String

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 Outline
1. Introduction
2. String interpolation
3. Ruby accessing string elements
4. Ruby concatenating strings
5. Ruby comparing strings
6. String methods

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 1. Introduction
❖ String are one of the most important data types in computer languages.
❖ A string is a sequence of characters.
❖ String objects may be created using String.new. When a string appears
literally in source code, it is known as a string literal.
❖ In Ruby, string literals are enclosed by single or double quotes.

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 1. Introduction
p "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" #Result
p 'the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog' "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
p 'the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'.class "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
String

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 2. String interpolation
p "the quick brown " + "fox" + "jumps over the lazy " + "dog"

# string interpolation
puts "Enter name of an animal"
animal = gets.chomp
puts "Enter a noun"
noun = gets.chomp
p "the quick brown #{animal} jumps over the lazy #{noun}"
# try again with single quote
p 'the quick brown #{animal} jumps over the lazy #{noun}'

# Other example
p "the quick brown #{2 + 2}"

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 3. Ruby accessing string elements
❖ It is possible to access string elements in Ruby.
❖ For this we use the square brackets []. Inside the brackets, we can put strings,
indexes, or ranges..
2.7.1 :001 > msg = "Ruby language"
=> "Ruby language"
2.7.1 :002 > puts msg["Ruby"]
=> Ruby
2.7.1 :003 > puts msg[0]
=> "R"
2.7.1 :004 > puts msg[0..3]
=> "Ruby"
2.7.1 :005 > puts msg[-1]
=> "e"
2.7.1 :006 > puts msg[5] = "L"
=> "L"

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 4. Ruby concatenating strings
❖ Concatenating strings is creating one string from multiple strings.

2.7.1 :001 > "Ruby" + " programming" + " language"

=> "Ruby programming language"

2.7.1 :002 > "Ruby" " programming" " language"

=> "Ruby programming language"

2.7.1 :003 > "Ruby" << " programming" << " language"
=> "Ruby programming language"

2.7.1 :004 > "Ruby".concat(" programming").concat(" language")

=> "Ruby programming language"

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 5. Ruby comparing strings
❖ We can compare two strings with a == operator or with a eql? method. They
return true if the strings are equal and false if not
2.7.1 :001 > "12" == "12"
=> true

2.7.1 :002 > "aa" == "ab"

=> false

2.7.1 :003 > "Jane".eql? "Jan"

=> false

2.7.1 :004 > "Jane".eql? "Jane"

=> true

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 6. String methods

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 6. String methods
https://ruby-doc.org/core-3.0.1/String.html

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 6. String methods
p "###Upcase" #Result
p "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".upcase "###Upcase"
p "###Downcase" "THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG"
p "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".downcase "###Downcase"
p "###Swapcase" "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
p "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".swapcase "###Swapcase"
p "###Reverse" "tHE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG"
p "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".reverse "###Reverse"
p "###Reverse-Upcase" "god yzal eht revo spmuj xof nworb kciuq ehT"
p "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".reverse.upcase "###Reverse-Upcase"
"GOD YZAL EHT REVO SPMUJ XOF NWORB KCIUQ EHT"

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 6. String methods: gsub
❖ gsub method: gsub(pattern, replacement) or gsub(pattern){|match| block}:
return a copy of string with the all occurrence of pattern replaced by the
second argument.
2.7.1 :032 > s = "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
=> "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
2.7.1 :033 > s.gsub(/[aeiou]/, '*')
=> "th* q**ck br*wn f*x j*mps *v*r th* l*zy d*g"
2.7.1 :034 > s.gsub('e', '*')
=> "th* quick brown fox jumps ov*r th* lazy dog"
2.7.1 :035 > s.gsub('e') {|c| c.ord.to_s}
=> "th101 quick brown fox jumps ov101r th101 lazy dog"
2.7.1 :038 > s.gsub(/[eo]/, 'e' => 8, 'o' => 9)
=> "th8 quick br9wn f9x jumps 9vr th8 lazy d9g"

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 6. String methods: gsub!
❖ gsub! method: return string if a substitution was performed or nil if no.
2.7.1 :047 > s = "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
=> "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
2.7.1 :048 > s.gsub!(/[aeiou]/, '*')
=> "th* q**ck br*wn f*x j*mps *v*r th* l*zy d*g"
2.7.1 :049 > s.gsub!('e', '*')
=> nil
2.7.1 :050 > s
=> "th* q**ck br*wn f*x j*mps *v*r th* l*zy d*g"

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 6. String methods: split
❖ split method: divides str into substrings based on a delimiter, returning an
array of these substrings.

2.7.1 :091 > s = "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
=> "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
2.7.1 :092 > s.split
=> ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox", "jumps", "over", "the", "lazy", "dog"]
2.7.1 :093 > s.split(' ')
=> ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox", "jumps", "over", "the", "lazy", "dog"]
2.7.1 :094 > s.split(/ /)
=> ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox", "jumps", "over", "the", "lazy", "dog"]
2.7.1 :095 > s1 = " the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog "
=> " the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog "
2.7.1 :096 > s1.split(/ /)
=> ["", "the", "", "", "quick", "brown", "fox", "jumps", "over", "the", "lazy", "dog"]

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 6. String methods: split
2.7.1 :097 > s1.split(' ', 1)
=> [" the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog "]
2.7.1 :098 > s1.split(' ', 4)
=> ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox jumps over the lazy dog "]
2.7.1 :099 > s1.split(' ', 5)
=> ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox", "jumps over the lazy dog "]
2.7.1 :100 > s1.split(' ', -5)
=> ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox", "jumps", "over", "the", "lazy", "dog", ""]
2.7.1 :101 > s1.split(' ', -1)
=> ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox", "jumps", "over", "the", "lazy", "dog", ""]
2.7.1 :102 > "".split
=> []
2.7.1 :103 > "".split(',', 3)
=> []

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 6. String methods: strip
❖ strip method: returns a copy of str with leading and trailing whitespace
removed.

2.7.1 :127 > s = "\t \r the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog "
=> "\t \r the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog "
2.7.1 :128 > s.strip
=> "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
2.7.1 :129 > s1 = "\t \r the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog \n "
=> "\t \r the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog "
2.7.1 :130 > s1.strip
=> "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"

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 References
❖ http://zetcode.com/lang/rubytutorial/strings/
❖ https://ruby-doc.org/core-3.1.0/String.html
❖ https://github.com/awesome-academy/RubyExample_TFW

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 Question & Answer?

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