variation AP(t) developed after their superposition is shown in fig. The dashed curves show the sinusoidal variation of the modulating envelope with angular frequency @anp. The tone produced by resultant wave has frequency f = 28 which is 9 2n : © ©: approximately same as frequency f\ = ae or fy = a of two component waves because @, and @» are slightly different. The tone grows alternately loud and soft as the amplitude of resultant varies with time having maxima and minima. rea ~ BEAT LINEAR FREQUENCY a The linear frequency f and angular freq linear frequency of beats is given 4s . mfr = 2nf, — 2nfr ewe ee fee ee . The no. of beats pet sec nd or beat frequency is equal to difference oF ed frequencies of two component sound waves. “The beats between two tones can be by the ear upto difference 15 Hz. ss its different Q.12 What is Doppler effect? Give example and discu: conditions. (PU. 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, su.2011) DOPPLER EFFECT The apparent change in frequency of sound waves for an observer when sound source and observer have relative motion is called Doppler Effect. The velocity of medium affects the apparent frequency. The Doppler Effect ts also applicable to light waves. EXAMPLE Consider a man made following observations about Doppler Effect. @ The man receives increased frequency of sound when he ts moving towards train at rest while he receives decreased frequency of sound when he is moving away from train at rest. 1 and a whistling train at rest are present at a platform. The man @ = The manat rest receives increased frequency of sound when train is moving towards him while he receives decreased frequency of sound when train is moving away from him. © = The man receives increased frequency of sound when both are moving towards each other while he receives decreased frequency of sound when both are moving away from each other.he velocity Be ae v. } The wave-fronts’ gets distorted due to shock waver when velocity of sound . Ecce source is greater than that of velocity of sound, Hence observer will Not - change in frequency, ~ CONDITIONS WHEN DOPPLER EFFECT IS NOT OBSERVED There are many conditions when Doppler liffect is not observable. © The Doppler Effect is not observed when source of sound and observer both are at rest, The Doppler Effect is not observed when source and observer both are moving with the same velocity in same direction. e © The Doppler Effect is not observed when source and observer are moving 8 6 in mutually perpendicular directions. The Doppler Effect is not observed when only oe is moving. The Doppler Effect is not observed when distance between the source and the observer is constant. CONDITIONS OBSERVED IN DOPPLER EFFECT ‘The three conditions of shift in the frequency of sound waves observed by observer are given as © Moving observer & stationary rest source of sound © Moving source of sound & stationary observer © Moving observer & moving source of sound Q.13 What is Doppler effect? Discuss ferent condition: (PU, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013,2014 , SU.2011, GCUF. 2014) DOPPLER EFFECT The apparent change in frequency of sound waves for an observer when sound source and observer have relative motion is called Doppler Effect. The velocity of medium affects the apparent frequency. The Derrley Effect is also sppheebie to light + waves, : ; 74 Ps « Mm} ovin a sos » 4 e Peg oving uray i Aly) nahi anowing Yomord santa -f. Coe’ yh, awn oF