Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

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Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics

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Analytical evaluation of the transverse displacement at the tip of a semi-

infinite crack in an elastic plate
⁎
A. Kotousov , A. Khanna, S. Bun
School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, a general approach is developed for evaluating the transverse displacements in an angular sector.
Plane problem of elasticity The problem is investigated within the first order plate theory, which can be considered as an elementary
First-order plate theory extension of the classical plane theories of elasticity. Based on this approach, a new analytical solution for a
Plate thickness effect semi-infinite crack subjected to mode I loading is obtained and this solution is verified against previous three-
Wedge geometry
dimensional Finite Element studies. This approach can also be useful in the analysis of other problems, which
can be reduced to a modified Helmholtz (or Yukawa) equation in an angular sector.

1. Introduction Due to the kinematic assumption (1), the in-plane stress resultants
{Nrr,Nϕϕ,Nrϕ} are simply equal to the average through-the-thickness in-
The simplest analytical theory, which is capable to evaluate the plane stress component, {σrr,σϕϕ,σrϕ} , multiplied by the plate thickness, 2h .
three-dimensional stress and displacement fields in plane problems of The stress resultants, Nrz and Nϕz are the components of pinching shear.
elasticity is the first order plate theory suggested by Kane and Mindlin The latter play a role in extensional deformations similar to the trans-
in 1956. This theory was originally applied to the analysis of high- verse shearing forces in flexure.
frequency extensional vibrations in moderately thick plates [1]. It is If the mean in-plane stress resultant is denoted by N= (Nrr + Nϕϕ)/2 ,
based on a kinematic assumption that the in-plane displacement com- then the equilibrium equations of the first order plane theory result into
ponents remain constant through the plate thickness and the transverse the following relationship between the out-of-plane displacement
(out-of-plane) displacement component varies linearly across the plate function, w(r,ϕ) and the mean in-plane stress resultant, N(r,ϕ) , see, for
thickness. For example, the displacement field in an elastic plate instance, Eq. (6a) in Yang and Freund [2]:
bounded by planes z= ± h is defined as [2] h2 λ + μ 2 1 λ
∇ w− w= N.
z 3 3λ + 2μ 2μ 3λ + 2μ (3)
ur = ur (r,ϕ), u ϕ = u ϕ (r,ϕ), uz = w(r,ϕ),
h (1)
Here ∇2 is the Laplace operator, h is the half plate thickness, μ and λ are
where r and ϕ are the in-plane coordinates and z is the distance from Lame constants. The governing equation (1) can also be rewritten in
the mid-plane (Fig. 1). Due to the underlying kinematic assumption, the terms of Young’s modulus, E and Poisson’s ratio, ν as
first order plate theory cannot capture certain 3D effects, such as the 3D
νh2κ2 6
corner or vertex singularity, which dominates at distances of approxi- ∇2 w−κ2 w= N, κ2 = 2 (1 + ν).
E h (4)
mately 0.1 h from the vertex [17,18]. However, the kinematic as-
sumption allows the theory to retain the simplicity of a 2D formulation Eq. (4) is coupled with three other governing equations of the first order
for the analysis of 3D plane problems. plate theory: two equilibrium equations for the in-plane stress re-
The stress resultants of the first order plate theory are defined as [2]: sultants, Nαβ,β = 0 , α,β = r,ϕ , and the strain compatibility equation,
∇2 (N−Eνw/(1 + ν)2) = 0 . This coupling of four partial differential
h
{Nrr,Nϕϕ,Nrϕ} = ∫−h {σrr,σϕϕ,σrϕ}dz,Nzz equations makes the analysis of non-trivial problems difficult.
h
In order to simplify the problem formulation, the present work as-
= ∫ σzzdz,{Nrz,Nϕz} sumes
−h
h
= ∫ z{σrz,σϕz}dz. (2)
−h

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Kotousov).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2017.09.011
Received 13 June 2017; Received in revised form 21 September 2017; Accepted 29 September 2017
0167-8442/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Kotousov, A., Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2017.09.011
A. Kotousov et al. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

length: κ −1 ∼ h .
To demonstrate how the approach works, the problem of a semi-
infinite crack in an elastic plate stressed in mode I and II is considered
in more detail. From the plane stress solution of this problem, the sum
of normal in-plane stresses is
∨ ∨ 2KI ϕ
σrr + σϕϕ = cos (Mode I),
2πr 2
∨ ∨ 2KII ϕ
σrr + σϕϕ = − sin (Mode II),
2πr 2 (10)
where the origin of the cylindrical polar coordinate system lies at the
tip of the crack, ϕ = ± π coincide with the crack faces and KI and KII are
Fig. 1. Coordinate system and problem geometry. the remotely applied mode I and II stress intensity factors, respectively.
The out-of-plane displacement corresponding to the plane stress solu-
(Nrr + Nϕϕ) ∨ ∨ tion is simply
≈ σrr + σϕϕ,
2h (5) νh 2 ϕ
∨ ∨ wp = −KI cos (Mode I),
where the stress components σrr and σϕϕ are the known solution of the E πr 2
corresponding 2D plane stress problem. Indeed, analytical, numerical νh 2 ϕ
wp = KII sin (Mode II),
and experimental studies of plane problems of elasticity over the past E πr 2 (11)
hundred years arrived at two main conclusions: firstly, the classical
It is readily observed that the particular solutions for both modes
plane stress solutions describe accurately the in-plane stress compo-
are wholly analogous and are singular at r= 0 , with asymptotic beha-
nents of the actual three-dimensional stress state, and secondly, the
viour of r−1/2 . To ensure the finiteness of the general solution, a
variation of the in-plane stress components across the plate thickness is
homogenous solution, say wh1, which has the same asymptotic beha-
small and can be neglected for all practical purposes. These funda-
viour as wp close to r= 0 but the opposite sign, must be obtained. One
mental conclusions, in particular, justify the use of various solutions of
such solution admitted by the homogenous modified Helmholtz equa-
the plane theory of elasticity for stress analysis and design of plate
tion ∇2 w−κ2 w= 0 is
components across many industries and applications.
The simplified governing equation for w(r,ϕ) , which is now un- νh 2 κ ϕ
wh1 = KI K1/2 (κr)cos (Mode I),
coupled from the other governing equations of the first order plate E π 2
theory, can be written as: νh 2 κ ϕ
wh1 = −KII K1/2 (κr)sin (Mode II),
E π 2 (12)
νhκ2 ∨ ∨
∇2 w−κ2 w= (σrr + σϕϕ), where K1/2 (κr) is the modified Bessel function of second kind. The above
E (6)
∨ ∨ expression can also be re-written as
where the sum of in-plane normal stress components (σrr + σϕϕ) is as-
sumed to be a known function of the in-plane coordinates. νh 2 −κr ϕ
wh1 = KI e cos (Mode I),
E πr 2
2. The approach νh 2 −κr ϕ
wh1 = −KII e sin (Mode II),
E πr 2 (13)
∨ ∨
Because σ11 and σ22 represent the plane stress solution of the cor- Adding the two solutions yields an intermediate solution to the non-
responding two-dimensional problem, for which homogenous differential equation (6), w∗ = wp + wh1, such that
∨ ∨
∇2 (σrr + σϕϕ) = ∇2 (∇2 Φ) = ∇4 Φ = 0, (7) νh 2 −κr ϕ
w∗ = KI (e −1)cos (Mode I),
where Φ is the classical Airy stress function (bi-harmonic function), the E πr 2
solution of the governing equation (6) can be written as νh 2 −κr ϕ
w∗ = −KII (e −1)sin (Mode II),
E πr 2 (14)
νh ∨ ∨
w= wp + wh, wp = − (σrr + σϕϕ)
E (8) These solution, as expected, converges to the plane stress solution at the
distance κ r> 1 from the crack tip.
In (8), wp represents the particular solution for the out-of-plane dis-
It must now be verified whether the intermediate solution w∗ sa-
placement corresponding to the plane stress solution. The function wh
tisfies the traction free boundary condition along the crack faces, i.e.
corresponds to the solution of the homogeneous modified Helmholtz
along ϕ = ± π . The three traction components acting on these faces are:
equation:
Nϕϕ , Nrϕ and Nϕz . The in-plane stress resultants satisfy this requirement.
∇2 wh−κ2wh = 0. (9) The requirement of Nϕz = 0 can be written as ∂w/ ∂ϕ = 0 . For the two
modes of loading, the latter derivative can be found as
One must find such a homogenous solution wh , which ensures that:
∂w∗ νh KI ∂w∗
=− (e−κr−1) (Mode I),
1. the transverse displacement, w(r,ϕ), is finite everywhere, even at ∂ϕ E 2πr ∂ϕ
ϕ =±π ϕ =±π
points where the particular solution, wp , is singular (for e.g. at the
crack tip), and = 0 (Mode II). (15)
2. the traction-free boundary conditions must be satisfied along free It becomes apparent that the intermediate solution w∗ only satisfies the
edges (for e.g. crack faces). traction-free boundary condition at the free edges of the plate i.e.
ϕ = ± π for the case of Mode II loading.
In addition, the out-of-plane displacement function, wh , has to decay The obtained solution for Mode II loading agrees very well with
with the distance from the edges, so the solution (8) converges to the both experimental observations, [3,4] and outcomes of careful 3D Fi-
plane stress solutions in the interior domain. The decaying solution of nite Element studies e.g. [5–8], with more details found in [9].
equation (9) describes a boundary layer effect [2] of characteristic Therefore, the derived governing equation agrees well with works of

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A. Kotousov et al. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

Gregory and his colleagues [10] as well as with a large number of 3D very difficult task, is not required for the evaluating of the out-of-plane
numerical simulations, experimental studies and some analytical results displacement at the crack tip.
obtained over the last two decades [11]. All of these investigations Applying the Kantorovich-Lebedev transform to the modified
indicate that the plane stress solution corresponding to a 3D plane homogeneous Helmholtz equation (9), yields
problem of elasticity dominates in the interior domain and 3D boundary
∂2∼
w 2∼
layer effects decay rapidly with the distance from the plate edges. −μ w = 0.
∂ϕ2 (25)
For the case of Mode I loading, another homogenous solution, wh2 ,
must be added to the intermediate solution w∗ in order to satisfy the A symmetric solution of this equation can be written as
traction-free boundary condition, such that: ∼
w = S(μ)coshμϕ. (26)
∂wh2 ∂w νh KI
=− ∗ = (e−κr−1), (Mode I) Then, the transform of the boundary conditions (17) is given by the
∂ϕ ϕ =±π
∂ϕ ϕ =±π
E 2πr (16) following integral:
Obtaining the general solution for wh2 is more difficult to obtain in ∂∼
w ∞ ∞
comparison with the homogenous solution wh1. The rest of the paper is ∂ϕ
=A ∫0 r n−1 ∫0 exp(−κrcosht)cosμt dt dr.
ϕ =±π (27)
devoted towards the development of a solution techniques for Eq. (9)
based on the Kantarovich-Lebedev transform. The approach to be pre- By changing the order of the integration in (27), the following re-
sented below might be also quite useful in the analysis of other pro- presentation of the boundary condition transform is obtained:
blem, which can be reduced to Helmholtz equation in an angular sector,
∂∼
w ∞ Γ(n)cosμt
e.g. wave diffraction or surface tension problems [12–15].
∂ϕ
=A ∫0 (κcosht) n
dt,
ϕ =±π (28)
3. A general solution approach to the modified Helmoltz equation where Γ(n) is the Gamma function.
From Eqs. (26) and (28), the function, S(μ) , can be determined as
Prior to considering the solution to (9) subjected to (16), it is of
interest to consider the more general boundary conditions of the A ∞ Γ(n)cosμt
S(μ) =
μsinhμπ
∫0 (κcosht) n
dt.
(29)
polynomial type along the crack faces, ϕ = ± π :

∂wh Now, the transverse displacement at the tip of the crack using (24) can
= ± Ar n, be evaluated as
∂ϕ ϕ =±π (17)
A Γ(n) ∞
where A is a constant and, at this moment, it is assumed that n> 0 . wh (0,ϕ) = lim μ2∼
w(μ,ϕ) = ∫0 cosh−n t dt,
μ→0 π κn (30)
For a wedge geometry, the problem can be solved by using the
Kantorovich- Lebedev transform [12,14]. The transform and its inverse which can be rewritten as
transform are defined as
∞ dr wh (0,ϕ) =
n
A Γ(n) 2 2 F1 ( n
2
n+2
,n; 2 ;−1 ),
∼
w(μ,ϕ) = ∫0 wh (κr,ϕ)Kiμ (κr) ,
r (18)
π κn n (31)
where 2F1 (a,b,c,x) is a hypergeometric function. In the next section, the
2 ∞
∼
wh (κr,ϕ) =
π2
∫0 w(μ,ϕ)Kiμ (κr)μsinh(πμ) f dμ,
(19)
developed approach is applied to analyse the transverse displacement at
the tip of a semi-infinite crack loaded in pure mode I.
respectively, where Kiμ (κr) is the modified Bessel function. The mod-
ified Bessel function Kiμ (ξ ) can be rewritten as 4. Transverse displacement at the tip of a semi-infinite crack
1 ∞ ∞
Kiμ (ξ) =
2
∫−∞ exp(−ξcosh t+ iμt)dt = ∫0 exp(−ξcosht)cosμt dt. Expanding the exponent in the right part of (16) into Taylor series
provides
(20)
∞
The function w(r,ϕ) at κr→ 0 can be evaluated in terms of it ∂wh2 νh KI (−κr) n
=− ∑ .
transform ∼ w(μ,ϕ) [13]. Asymptotic analysis of the integral representa- ∂ϕ ϕ =±π
E 2π n=1
n! r (32)
tion yields
In this form, the approach developed in the previous section can be
sinμε directly applied to each term of the series expansion (32). It can be
lim Kiμ (ξ) ∼ ,
ξ→0 μ (21) demonstrated that the intermediate solution w∗ given by Eq. (14) does
not produce any displacements at κ r→ 0 . Therefore, the transverse
where
displacement at the crack tip, w0 , is the contribution of the homo-
1 geneous solution only wh2 , i.e.
ε = limcosh−1 ⎜⎛ ⎟⎞ = ∞.
ξ→0
⎝ξ⎠ (22)
w0 = w(0,ϕ) = wh2 (0,ϕ)
The limit ∞
Γ(n− 2 )
1
νh KI κ ∞ 1
sinμε
=−
E 2π π
∑ (−1) n
n!
∫0 cosh− n+ 2 t dt.
lim = πδ(μ), n= 1 (33)
ε →∞ μ (23)
The alternating series (33) can be written in the form
implies that the transverse displacement at the tip of the crack can be ∞
found as νh KI κ
w0 = − E 2π π
∑ (−1) nfnIn,
wh0 = lim wh (κr,ϕ) = lim μ2∼
w(μ,ϕ). 1
n= 1
κr→ 0 μ→0 (24) Γ(n− ) ∞ 1
2
fn = n!
, In = ∫0 cosh− n+ 2 t dt (34)
Therefore, the value of the function w(0,ϕ) can be evaluated using the
transform of the out-of-plane function, ∼w(μ,ϕ) . The main advantage of Based on the alternating series test (Leibniz's rule) it can be argued that
(24) is that the calculation of the inverse transform, which might be a the alternating series converges provided fn+1In+1 ⩽ fnIn for all n and

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A. Kotousov et al. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

limn→∞fn = 0 . The asymptotic expansion for fn in the limit n→ ∞ is

given by the Puiseux series
3 5 7 9 11
1 2 3 1 2 25 1 2 105 1 2 1659 1 2
fn = ⎛ ⎞ + ⎛ ⎞ + ⎛ ⎞ + ⎛ ⎞ + ⎛ ⎞
⎝n⎠ 8 ⎝n⎠ 128 ⎝ n ⎠ 1024 ⎝ n ⎠ 32,768 ⎝ n ⎠
1 6
+ O ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ , n→ ∞.
⎜ ⎟

⎝⎝ n ⎠ ⎠ (35)
From the above expansion, it can be readily observed that limn→∞fn = 0
and fn+1 < fn . The only other requirement for the convergence of the
series is In+1 < In . Here, we do not provide a proof of the latter, instead
providing the numerical values of the first few terms below.
∞ 1 2 5 2 ∞ 1
∫0 cosht
dt = 4 Γ ⎛ ⎞ ≈ 2.62206 ,
π ⎝4⎠
∫0 3
dt ≈ 1.19814,
(cosht) 2
∞ 1 ∞ 1
∫0 5
dt ≈ 0.874019 , ∫0 7
dt ≈ 0.718884,
Fig. 2. Variation of the dimensionless transverse displacement along the crack front for
(cosht) 2 (cosht) 2
different values of Poisson’s ratio (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5).
∞ 1 ∞ 1
∫0 9
dt ≈ 0.624299 , ∫0 11
dt ≈ 0.559132.
(cosht) 2 (cosht) 2 reasonable agreement is observed between the analytical solution and
FE results, thereby validating the approach developed in this paper. The
It can be observed that the value of the above integral decreases
solution for w/h obtained within the framework of the first-order plate
monotonically with increasing n. After calculating a sufficient number
theory represents the transverse normal strain ‘averaged’ through the
of terms, the transverse displacement at the tip of semi-infinite crack
plate thickness. This averaged solution works well, except close to the
can finally be obtained as
free surface. For e.g. consider ν = 0.3, which corresponds to a common
h value of Poisson’s ratio for many engineering materials. The relative
w0 ≈ −0.8441ν(1 + ν)1/4KI .
E (36) difference between the analytical solution and FE results is about thirty-
one percent at the free-surface, where the effect of the vertex singularity
dominates, but only about fourteen percent at a depth of 0.1 h from the
5. Comparison with FE results free surface.

For a crack subjected to remote Mode I loading, He et al. [16] de-

monstrated numerically and experimentally that the transverse dis- 6. Conclusion
placement very close to the crack tip is independent of the angular
position ϕ , and almost constant along the radial direction up to a dis- The first order plate theory is utilised to analytically obtain the
tance of around one-tenth of the plate thickness (i.e. r< 0.1h ). Therefore, transverse displacement at the tip of a semi-infinite crack loaded in
it can be considered that the transverse displacement field in this region Mode I. Comparison against FE results shows that the obtained analy-
very near the crack tip is a function of the transverse coordinate only, tical solution reasonably describes the variation of the transverse dis-
i.e. uz ( r< 0.1h,ϕ,z) ≈ uz0 (z) . Based on extensive parametric studies, the placement across the plate thickness at different values of Poisson’s
authors obtained the following empirical equation for the dimension- ratio. However, a large discrepancy is observed between the analytical
less transverse displacement at the crack tip solution and FE results at the free surface. The reason behind this dis-
crepancy can be attributed to three factors. The first factor is the un-
z0 = uz0 (z)E = C(1−ξ λ u1), ξ = 1− z ,
U derlying kinematic assumption of the first order plate theory regarding
K∞I h h (37)
the uniformity of the transverse stress, which introduces an error in the
where the constants C and λ u1 are functions of the Poisson’s ratio ν , see evaluation of the transverse displacements. The second factor is the
Table 1. The constant K∞I is related to the stress intensity factor KI very
assumption in the present formulation that the in-plane stress compo-
near the crack tip according to [2]: nents can be approximated with the in-plane stresses from the solution
of the corresponding plane stress problem, see Eq. (6). However, it was
K∞
I
KI = . shown in [9] that solutions obtained within the latter assumption do
1−ν 2 (38) not vary significantly from solutions obtained within the exact for-
Using Eqs. (36) and (38) and recalling Eq. (1), the analytical ex- mulation of the first order plate theory.
pression for the dimensionless transverse displacement at the crack tip The third factor, which can explain the difference between the
can be written as analytical and numerical predictions, is the effect of the corner (3D)
singularity. The stress singularity changes its behaviour at the apex,
z0 = w0 z E ν(1 + ν)1/4 where the crack front intersects the free surface. Instead of the classical
U = −0.8441 (1−ξ).
h K∞
I h 1−ν 2 (39) inverse square root singularity, at this point a new type of singularity
appears, the strength of which depends on the Poisson’s ratio [17,18].
A comparison of the FE-based empirical equation (37) and the
This 3D singular effect dominates at distances of approximately 0.1 h
analytically obtained Eq. (39) is provided in Fig. 2. Overall, a
from the vertex in the radial direction. The first order plate theory is not
capable to capture this 3D effect, which is also expected to contribute
Table 1
Fitting parameters for empirical equation based on FE results. into the difference between the results.
Despite several assumption utilised in this work, the outcomes of the
ν 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 comparison can be evaluated as reasonable since the original 3D pro-
blem is very complex and its exact analytical solution is not feasible.
λu1 0.516 0.531 0.557 0.592 0.666
C −0.135 −0.273 −0.411 −0.544 −0.661 Moreover, the developed approach can be applied to evaluate the
transverse displacements at the apex of angular sectors subjected to

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A. Kotousov et al. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx

singular and non-singular stress states. The approach developed in this crack tip induced by shear and anti-plane loading, Eng. Fract. Mech. 108 (2013)
65–74.
paper is expected to be useful in other problems in angular sectors, [9] A. Kotousov, S. Bun, A. Khanna, A new analytical method for the evaluation of
which can be reduced to the modified Helmholtz equation. transverse displacements and stresses in plane problems of elasticity, Int. J. Solids
Struct. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.04.020.
[10] R.D. Gregory, F.Y.M. Wan, The interior solution for linear problems of elastic plates,
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