THE NORMAL

DISTRIBUTION
The normal distribution is a
continuous probability distribution
that describes data that clusters
around the mean.

Other name: GAUSSIAN

DISTRIBUTION

Developed by: Carl Friedrich Gauss

NORMAL CURVE
GRAPH:
or BELL CURVE THE NORMAL
2
DISTRIBUTION
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 1. Its graph called the normal curve, is a bell-shaped.
2. The mean, median and mode are equal.
3. It is unimodal; that is, the normal distribution peaks
at a single value.

PROPERTIES/ 4. It is SYMMETRICAL.
CHARACTERISTICS 5. The area between the curve and the horizontal axis
is 1 or 100%.
OF THE NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION 6. The normal distribution is asymptotic to the x-axis.
 A normal distribution is determined by
two PARAMETERS:

The standard
normal
distribution is a
normal
distribution that
has mean 0 and
standard
deviation 1.
𝜇= 40
σ= 12
Suppose the normal curves have different mean and different
standard deviations.
• The standard deviation
𝜇= 70 affects the shape or spread
of the curve.
𝜇= 100
• The mean affects the position
σ= 10 of the curve. σ= 5
1. The table provides area between z = 0 and
any value of z.
2. The row entries are the z-values. The column
headings are z, .00, .01, .02, and so on to .09.
The column indicates the hundredth place
of a z-value.
3. The entries in the body of the table give the
area (or probability) between 0 and z.
1. Express the given z-value as a three-digit number.
2. Using the z-table, find the first two digits on the
leftmost column.
3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column
on the right.
4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection
of the row and the column. This is the required
area.
 1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Express the given z-value as a three-digit
number. z = 1.00
2. In the table, find the row z = 1.0 and the
column with heading .00.

0.3413
3. Read the area (or probability) at the This area is _______________.
intersection of row 1.0 and the column .00. This is the required area.
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 2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.36.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Express the given z-value as a three-digit
number. z = 1.36
2. In the table, find the row z = 1.3 and the
column with heading .06.

0.4131
3. Read the area (or probability) at the This area is _______________.
intersection of row 1.3 and the column .06. This is the required area.
3. Find the area that corresponds to z = - 2.58.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Express the given z-value as a three-digit
number. z = 2.58
2. In the table, find the row z = 2.5 and the
column with heading .08.

0.4951
3. Read the area (or probability) at the This area is _______________.
intersection of row 2.5 and the column This is the required area.
.08.
In the z – table,
the area that
corresponds to
z = - 2.58 is the
same as the
area that
corresponds to
z = 2.58. In the
graph of this
region, it is
located on the
left of the
mean.
 Find the corresponding area between z = 0 and
each of the following z – values.
1. z = 0.96
2. z = 1.74
3. z = 2.18
4. z = 2.69
5. z = 3.00

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The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z – values or scores. The z – score
locates X either within a sample or within a population.

The formula for calculating z is

𝑋−𝜇
𝑧= ( z – score for population data)
𝜎

𝑋−X̅
𝑧= ( z – score for sample data)
𝑠

Where:

X = given measurement
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
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 1. Reading Scores
Given the mean 𝜇 = 50 and the standard deviation 𝜎 = 4 of a population
of Reading Scores. Find the z – value that corresponds to a score X = 58.
STEPS SOLUTION

1. Use the computing formula for finding z – scores 𝑋−𝜇

𝑧=
of population data. 𝜎
2. Check the given values. Since these are 𝜇 = 50 , 𝜎 = 4 , and X = 58.
population values, the z – score locates X within
a population.
58 − 50
3. Substitute the given values in the computing 𝑧=
4
formula.
4. Compute the z – value. 8
𝑧= =2
4
Thus, the z – value that corresponds to the raw
score 58 is 2 in the population distribution of
Reading Scores.

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Therefore, with respect to the mean, the score 58 is above average
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.
 2. Score in PE
Locate the z – value that corresponds to a PE score of 39, given that 𝜇 =
45 and 𝜎 = 6.
STEPS SOLUTION

1. Use the computing formula for finding z – scores 𝑋−𝜇

𝑧=
of population data. 𝜎
2. Check the given values. Since these are 𝜇 = 45 , 𝜎 = 6 , and X = 39.
population values, the z – score locates X within
a population.
39 − 45
3. Substitute the given values in the computing 𝑧=
6
formula.
4. Compute the z – value. −6
𝑧= = −1
6
Thus, the z – value that corresponds to the raw
score 39 is – 1 in the population distribution of
Reading Scores.

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Therefore, with respect to the mean, the score 39 is below the population
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mean. We can also say that the score 39 is below average.

 3. Scores in a Science Test
Given 𝑋 = 20, X̅ = 26, and s = 4, compute the corresponding z − score.

STEPS SOLUTION

1. Use the computing formula for finding z – 𝑋 − X̅

scores of population data. 𝑧=
𝑠
2. Check the given values. The z – score in 𝑋 = 20, X̅ = 26, and s = 4.
question locates X in a sample.
20 − 26
𝑧=
3. Substitute the given values in the 4
computing formula.
4. Compute the z – value. −6
𝑧= = −1.5
4
Thus, the z – value that corresponds to the
raw score 20 is – 1.5 in the population
distribution of Science Scores.
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 A. State/compute whether the z – score locates the
raw score X within a sample or within a population.
1. 𝜇 = 52 , 𝜎 = 8 , and X = 40
2. 𝑋 = 50, X̅ = 40, and s = 5
3. 𝑋 = 36, X̅ = 28, and s = 6
4. 𝑋 = 74, X̅ = 60, and s = 10
5. 𝜇 = 75 , 𝜎 = 15 , and X = 82
B. From A, state whether each raw score lies below or
above the mean.
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 Find the area that is located between z = 0 and each of the following z – values.
1. z = 0.3

STEPS SOLUTION
1. Express the given z-value as a three-digit
number.
z = 0.30
2. In the table, find the row z = 0.3 and the
column with heading .00.

3. Take the are value at the intersection of 0.1179

row 0.03 and column 0.00. Sketch the This area is _______________.
graph. This is the required area.21
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 Find the area that is located between z = 0 and each of the following z – values.
1. z = 1.96

STEPS SOLUTION
1. Express the given z-value as a three-digit
number.
z = 1.96
2. In the table, find the row z = 1.9 and the
column with heading .06.

3. Take the are value at the intersection of 0.4750

row 1.9 and column .06. Sketch the graph. This area is _______________.
This is the required area.23
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 Find the area that is located between z = 0 and each of the following z – values.
1. z = - 1.15

STEPS SOLUTION
1. Express the given z-value as a three-digit
number.
z = 1.15
2. In the table, find the row z = 1.1 and the
column with heading .05.

3. Take the are value at the intersection of 0.3749

row 1.1 and column .05. Sketch the graph. This area is _______________.
This is the required area.25
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To solve the probability using the areas
under the normal curve, we will
consider the following cases:

1. Area to the left of a negative z value

2. Area to the left of a positive z value
3. Area to the right of a negative z
value
4. Area to the right of a positive z value AREAS UNDER
5. Area between any two z values
a. With opposite sign
THE NORMAL
b. With similar sign CURVE
Example 1: Find the area to
the left of 𝑧 = −1.17.

Step 1: Draw a bell curve and

shade the area to the left of −1.17.

−1.17 Case 1:
Area to the left
of a negative z
value
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 Step 2: Find the z-value.
The area from 0 to 1.17
is 0.3790

−1.17

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 STEP 3: Find the area to the left of 𝑧, 𝑃(𝑧 < −1.17).
*Note: The total area from 0 to the left is 0.5.
Hence,

P(𝑧 < −1.17) = 0.5 − 0.3790

= 0.121

Answer:
The area to the left of 𝑧 = −1.17 is
0.121 or 12.1%
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Example 2: Find the area to
the left of 𝑧 = 2.35

Step 1: Draw a bell curve and

shade the area to the left of 2.35.

Case 2:
Area to the left
of a positive z
value.
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 Step 2: Find the z-value.
The area from 0 to 2.35 is 0.4906

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 STEP 3: Find the area to the left of 𝑧, 𝑃(𝑧 < 2.35)
*Note: The total area from 0 to the left is 0.5.
Hence,

P(𝑧 < 2.35) = 0.5 + 0.4906

= 0.9906

Answer:
The area to the left of 𝑧 = 2.35 is 0.9906
or 99.06%.
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Example 3: Find the area to
the right of 𝑧 = −2.59.

Step 1: Draw a bell curve and

shade the region to the right of −2.59.

Case 3: Area to
the right of a
negative z
value.
 Step 2: Find the z-value.
The area from 0 to -2.59 is 0.4952

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 STEP 3: Find the area to the right of 𝑧, 𝑃(𝑧 > −2.59)

*Note: The total area from 0 to the left is 0.5.

Hence,

𝑃(𝑧 > −2.59) = 0.5+ 0.4952

= 0.9952

Answer:
The area to the right of 𝑧 = −2.59 is
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0.9952 or 99.52%.
Example 4: Find the area to
the right of 𝑧 = 1.46

Step 1: Sketch the curve and

shade the region to the right of
1.46.

Case 4: Area
to the right of a
positive z
value.
 Step 2: Find the z-value.
The area from 0 to 1.46 is 0.4279

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 STEP 3: Find the area from to the right of 𝑧, 𝑃(𝑧 > 1.46)

*Note: The total area from 0 to the left is 0.5.

Hence,

𝑃(𝑧 > 1.46) = 0.5− 0.4279

= 0.0721

Answer:
The area to the right of 𝑧 = 1.46
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is 0.0721 or 7.21%.
Example 5A: Find the area
between 𝑧 = −2.40 and 𝑧 = 0.16

Step 1: Sketch the curve and

shade the region bounded
by the z-scores between −2.40
and 0.16.

Case 5A: Area

between two z-
scores with
opposite signs
 Step 2: Find the z-value.
The area from 0 to -2.40 is 0.4918
The area from 0 to 0.16 is 0.0636

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 STEP 3: To find the area between two z-scores with
opposite signs, add the area of the two z – scores.

𝑃(−2.4 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.16) = 0.4918 +0.0636

= 0.5554

Answer:
The area between 𝑧 = −2.40 and 𝑧 = 0.16
is 0.5554 or 55.54%.

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Example 5B: Find the area
between 𝑧 = −2.13 and 𝑧 = −1.50

Step 1: Sketch the curve and

shade the region bounded by
the z-scores −2.13 and −1.50.

Case 5B: Area

between two z-
scores with
same signs
 Step 2: Find the z-value.
The area from 0 to -2.13 is 0.4834
The area from 0 to -1.5 is 0.4332

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 STEP 3: To find the area between two z-scores with
same signs, subtract the area of the two z – scores.

𝑃(−2.13 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ −1.5) = 0.4834 −0.4332

= 0.0502

Answer:
The area between 𝑧 = −2.13 and 𝑧 = −1.50
is 0.0502 or 5.02%.

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 CONGRATULATIONS
ON YOUR MAJOR PERFORMANCE
TASK!

GOOD LUCK ON YOUR THIRD

QUARTER
Presentation Title (FINAL EXAMINATION) 46
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