SANDIA REPORT

SAND2021-8492
Printed

Electrical Energy Storage Data

Submission Guidelines, Version 2
Sandia National Laboratories
David Rosewater
Yuliya Preger
Jacob Mueller
Stanley Atcitty

Electric Power Research Institute

Steve Willard
Morgan Smith
Joe Thompson
Dirk Long

Prepared by
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, New Mexico
87185 and Livermore,
California 94550
Electrical Energy Storage Data
Submission Guidelines, Version 2

3002022119

SAND2021-8492

Technical Update, July 2021

EPRI Project Managers

S. Willard
M. Rosen

ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Contributors from Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) were supported by the U.S. Department
of Energy, Office of Electricity, Energy Storage Program under the direction of Dr. Imre Gyuk.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the Electric Power Research Institute’s (EPRI)
Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC) participants, and Xanthus Consulting provided
technical guidance, insight, and review during the development of this report. Sandia National
Laboratories (SNL) and EPRI would like to acknowledge specifically the following personnel:
EPRI ESIC Task Force
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Vilayanur Viswanathan
Charlie Vartanian
Alasdair Crawford
Phil George
Matt Paiss
Sandia National Laboratories
Waylon Clark
Xanthus Consulting
Frances Cleveland
This report describes research cosponsored by EPRI and SNL.
SNL and EPRI collaborated with PNNL in producing some of the material in the report. SNL
and EPRI acknowledge that portions of the report might have been previously published by the
Government and are now believed to be in the public domain.

This publication is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following
manner:
Electrical Energy Storage Data Submission Guidelines, Version 2. Electric Power Research
Institute (EPRI) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL): 2021. 3002022119.
iii
ABSTRACT

Energy storage technologies are positioned to play a substantial role in power delivery systems.
They have the potential to serve as an effective new resource to maintain reliability and allow for
increased penetration of renewable energy. However, because of their relative infancy, there is a
lack of knowledge about how these resources truly operate over time. A data analysis can help
ascertain the operational and performance characteristics of these emerging technologies.
Rigorous testing and a data analysis are important for all stakeholders to ensure a safe, reliable
system that performs predictably on a macro level. Standardizing testing and analysis approaches
to verify the performance of energy storage devices, equipment, and systems when integrating
them into the grid will improve the understanding and benefit of energy storage over time from
technical and economic vantage points.
Demonstrating the life-cycle value and capabilities of energy storage systems begins with the
data that the provider supplies for the analysis. After a review of energy storage data received
from several providers, some of these data have clearly shown to be inconsistent and incomplete,
raising the question of their efficacy for a robust analysis. This report reviews and proposes
general guidelines, such as sampling rates and data points, that providers must supply for a
robust data analysis to take place. Consistent guidelines are the basis of a proper protocol and
ensuing standards to (1) reduce the time that it takes for data to reach those who are providing
the analysis; (2) allow them to better understand the energy storage installations; and (3) enable
them to provide a high-quality analysis of the installations. The report is intended to serve as a
starting point for what data points should be provided when monitoring. Readers are encouraged
to use the guidance in the report to develop specifications for new systems, as well as enhance
current efforts to ensure optimal storage performance. As battery technologies continue to
advance and the industry expands, the report will be updated to remain current.
Keywords
Energy storage data
Storage controls
Storage performance

v
ACRONYMS

The following is a list of acronyms used in the report:

A amperage
AC alternating current
ANSI American National Standards Institute
BMS battery management system
CAES compressed air energy storage
dBm decibels referenced to milliwatts
DC direct current
DER distributed energy resource
EPRI Electric Power Research Institute
ESIC Energy Storage Integration Council
ESS energy storage systems
EV electric vehicle
HMI human-machine interface
Hz hertz
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
kVAR kilovolt ampere reactive
kW kilowatts
kWh kilowatt-hour(s)
LVRT low voltage ride through
ms millisecond(s)
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

vii
O&M operations and maintenance
PCC point of common coupling
PCS power conditioning system
PF power factor
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Psi pounds per square inch
Pst Perceptibility
RPM revolutions per minute
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SNL Sandia National Laboratories
SOC state of charge
SOH state of health
THD total harmonic distortion
V voltage

viii
CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................V

ACRONYMS ...............................................................................................................................VII

1 OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................. 1-1

2 INTEROPERABILITY, STANDARDS, AND GUIDELINES .................................................... 2-1

3 DATA RESPONSIBILITY AND RELEVANCE ....................................................................... 3-1

4 OVERALL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-1

5 SAMPLING RATES OF DATA ............................................................................................... 5-1

6 GENERAL SYSTEM DATA POINTS ..................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Electrical AC ................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.1 Considerations .................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.2 Points Required................................................................................................... 6-2
6.2 Electrical DC ................................................................................................................ 6-3
6.2.1 Considerations .................................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.2 Points Required ................................................................................................... 6-3
6.3 Conditional ................................................................................................................... 6-5
6.3.1 Considerations .................................................................................................... 6-5
6.3.2 Points Required................................................................................................... 6-5
6.4 Miscellaneous Signals and Alerts ................................................................................ 6-6
6.4.1 Considerations .................................................................................................... 6-6
6.4.2 Points Required................................................................................................... 6-6
6.4.3 Maintenance Logs ............................................................................................... 6-6
6.5 Technology-Specific Points Required .......................................................................... 6-7
6.5.1 Cell-Based Battery .............................................................................................. 6-7
6.5.2 Flow Battery ........................................................................................................ 6-7

ix
 6.5.3 Flywheel .............................................................................................................. 6-8
6.5.4 Compressed Air .................................................................................................. 6-8
6.5.5 Pumped Hydro .................................................................................................... 6-9
6.6 Sample Points List—General Energy Storage Three-Phase System .......................... 6-9

7 DATA QUALITY AND TRANSMISSION ................................................................................ 7-1

7.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1.1 Data Resolution Considerations from Fielded ESS ............................................ 7-2

8 SENSOR AND COMPUTATIONAL ACCURACY .................................................................. 8-1

8.1 SOC Accuracy ............................................................................................................. 8-1
8.1.1 Meter Accuracy Standards .................................................................................. 8-2
8.1.1.1 New Standard: ANSI C12.32-2021, Electricity Meters for the
Measurement of DC Energy .......................................................................... 8-2
8.1.1.2 U.S.-Based .................................................................................................... 8-2
8.1.1.3 International .................................................................................................. 8-2
8.1.2 Temperature and Humidity Sensors ................................................................... 8-2
8.1.3 Impacts of Various Accuracies on Energy Measurement ................................... 8-3

9 ALARM MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................ 9-1

9.1 Framework to Identify Needed Alarms/Indicators ........................................................ 9-1
9.2 Alarm Responsibilities and Roles ................................................................................ 9-1
9.3 Hazard Indicators ......................................................................................................... 9-2
9.4 Alarm Communication ................................................................................................. 9-2
9.5 Potential Alarm Categories .......................................................................................... 9-3
9.6 Alarm Response .......................................................................................................... 9-4
9.7 Prioritization ................................................................................................................. 9-8

10 DC POWER QUALITY ....................................................................................................... 10-1

11 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 11-1

12 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 12-1

A DER FUNCTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 3

A.1 Table ............................................................................................................................... 3
A.2 Control and Communication Architectures ................................................................... 12

x
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3-1 Business Relevance of Storage Performance Metrics ............................................. 3-2

Figure 4-1 Data and Control Architectures ................................................................................ 4-1
Figure 6-1 Flowchart for Battery Data Points ............................................................................. 6-4
Figure 6-2 Data Points Mapped to Storage Functions ............................................................. 6-18
Figure 7-1 Sparse and Robust Data Sets Versus Temporal Resolution .................................... 7-3
Figure 8-1 A 50-MWh/Year Cumulative Energy Error for ANSI 0.1, 0.2, and
0.5 Class Meters ................................................................................................................ 8-3
Figure A-1 Detailed Data and Control Architectures ................................................................... 12
Figure A-2 MESA Standard ........................................................................................................ 13

xi
LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1 Data Responsibility Matrix ......................................................................................... 3-1

Table 6-1 System Data Points ................................................................................................. 6-10
Table 6-2 Technology-Specific Data Points ............................................................................. 6-14
Table 9-1 Alarm Management Matrix ........................................................................................ 9-5
Table A-1 DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 .............. A-1

xiii
1
OVERVIEW

As energy storage technologies promulgate, the need to accurately understand their reliability
and performance has become paramount. Indications of storage performance are directly tied to
performance warranties and grid reliability expectations. As storage becomes more prevalent, the
grid will become more dependent on storage reliability to ensure overall grid reliability. When
reviewing data from fielded energy storage systems (ESS), it quickly becomes clear that, despite
the perceived best efforts and intentions from the provider, the data provided are not always
sufficient or accurate enough to perform a robust reliability and performance analysis. Complete
and accurate data are necessary to truly evaluate the ESS. The four main problems addressed by
this report are (1) required data points, (2) sampling rates of the data, (3) importing data into a
structured database that allows a complete analysis, and (4) managing data to ensure alarms and
other pertinent data are acted upon appropriately by assigned personnel. Additionally, a new
topic of power quality issues stemming from the DC side of systems is introduced.
If the provider of the information can supply data consistent with the following proposed
guidelines, a robust analysis can be performed without the need to petition the provider for
additional data. There also needs to be recognition that too much data may be inefficient and
overwhelm acquisition, data transport, and subsequent analysis systems. Therefore, the points
and sampling rates are described in a posture to optimize the amount of data needed.
This guideline will serve to define needed parameters. Many attributes of data collection will
ultimately need to be addressed. These include:
• With valid amounts of data in place, it becomes possible to further understand system
operation and allow an in-depth analysis on an independent basis of vendor performance
claims. Numerous research efforts are underway to develop these independent techniques.
• It is also necessary, when prescribing data for reliability and performance assessment, to be
cognizant of data that can be used for safety monitoring and allow export of relevant data to
relevant parties.
• With cybersecurity, data collection must follow security best practices in collecting,
accessing, and transmitting information.
• The data acquisition and the attendant optimal data set therefore need to be classified
according to need, as follows:
– Safety
– Warranty and performance
– Maintenance
– R&D

1-1
Overview

• While standards can ultimately describe the data needed for a robust analysis of performance,
the scope of implementing the needed sensors and systems needs to be detailed and assigned
as the storage vendor, site owner, and system operator responsibilities.
• A typical storage system can employ numerous computer platforms that, in themselves, can
process data and minimize the need to transport data upstream to a historian. Definition is
needed on these downstream platforms and who supplies them and how they are operated.

1-2
2
INTEROPERABILITY, STANDARDS, AND GUIDELINES

The framework under which storage data are acquired, stored, and analyzed is an important
consideration. Successfully performing a data analysis requires communication between
numerous devices and other actors, such as system operators and analysts. Many of these
devices communicate in different protocols. Storage components can use CANbus to internally
communicate and SunSpec Modbus to communicate between modules or devices. Utility
supervisory control and data acquisition systems typically operate using the IEEE 1815 (DNP3)
protocol in the United States or IEEE 2030.5 in California, and International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) 61850 internationally. In many cases in the United States, the DNP3 protocol
uses the MESA specification, which maps the IEC 61850-7-420 distributed energy resources
(DER) object model to DNP3 data points, as defined in the DNP3 Application Note (AN2018).
Standards that govern how ESS communicate are currently evolving to enable more complete
interoperability. This standardization is based on the IEC 61850-7-420 data object standard that
governs how data are defined, named, and structured. Some protocol standards then map these
data objects directly (for example, IEC 61850-8-1, IEC 61850-8-2, and MESA), whereas others
have a looser mapping (for example, IEEE 2030.5 and SunSpec Modbus).
This report aims to provide information on these existing and still-developing standards efforts
in order to push a uniform stance on storage data and performance analysis, such as the MESA
effort, which is currently being updated to reflect a better understanding of the communication
requirements as utility-scale storage systems and combined photovoltaic (PV) plus storage
systems are being implemented. Examples of standards under development that can be informed
from the report include IEEE 1547.9 (Interconnection of ES-DER Guide) [1], P2686 (BMS
Recommended Practice) [2], P2688 (ESMS Recommended Practice) [3], and the forthcoming
ANSI C12.32-2021 standard, which is addressing DC metering.
Recent guidance from the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is also
touching on data availability and lack of uniformity [4]. A recent report, Energy Storage:
Impacts of Electrochemical Utility-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems on the Bulk Power
System, highlighted the lack of uniformity seen in storage data.
Key findings and recommendations from the NERC report included [4]:
• Data on battery storage tends to be non-uniform and lacking in consistency across reporting
entities necessitating a need for better reporting mechanisms for BESS data.
• As regulators provide more incentives for the viability of battery storage to provide capacity
and energy, system planners must adequately plan the system for a projected large increase
in BESS, understanding the impact of size, location, and operating characteristics on
maintaining the reliable operation of the grid.

2-1
Interoperability, Standards, and Guidelines

• Entities that compile battery data information must enhance both their data collection
methods as well as their reporting methods. As energy storage systems become more
prolific, accurate and timely data will be essential for both system planners and operators.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) should update the IEEE
Standards to reflect any implications of battery storage systems. The GADS Working Group
should ensure that battery storage is accurately reflected in their data capturing protocols.
The current report is therefore structured to provide guidance on energy storage resources,
a subset of the DER classification. It will serve to inform further work on the MESA updated
specifications, IEEE 1815 and 2686 and various other standards, guides and recommended
practices, in part, as well as emerging market rules, guidance documents, and standard
specification updates produced by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Energy
Storage Integration Council (ESIC) and the Department of Energy.

2-2
3
DATA RESPONSIBILITY AND RELEVANCE

In framing the specific attributes of acquiring and analyzing data, it is important to create a
structure that assigns responsibility for the different project phases and elements placed. This
structure should be thoroughly developed early in the project to allow all stakeholders to
understand roles, assignments, and system requirements in both the design and operational phases.
The following sample high-level responsibility matrix can serve as a template for this purpose.

Table 3-1
Data Responsibility Matrix

Project Equipment
Integrator Operator Maintenance Analyst
Deliverable Vendor

Data System
X X X X X
Design

Installation X X X

Commissioning X X X X X

Operation X X X X

Analysis X X X

As is evident in even a high-level approach, all parties need to be intricately involved in the
design process as well as the commissioning effort. When the system is operable, the maintenance
activities need to be well coordinated with data acquisition and subsequent analysis. Indeed, the
analysis effort may, in itself, inform operational and maintenance activities [5].
The data and associated metrics of performance can also be classified in terms of relevance
to specific project activities throughout the project life cycle in relation to business metrics.
Figure 3-1 classifies metrics derived from sensors and related calculations to a continuum of
business metrics.

3-1
Data Responsibility and Relevance

Figure 3-1
Business Relevance of Storage Performance Metrics

3-2
4
OVERALL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Before the data can be supplied, a system must be in place for effective data transfer. Figure 4-1
shows the overall high-level control architecture used for a larger system with an associated
architecture for data collection.

Figure 4-1
Data and Control Architectures

More detailed architectures are presented in Appendix A (Figure A-1) that point out the inherent
complexity and numerous systems that are typically involved in storage operation.
In most cases, a sophisticated off-site data historian system is preferred due to the tools that can
be used for a deep analysis. An on-site historian can be used to compile data for transport via
alternative means or on an as-needed basis. The system can be broken down into the following
elements to allow an understanding of requirements:
• Battery (battery management system [BMS]) in the storage unit. This includes all
necessary points associated with the storage device(s), Power Conditioning System (PCS),
metrology, and all installed power meters. Specific data points collected for the storage
unit(s) are discussed in Section 6.
• Master station site controller (DNP3 or IEC 61850-based outstation). The data collection
device must also have a backup connection to the primary with a speed of at least 10 Mbps,
less than 200 ms of latency, and less than 5% packet loss.

4-1
Overall System Requirements

• Data transport. Primary link for the data collection to and from devices via high-speed
wired or wireless connection with a speed of at least 10 Mbps for wired and 5 Mbps for
wireless with less than 1% packet loss. Standard connections of this type include fiber optic,
Category 6 or 5e ethernet, RS232, and/or cellular. It should be noted that higher upload
speeds may be difficult to attain in certain cell coverage areas. Strategies for lower cellular
transmission rates need to be researched further.
• Off-site historian. Data collection software, such as the historian, database, and operating
system, must be the latest version and kept up to date throughout the project to ensure that
data and cybersecurity policies are met. Data collection devices must have an onboard
memory of at least 60 days with the same resolution of that being collected. Note that there
may be more than one historian where an on-site historian can collect and analyze data and
report out, lessening the burden on data transport. This could be coupled with an off-site
historian that is connected to numerous systems.
• Off-site control systems. These are the utility or market participant control systems that
ingest external or grid signals and instruct downstream control systems. This could include
grid operations controls adapted to accommodate storage as a grid resource.

4-2
5
SAMPLING RATES OF DATA

For the system being monitored, there are typically three different kinds of sample rates. The
first is the data acquisition system sample rate: the rate at which the system samples a specific
data point. The second rate is the reporting sampling rate: the rate at which the logged data are
to be transmitted to the analyst. The last sample rate is the rate at which the system collects data
during a triggered event. Triggered events are identified using a set of boundaries for a given
data point which, if violated, cause the system to collect the data at their highest resolution. The
required resolution for particular triggered events will be addressed, in part, in later sections on
alarm management and DC power quality.
The data acquisition sample rate can typically range from 1 second to 1 hour, and it is important
to consider the optimal need, balancing the quantity of data needed against the bandwidth and
data storage available. Many power-based values or basic voltages and currents are best obtained
on a 1-second basis to understand subcomponent (battery cell) degradation and power
characteristics. Energy-based values, such as kilowatt-hour(s) and measured temperatures, do not
necessarily need to be collected at intervals smaller than 15 minutes. High resolution is typically
performed in subcycle or greater than 180 Hz to capture waveform data, which can be stored and
assessed locally.

5-1
6
GENERAL SYSTEM DATA POINTS

The following sections describe the data points that should be collected to ensure in-depth
performance assessments for the entire ESS and specific technologies. See Section 7 for more
discussion on the implications of collecting limited versus in-depth amounts of data. These data
points need to be collected to evaluate the performance, safety, and longevity of the ESS. All
data points need to be synchronously timestamped for accurate modeling and analysis.

6.1 Electrical AC
The AC data points are important as they inform the engineer/analyst of the amount of power
coming in and out of the entire ESS. With these data points, they can find important system
statistics that indicate what the system is putting back into the grid as well as overall round trip
efficiencies (RTEs) and capacity fade. Auxiliary load data are also collected to understand the
parasitic loads associated with various technologies. Below are the listed data points.
Note: It is important to designate charge versus discharge values for storage where the standard
nomenclature is positive for discharging, negative for charging [1] [6].

6.1.1 Considerations
When designing the data acquisition system and the surrounding infrastructure, which will be used
to collect and transmit the AC data, the following items should be considered:
• Ownership of meters and responsibility for programming, reporting, and maintaining data.
• Ability to capture events based on exceeding meter/parameter thresholds and how to
transport, store, and analyze. Some meters are capable of recording events on a subcycle
basis, and the quantity of data captured may be large. It may be best to store these events
separately from the historian.
• Ability to host large data sets on site. If event recording is enabled, means to store the data
(potentially in the recording device data buffer) need to be addressed. These files are
typically not suited to communication protocols and are too large for data transport, unless
fiber connections are in place.

6-1
General System Data Points

6.1.2 Points Required

For all points calculating power parameters, such as kilowatt(s) and kilovolts ampere reactive,
positive values denote that the ESS is discharging or pushing power from the PCS toward the
electrical load. Negative values denote that the ESS is charging or absorbing power from the
electrical grid through the PCS. If the ESS from where the data are being collected is a single-
phase or split-phase system, all data will be collected from the line-to-neutral phase. Data points
are described, as follows:
• AC real power (kW). Provide three-phase values except during event triggered, denoting
three-phase, line-to-line and line-to-neutral values.
• AC reactive power (kVAR). Provide three-phase values except during event triggered,
denoting each phase, line-to-line and line-to-neutral values..
• AC power factor (PF). Provide single phase and, if applicable, three-phase values.
• AC RMS voltage (V). Provide three-phase values except during event triggered, denoting
each phase, line-to-line and line-to-neutral values. This will be used instead of RMS..
• AC RMS current (A). Provide three-phase values except during event triggered, denoting
each phase, line-to-line and line-to-neutral values. Instantaneous values will be used instead
of RMS.
• Total AC charge energy (kWh). This should be reported on a cumulative basis and
ultimately have daily, monthly, annual, and lifetime sums for all energies available to
compare with integrated instantaneous power measurements. This value will be reported for
the three-phase system.
• Total AC discharge energy (kWh). Similar to the total AC charge energy (kWh).
• Auxiliary loads real power (kW). If applicable, provide three-phase values except during
event triggered, denoting each phase, line-to-line and line-to-neutral values. If all auxiliary
loads are single-phase or split-phase,
the line-to-neutral value will be provided.
• Auxiliary loads reactive power (kVAR). Similar to the auxiliary loads real power (kW).
• Auxiliary loads RMS voltage (V). If applicable, provide three-phase values except during
event triggered, denoting each phase, line-to-line and line-to-neutral values. This will be used
instead of RMS.
• Auxiliary loads RMS current (A). Similar to the auxiliary loads RMS voltage (V).
• Relay status. Provide status of relay (1 = Closed, 0 = Open).
• Breaker status. Provide status of breaker (1 = Closed, 0 = Open).

6-2
 General System Data Points

In addition to the previous data points, the listed points below should also be provided for their
relation to AC as indicators of power quality:
• Flicker (Pst)
• System frequency (Hz)
• Total harmonic distortion (THD) (dBm)

6.2 Electrical DC
DC data points are collected at the DC side of the PCS. These data points allow insight into
the performance of the energy storage technology behind the PCS, including items such as
degradation and RTE. Without access to DC measurements, an accurate assessment of battery
performance is not possible. There are ESS such as pumped hydro that may not have an
electrical DC data point to collect and may ignore collecting the data points described in the
following sections.

6.2.1 Considerations
When collecting DC data, the following items should be considered during the data acquisition
design phase and collection:
• Number of points needed for cells in a module to accurately get average as well as maximum
and minimum values, including temperatures. Number of points should accurately provide a
representation of behavior of all cells for which data are not being collected. For large
installations in which multiple ESS are being operated, sampling methods such as simple
random, stratified random, or cluster sampling can be used. The sample set should be
representative of all ESS in operation.
• Accuracy of sensors (see Section 8) and overarching BMS calculations.
• Processing that the BMS does, to potentially compile points, versus systems upstream, such
as a site controller or historian-based analytic engine.
• Increasing interest in DC power quality. Recent focus has been placed on the potential for
DC components, especially DC/DC converters, to introduce power quality issues, even on
the AC side. Section 10 below further discusses DC power quality.

6.2.2 Points Required

Data points are described, as follows:
• DC power (kW). This value should be collected at the output of the ESS and before the
input of the PCS.
• DC voltage (V). Depending on the technology being used, there may be numerous DC
voltages measured within the system. For an electrochemical-based storage system, DC
voltage needs to be acquired on all available levels, including string, underlying racks,
underlying modules, and underlying cells in the modules. Figure 6-1 maps the potential

6-3
General System Data Points

structure of an electrochemical ESS. For a 1-MW system, up to 40,000 cell measurements

may be available; research indicates that only a subset of these would be needed for
degradation analysis. Any deviation of any cell reading outside normal boundaries should be
reported via an alert.
– Mapping the more granular points (those below Bank level) currently requires manually
applying descriptors to identify specific strings and associated racks, modules, and cells.
The excerpt used is a subset of a much larger listing of Battery Bank points in the DNP
AN-2018 document. ESIC participants indicated the need for a software tool that applies
required descriptors on a more automated basis.
• DC current (A). All available current measurements should be acquired.
• State of charge (%). In certain instances, the state of charge (SOC) is available on a whole
system and subsystem basis. All available SOC measurements should be acquired.
• State of health (SOH) (%). This value is generally available on a system or BMS level. This
reported value is a very important indicator of remaining life and should be verified
independently through rigorous analysis that uses subcomponent DC voltage, current, and
internal temperature measurements.
• Total DC discharge energy (kWh). This should be reported from startup on a cumulative
basis and ultimately have daily, monthly, annual, and lifetime sums for discharge energies
available to compare with integrated instantaneous power measurements.
• Total DC charge energy (kWh). This should be reported from startup on a cumulative basis
and ultimately have daily, monthly, annual, and lifetime sums for charge energies available
to compare with integrated instantaneous power measurements.
• Temperature (ºC). All temperatures available at the cell, module, rack, and system levels
should be reported. Typically, temperatures are measured on the module level or higher.

Figure 6-1
Flowchart for Battery Data Points

6-4
 General System Data Points

6.3 Conditional
Environmental and energy market points are useful because they allow the engineer to see the
conditions the system is operating in and how these conditions affect the system. Financial
market conditions like electricity price/cost are also included in this set because they help with
the economic analysis of the system and its feasibility.

6.3.1 Considerations
The following are items that need to be considered when collecting conditional data:
• Setpoints may be required to allow further understanding relating to data analytics.
These would be classified as Analog Outputs according to the DNP AN 2018 document.
• Temperature alerts are needed for safety concerns. Prioritization of alarms is available at
three levels, and a thorough analysis needs to be given to thresholds and associated priority
of alarms.
• Humidity measurements are also important in indicating the performance of environmental
control systems. Both internal to system and ambient (outside) measurements are needed to
ascertain internal conditions. Lack of proper control of internal humidity can lead to
condensation of water vapor on surfaces that could lead to potential safety issues.

6.3.2 Points Required

Data points are described, as follows:
• Outside temperature (°C). This measurement is intended for installations in which the ESS
are installed outdoors.
• Outside dew point (°C). Similar to the outside temperature—an indicator of humidity.
• Internal temperature (°C). There can be numerous internal temperatures available. In an
electrochemical system, temperatures should be available down to the module level
(typically, two temperatures per module). All available internal temperatures should be
acquired. Additionally, flags should be set to alarm if certain temperatures exceed safe
operating limits.
• Internal humidity (%). This sensor is located in the interior of the storage system, and
attention needs to be paid to the accuracy of this sensor as it could serve as an indicator of
condensation on interior surfaces.
• Precipitation (mm)
• Wind speed and direction (mph)
• Electricity price/cost ($/kWh). If applicable and/or available, the electricity price will be
provided if using time-of-use rates or real-time pricing.
• Power request. Real and reactive power command to the ESS.
• Charge/discharge schedule. If the ESS are on a pre-determined dispatch schedule, this
schedule will be logged and provided.

6-5
General System Data Points

• Operating mode. ESS have many modes of operations, which need to be collected to
determine proper functionality and performance. This can include operating modes such as
startup, standby, and load following.

6.4 Miscellaneous Data Logs, Signals and Alerts

6.4.1 Considerations
Points listed in Section 6.4.2 are equally as important for the analysis of the system as they let
the operators know when and where there is a problem. Stakeholders can see how the associated
data are affected by the problem and/or whether the data should be omitted. Some of the points
in this section can be accessed through an analog or digital signal, whereas others are accessed
through logs such as maintenance logs, highlighted in Section 6.4.3. The following is a list of
considerations when determining other signals to collect for analysis:
• Prioritizing which alarms to send through for direct action and which alarms to send for
condition monitoring. Alarm data may need to be filtered to limit the number of data points.
See the alarm management discussion below (Section 9).
• There needs to be an indication to alarm recipients if the system has lost connectivity.
• Delivery of maintenance or other logs, either electronically or via hard copy, to the analysts
needs to be discussed and determined.

6.4.2 Points Required

For event-triggered data, the data shall be collected at the highest sampling rate possible
(subcycle minimum sampling) with a waveform capture one minute before and after the event
was triggered.
• Events: errors, warnings, and faults alarms. This category can be composed of numerous
points and prioritization of what is reported may be necessary.
• Maintenance logs and reports.
• Communication connectivity disruptions.

6.4.3 Maintenance Logs

The frequency and format for how these logs need to be delivered also need to be determined.
Further research is being pursued on not only electronically capturing maintenance events, but
also determining best operations and maintenance (O&M) practices through application of
artificial intelligence to the database containing operational data. EPRI ESIC has published a
tool available for public use to facilitate the collection of field O&M event data [16].

6-6
 General System Data Points

6.5 Technology-Specific Points Required

The sections above provide guidance on which data points to collect for an agnostic energy
storage technology and for evaluating its performance. Sections 6.5.1 through 6.5.5 provide
guidance on data points that need to be collected for specific energy storage technologies. These
data points will allow analysis to be performed on the energy storage technology and not the PCS
and auxiliary loads. Additionally, depending on the energy storage technology, specific data
points can be useful in evaluating the performance and safety concerns.

6.5.1 Cell-Based Battery

The solid-state battery technology is one that has solid electrodes immersed in an electrolyte,
such as a lead acid or lithium-ion battery. Specific data to be collected for this technology are
as follows:
• Cell/module/string DC voltage (V). This can represent a significant amount of data,
especially if every cell voltage were acquired (a 20 MW/10 MWh Li-ion system can have
over 40,000 cells). A small subset of cell voltages, in this case, may be adequate to allow for
a thorough performance assessment. These values may also be used for a safety assessment.
• Cell/module/string DC current (A). Typically for electrochemical storage systems,
current measurement is only available down to the module level. A small subset of
cell/module currents in the case of a large ESS may be adequate to allow for a thorough
performance assessment.
• Cell/module/rack temperature (°C). A small subset of cell/module temperatures in the case
of a large ESS may be adequate to allow for a thorough degradation assessment.
• Cell resistance (ohm). A small subset of cell resistance measurements in the case of a large
ESS may be adequate to allow for a thorough degradation assessment.
• Cell/module or rack balancing indication. This is a binary indication if balancing occurred.
This indication may be important in identifying weak battery components.

6.5.2 Flow Battery

A flow battery is a type of rechargeable battery where rechargeability is provided by two
chemical components dissolved in liquids contained within the system and most commonly
separated by a membrane[2] [7]. Specific data to be collected for this technology are as follows:
• Module/string DC voltage (V). This can represent a significant amount of data, especially
if every cell voltage were acquired for a large system. A small subset of cell voltages, in this
case, may be adequate to allow for a thorough performance assessment.
• Module/string DC current (A). This can represent a significant amount of data, especially
if every cell voltage were acquired for a large system. A small subset of cell currents, in this
case, may be adequate to allow for a thorough performance assessment.
• Temperature (°C). A small subset of cell temperatures in the case of a large ESS may be
adequate to allow for a thorough degradation assessment.

6-7
General System Data Points

• Module/stack resistance (ohm). A small subset of cell/module/stack resistance in the case

of a large ESS may be adequate to allow for a thorough degradation assessment.
• Anolyte flow(s) (L/min)
• Anolyte tank pressure(s) (psi)
• Anolyte tank(s) level (L)
• Catholyte flow(s) (L/min)
• Catholyte tank(s) pressure (psi)
• Catholyte tank(s) level (L)
• Stack SOC (%)
• Reported state of health (%)
• Converter (if applicable) input and output voltage (V) and current (I)

6.5.3 Flywheel
A flywheel is an ESS that consists of a spinning mass attached to a shaft that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy. Specific data to be collected for this technology are
as follows:
• Speed of flywheel (RPM)
• Vacuum pressure (psi)
• System temperatures (°C)
• Vibration sensor (m/s2)

6.5.4 Compressed Air

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) consists of storing energy in the form of air and releasing
the air into a turbine connected to a generator producing electricity. As these are rather complex
systems, the number of sensed points can be quite large. Publicly available reports such as
EPRI’s Reference Design Description and Cost Evaluation for Compressed Air Energy Storage
Systems (1021939) [8] detail typical system designs and illuminate the potential complexity of
these types of systems. General data to be collected for this technology are as follows:
• Inlet air pressure (psi)
• Outlet air pressure (psi)
• Speed of turbine (RPM)
• System and ambient temperatures (°C)
• System fuel consumption (MMBtu/kWh or similar)
• System emissions data (ppm). This value is the cumulative emission in ppm between
samples. This can be many points depending on the various types of emissions that
are produced.

6-8
 General System Data Points

6.5.5 Pumped Hydro

Pumped hydro is typically found at the utility scale. It consists of pumping water from one
reservoir to another reservoir at a high altitude and then releasing the water from the higher
reservoir through a turbine and generator to produce electricity. Like CAES, these systems can
be quite large with numerous points requiring monitoring. General data to be collected for this
technology are as follows:
• Reservoir water height (m)
• Water flow from higher reservoir to lower reservoir (L/min)
• Water pressure from higher reservoir to lower reservoir (psi)
• Water flow from lower reservoir to higher reservoir (L/min)
• Water pressure from lower reservoir to higher reservoir (psi)
• Water pump speed (RPM)
• System temperatures (°C)
• Turbine inlet pressure (psi)
• Turbine outlet pressure (psi)

6.6 Sample Points List—General Energy Storage Three-Phase System

For the stated minimums in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2, if the report out can be provided at a faster
rate, the faster rate is desired, and the provider shall provide the data at that rate.

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General System Data Points

Table 6-1
System Data Points

Power Application Report Energy Application

Data Point Units Sample Rate Minimum Values
Out Minimum Report Out Minimum

Value, max, min,

AC Real Power kW ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

AC Reactive Power kVAR ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

AC Power Factor ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

AC RMS Voltage VRMS ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

AC RMS Current IRMS ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Total AC Discharge Value, max, min,

kWh ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Energy avg

Value, max, min,

Total AC Charge Energy kWh ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Auxiliary Load Real Value, max, min,

kW ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Power avg

Auxiliary Load Reactive Value, max, min,

kVAR ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Power avg

Auxiliary Load RMS Value, max, min,

VRMS ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Voltage avg

Auxiliary Load RMS Value, max, min,

IRMS ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Current avg

1 = Closed
Relay Status Binary ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
0 = Open

6-10
 General System Data Points

Table 6-1 (continued)

System Data Points

Power Application Report Energy Application

Data Point Units Sample Rate Minimum Values
Out Minimum Report Out Minimum

1 = Closed
Breaker Status Binary ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
0 = Open

Value, max, min,

Flicker Pst ≥500 Samples/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

System Frequency Hz ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

THD dBm ≥500 Samples/Cycle ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

DC Power kW ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

DC Voltage V ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

DC Current I ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

State of Charge % ≥1 Sample/Second 1 ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Value, max, min,

State of Health % ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

Total DC Discharge Value, max, min,

kWh ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Energy avg

Value, max, min,

Total DC Charge Energy kWh ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
avg

6-11
General System Data Points

Table 6-1 (continued)

System Data Points

Power Application Report Energy Application Report

Data Point Units Sample Rate Minimum Values
Out Minimum Out Minimum

Value, max,
Outside Temperature ºC ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Value, max,
Outside Dew Point ºC ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Internal Enclosure Value, max,

ºC ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Temperature min, avg

Value, max,
Internal Enclose Humidity % ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Value, max,
Precipitation mm ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/Minute ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

(mph,
Wind Speed and Value, max,
cardinal ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Direction min, avg
direction)

Electricity Sample rate associated Sample rate associated Sample rate associated
$/kWh Value
Price/Cost with price data with price data with price data

(kW,
Value, max,
Power Request kVAR, ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
kVA)

Charge/Discharge (Time vs.

≥1 Sample/5 Minute ≥1 Sample/5 Minute ≥1 Sample/15 minutes Schedule
Schedule kW)

Integer value
related to
Operating Mode Integer ≥1 Sample/5 Minute ≥1 Sample/5 Minute ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
operating
mode

6-12
 General System Data Points

Table 6-1 (continued)

System Data Points

Power Application Report Energy Application Report

Data Point Units Sample Rate Minimum Values
Out Minimum Out Minimum

Events: Errors, Warnings,

≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes Value
and Faults

Tablature
Maintenance Logs Per manufacturer Monthly Monthly
report

Communication 1 = Online
Integer ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Conductivity Disruptions 0 = Offline

6-13
General System Data Points

Table 6-2
Technology-Specific Data Points

Power Application Energy Application

Data Point Units Sample Rate Minimum Values
Report Out Minimum Report Out Minimum

Cell-Based Battery

Cell/Module/String DC Value, max,

V ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Voltage min, avg

Cell/Module/String DC Value, max,

I ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Current min, avg

Cell/Module/Rack Value, max,

ºC ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Temperature min, avg

Value, max,
Cell Resistance Ohms ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Flow Battery

Cell/Stack/String DC Value, max,

V ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Voltage min, avg

Cell/Module/String DC Value, max,

I ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Current min, avg

Value, max,
Cell Temperature ºC ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Cell/Module/Stack Value, max,

ohm ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Resistance min, avg

Value, max,
Anolyte Flow(s) L/min ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Anolyte Tank Value, max,

psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Pressure(s) min, avg

Value, max,
Anolyte Tank Level(s) L ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

6-14
 General System Data Points

Table 6-2 (continued)

Technology-Specific Data Points

Power Application Energy Application Report

Data Point Units Sample Rate Minimum Values
Report Out Minimum Out Minimum

Flow Battery (continued)

Value, max,
Catholyte Flow(s) L/min ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Catholyte Tank Value, max,

psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Pressure(s) min, avg

Catholyte Tank Value, max,

L ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Level(s) min, avg

DC Converter output Value, max,

V ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
voltage min, avg

DC Converter input Value, max,

V ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
voltage min, avg

Flywheel

Value, max,
Speed of Flywheel rpm ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Value, max,
Vacuum Pressure psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

System Value, max,

ºC ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Temperature(s) min, avg

Value, max,
Vibration Sensor m/s2 ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

6-15
General System Data Points

Table 6-2 (continued)

Technology-Specific Data Points

Power Application Energy Application Report

Data Point Units Sample Rate Minimum Values
Report Out Minimum Out Minimum

Compressed Air

Value, max,
Inlet Air Pressure psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Value, max,
Outlet Air Pressure psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
Value, max,
Speed of Turbine rpm ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
Value, max,
System Temperature(s) ºC ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
System Fuel Value, max,
(MMBtu/kWh) ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Consumption min, avg

Value, max,
System Emission Data ppm ≥1 Sample/15 Minutes ≥1 Sample/15 minutes ≥1 Sample/hour
min, avg

Pumped Hydro

Value, max,
Reservoir Height m ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Water Flow from High

Value, max,
Reservoir to Low L/min ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
Reservoir

Water Pressure from

Value, max,
High Reservoir to Low psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
Reservoir

Water Flow from Low

Value, max,
Reservoir to High L/min ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
Reservoir

6-16
 General System Data Points

Table 6-2 (continued)

Technology-Specific Data Points

Power Application Energy Application Report

Data Point Units Sample Rate Minimum Values
Report Out Minimum Out Minimum

Pumped Hydro (continued)

Water Pressure from

Value, max,
Low Reservoir to High psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
Reservoir

Value, max,
Water Pump Speed rpm ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg

Value, max,
System Temperature(s) ºC ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
Value, max,
Turbine Inlet Pressure psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
min, avg
Turbine Outlet Value, max,
psi ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/Second ≥1 Sample/15 minutes
Pressure min, avg

6-17
General System Data Points

Figure 6-2 summarizes an assessment of points required, mapped to various applications.

PV Renewable Power Frequency Peak Frequency Microgrid

Volt/Var
Smoothing Firming Quality Control Shaving Regulation Stability
Data Group Data Points
P (W) x x x x x x x x
Q (VAR) x x x x x x x x
Vrms (V) x x x x x x x x
Irms (A) x x x x x x x x
AC

Discharge Energy (Wh) x x x x x x x x

Charge Energy (Wh) x x x x x x x x
Power Factor (pf) x x x
P (W) x x x x x x x x
V (V) for Cell/Module/Rack/String x x x x x x x x
I (A) for Cell/Module/Rack/String x x x x x x x x
SOC (%) x x x x x x x x
SOH (%) x x x x x x x x
Discharge Energy (Wh) x x x x x x x x
DC

Charge Energy (Wh) x x x x x x x x

Discharge Capacity (Ah) x x x x x x x x
Charge Capacity (Ah) x x x x x x x x
DoD Count x x x x x x x x
Temperature Cell/Module/Rack (Degrees C x x x x x x x x
P (W) x x x x x x x x
Auxiliary
AC or DC

Q(VAR) x x x x x x x x
Vrms (V) x x x x x x x x
Irms (A) x x x x x x x x
Relay x x x x x x x x
Status

Breaker x x x x x x x x
Faults/Alarms x x x x x x x x
Flicker (Pst) x x x
Quality
Power

Frequency (Hz) x x x
THD (dBm) x x x x
Outside Temperature (Degrees Celsius) x x x x x x x x
Outside Dew Point (Degrees Celsius) x x x x x x x x
Conditional

Internal Temperature (Degrees Celsius) x x x x x x x x

Internal Humidity (%) x x x x x x x x
Precipitation (mm) x x x x x x x x
Wind Speed and Direction (mph) x x x
x x x x x x x
Operational /

Electricity Price/Cost ($/kWh or $/gal)

Economics

Power Request (W and/or VAR) x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x
Operating Mode

Figure 6-2
Data Points Mapped to Storage Functions

A list of the DER autonomous functions that a storage system can provide is shown in Table A-1
of Appendix A. As storage system assume numerous duties it is increasingly important to
uniformly label the duties being enabled and or executed to ensure correct understanding of
which control mode was enabled and pursued, especially if numerous modes of operation are
being pursued. It displays these functions mapped to overarching and regional standards.

6-18
7
DATA QUALITY AND TRANSMISSION

7.1 Overview
After the data are measured and logged, they shall be sent to the analyst by the provider in 24 hours
or less. If the data from a time period are aggregated into a single file, like daily data, the provider
should have 24 hours from the last sample to make the data available for the analyst.
When the data are transmitted, they should be sent in a timestamped row-column format where
one of the columns documents each row’s unique timestamp with all other columns relaying
measurements and status values for the corresponding timestamp.
It may be necessary to create multiple files for logging data within a given interval. Each file
may logically represent a subsystem within the larger storage system (for example, data from
controllers, meteorological stations, containers, racks, modules, cells). The files should abide
by an intuitive naming scheme. For instance, each file name should contain the date, a short
descriptor for what subsystem it represents, and, if there are numerous files produced in a day,
a number designating which file it is for that day. An example for a group of files under this
naming scheme might look like the following:
• Bank1_20190111_1.csv
• Bank1_20190111_2.csv
• Bank1_20190111_3.csv

A “data details” document should accompany the first data set (and any subsequent changes to
the reported data) and should provide the following information to support the interpretation,
storage, and analysis of the data. This includes:
• A short description of the data in each column
• Corresponding units
• All possible values with a description of what the values represent, if the data point is an
enumerated type
If a software/firmware update will in any way affect the way data are logged by the system, the
vendor must alert the operator of the expected changes. If new data points will be added to the
log files, the columns should be appended to the end of the file. A new “data details” document
should also be provided by the vendor for added visibility into the changes.
To ensure privacy and protection of proprietary information, a possible non-disclosure agreement
can be signed between the analyst and the provider of data. This, combined with the read-only
access for the analyst, will ensure that data will not be shared with anyone else, and the provider
can remain confident that the information will remain private.

7-1
Data Quality and Transmission

If the provider, upon review, finds that the data quality is compromised due to any planned or
unplanned outages, the provider should request or initiate repair of the system within 24 hours to
ensure the smallest downtime. In addition, the provider should tag the data loss interval in a log
provided to the engineer. To combat data loss due to network issues or outages, the vendor shall
implement on site data storage from where compiled data can be pulled later once connection
is reestablished.
The system also needs to account for daylight savings time in cases where revenue meters
automatically adjust. Data should be timestamped using methods such as Universal Time
Coordinated or similar.

7.1.1 Data Resolution Considerations from Fielded ESS

The safe and effective operation of an ESS requires the continuous collection and processing of a
vast amount of data from the components throughout a system (for example, cells, racks, safety
equipment, thermocouples, thermal management subsystems, inverters). These data streams are
used by different levels of a battery’s controls hierarchy to make decisions about how the system
should/can be operated given its current state.
In most cases, a majority of these data are not visible or accessible externally. In some cases,
these data may be either logged for later analysis (by the vendor or an external stakeholder) or is
made directly visible in real time through some communication protocol (for example, Modbus)
to facilitate real-time data collection. There is no standard for what, if any, data should be made
externally available; the data that are available from commercial ESS can differ between vendors.
Due to the variety of data reporting practices, individual products’ reported data sets can be
classified as existing somewhere on a spectrum between “robust” and “sparse.” As visualized in
Figure 7-1, the robustness of a system’s data refers to both the spatial resolution (that is, at what
physical level data are reported from components throughout the system) and temporal resolution
(that is, at what time interval these measurements are reported).

7-2
 Data Quality and Transmission

Figure 7-1
Sparse and Robust Data Sets Versus Temporal Resolution

A relatively sparse data system may only report AC-level power and a handful of battery-specific
details like SOC and operating mode every minute, while a robust system may report data at the
point of interconnection, at all major DC junctions, and for all cells each second. These data can
include both direct measurements (for example, power, temperatures, voltages, currents, SOC,
state of health), control information (for example, setpoints), and statuses (for example, errors,
warnings, setpoints), which extend the realm of possibilities for robust data systems. Unless
specified on the project inception, the owner and operators may not have access to the data
needed for an independent performance assessment.

An important consideration on specifying storage systems and associated data requirements is

the level of knowledge of performance needed. Systems with sparse data can be gauged at some
level over time on coarse measurements like efficiency and standby losses, and these approaches
have to be calibrated for many conditions (thermal and operational modes). Systems with robust
levels of data can be assessed for many more attributes, such as independent assessments of SOH
and SOC, to allow verification of warranties, indication of premature aging, and indication of
potential problems.

7-3
8
SENSOR AND COMPUTATIONAL ACCURACY

Inaccurate sensors lead to poor quality data and hence inaccurate analysis and misleading
representation and calculated metrics of system condition. Inaccuracies can also be introduced
through calculation routines where significant digits are truncated, or the equations used are
inaccurate in themselves. Lack of clarity on proprietary algorithms can further obfuscate a firm
understanding of storage performance.

8.1 SOC Accuracy

Recent focus has been placed on the accuracy of one of the most important performance metrics:
SOC. SOC is an important value in an efficient and reliable dispatch. However, in many
technologies, SOC is an estimate of an unobservable quantity, such as the average concentration
of lithium in the anodes of thousands of individual battery cells. For these technologies, there is no
way to calculate the accuracy of the SOC given that there is no way to measure its underlying true
value (except at specific operating points). This topic is receiving attention in emerging standards,
namely IEEE 1547.9 [9], and has been addressed in recent NERC-issued guidelines [10].
Substantial differences between vendor-reported and independently calculated values, as well as
physically impossible reported values, have been noted in field performance assessments. This
seemingly irrational system behavior causes problems for control systems and confusion for
operators. Considering its practical usage, there are some best practices for the calculation and
reporting of SOC:
• The term operational state of charge can be used to distinguish the practical, system-level
value from the electrochemical property estimate reported by an individual BMS.
• The operational SOC should be reported as a percentage of the real-time operational
capacity. Operational capacity can change over time due to both environmental factors
and degradation.
• The operational SOC should never be allowed to fall below 0% or exceed 100%. If there is
an internal calculation that needs to use an SOC-like value outside of this range (for example,
lead acid batteries undergoing an equalization charge), it should be tracked separately from
the operational SOC.
• The operational SOC estimation algorithm should be well tuned over its whole range.
Estimation algorithms often use parameters that are dependent on SOC or temperature
(for example, cell resistance or open-circuit voltage) and so they should be configured to
update these calculation parameters based on the current conditions.
• The operational SOC should be smooth, meaning that the maximum difference between
sequential estimates should be limited by the maximum theoretical change in SOC between
time steps. Smoothness can be relaxed when an algorithm first starts or when capacity is
added to or removed from the estimate.

8-1
Sensor and Computational Accuracy

• The operational SOC and operational capacity calculations, along with their parameters,
should be made available to the device owner through the procurement process. This
calculation should specify whether it uses values reported by a device management system
whose algorithms are proprietary or unknown.

8.1.1 Meter Accuracy Standards

Also of interest is the accuracy of the electrical metering. The key data elements are associated
with performance analysis center on these meters. Temperature measurements are also
important, but the accuracy requirements may not be as arduous. Revenue grade accuracy has
been the traditional nomenclature used to describe the accuracy of meters used in utility settings.
These levels of accuracy should be used for storage performance measurement, though the level
of revenue grade accuracy needs to be established for a given project. Standards that govern the
accuracy of electric meters follow:

8.1.1.1 New Standard: ANSI C12.32-2021, Electricity Meters for the Measurement of
DC Energy
This new standard is due to be published in 2021 and is poised to establish performance criteria
for revenue grade DC watt-hour meters and demand meters. It is also slated to target, similar to
ANSI AC meter standards, various accuracy and current classes and other similar attributes. This
new standard should be integral in understanding DC power and energy measurements.

8.1.1.2 U.S.-Based
• ANSI C12.1-2014 – National Standard for Electric Meters – Code for Electricity Metering
which covers the testing and installation of the meter [11] [3].
• ANSI C12.20-2015 – American National Standard for Electric Meters for Electricity Meters
– 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 Accuracy Classes. This revision introduced a new 0.1 accuracy class.
Previous versions had a 0.5 accuracy (error rate <0.2%) and 0.2 accuracy (error rate <0.1%).
The new 0.1 accuracy class dictates an error rate of <0.05% [12, 13].

8.1.1.3 International
Similar to the ANSI Class structure, the IEC standards applicable to meter accuracy include:
(1) IEC 62053-21 Class 1 and (2) IEC 62053-22 Class 0.5, 0.2, and 0.1 (ed. 2) [14, 15].

8.1.2 Temperature and Humidity Sensors

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) lists numerous standards that govern
the accuracy for a variety of thermocouple configurations. Of key importance is the calibration
of thermocouples that is required after certain time durations. NIST Special Bulletin 250-35
details techniques for recalibration. As storage systems age, it is necessary to understand that
temperature sensor accuracy may deteriorate and require recalibration or replacement.

8-2
 Sensor and Computational Accuracy

There are a variety of humidity sensors available with a wide range of accuracy. It is important to
understand not only the needed accuracy, but also any drift that may be experienced over time. In
containerized systems, understanding humidity may be important with respect to the prevention
of condensation on surfaces that are cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. This should
be a key consideration in humid environments with regard to O&M practices and when open
doors can introduce humid air.

8.1.3 Impacts of Various Accuracies on Energy Measurement

It should be noted that RTE may be independent of meter accuracy since any error that scales
with the power reading will not affect RTE calculations, because it will reduce/increase the
charging energy as much as the discharging energy. Other important measurement parameters
can be affected through differences in accuracy and the incumbent error introduced into the
measurement. Figure 8-1 highlights the cumulative difference or error that could be presented
over 10 years for cumulative energy discharged from a system rated at 1 MW/2 MWh and
discharging an expected 50 MWh/year.

Figure 8-1
A 50-MWh/Year Cumulative Energy Error for ANSI 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 Class Meters

The relative expanse of the error experienced in Figure 8-1 would be expected to broaden
significantly with the use of less-than-revenue-grade metering.

8-3
9
ALARM MANAGEMENT

9.1 Framework to Identify Needed Alarms/Indicators

As indicated in Section 6, there is a multitude of sensors associated with storage systems and for
larger systems, the number of monitoring points can easily reach in the tens of thousands. Alarm
management involves not only prioritizing key sensors that indicate potential safety issues, but
also ensuring the correct action is taken if these sensors indicate off-normal status.
System design documents and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) or other systematic
methodologies can serve as a basis to structure an approach to alarm management. ANSI/ISA-
18.2-2016, “Management of Alarm Systems for the Process Industries,” is one source that can
serve to inform alarm management.
The content included in this section is currently focused on Li-ion systems as the predominant
system type in deployment today. The development of alarm type, content, and management
approach for a non-Li-ion system can be done using a similar structured methodology and
referencing the alarms noted here and the data monitoring details in Section 6.

9.2 Alarm Responsibilities and Roles

Similar to the Data Responsibility Matrix presented in Section 3, Table 3-1, responsibility
with respect to management of sensors producing alarms and response to alarms needs to be
explicitly defined.
The site operator oversees control of the ESS and has authority to energize or de-energize the
system. This role is often employed by the site owner. While the operator may work on-site
or remotely, the operator may have the first access to alarms and may be the first responder
to an incident.
Several vendors, or suppliers, may continue to be involved in an ESS long after project
commissioning to provide service or satisfy warranties and performance guaranties. Many
vendors require ongoing data access to a site and may have visibility into alarms (in real-time,
in review of periodic data transfers, or even after specific events during forensic activities).
NFPA 855 includes a requirement for a subject matter expert (SME) to be available at all times.
In the event of an emergency, the SME may be called to advise first response activities or
system status.

9-1
Alarm Management

Depending on the ESS site, several site employees may have access (physically, or at least
visually) to a site. They may identify or be able to initiate alarms and also may act as first
responders. Their education and training regarding ESS guidelines can support safe and
continuous operations. The general public may also have access to a site and present the same
opportunities (and risks) as site employees. Robust and clear signage can help communicate
alarm acknowledgment and response to this group.
The fire service is trained in general emergency response, though may be unaware of ESS-
specific issues, and may be volunteers. Specific training should be conducted with respect to
response to ESS incidents, and the training should be periodically repeated to address any
turnover or staff changes.
An alarm management team can be helpful to periodically review alarms for validity and
importance. The team can include participants from each of the above roles and develop
guidance for alarm communications and responses.

9.3 Hazard Indicators

The following list offers potential sources of hazard indicators but should not be considered
exhaustive. The framework documents mentioned previously, such as FMEAs, should detail
actual sources and identify key data labels for mapping to proper communication channels.
• Voltage (AC and DC)
• Temperature
• Smoke
• Gas detectors
• Infrared and heat
• Ground fault detectors
• Flow rate and fluid level sensors, leak detectors
• Fuse and circuit breaker auxiliary contacts
• Site security—door status
• Abnormal ancillary load operation

9.4 Alarm Communication

Alarms are typically communicated on site and externally via a communication channel. On-site
alarm communication typically includes:
• Horn/strobe installation
• Fire panel human-machine interface (HMI)
• Battery management HMI
• Power conditioning HMI
• Site controller HMI

9-2
 Alarm Management

External screens can be used to display alarms to appropriate personnel, including:

• Grid operators
• Site operators
• Local emergency response
• Equipment vendor operations
In most cases, these external platforms need 24/7 attendance and/or automated callout features.

9.5 Potential Alarm Categories

The alarm management framework can center on distinct categories of sensor data for which
oversight can be assigned to appropriate operations personnel.
• Temperature (cell, module, ambient, coolant)
• Voltage (cell, module, string, array)
• Overcurrent
• Relative humidity
• Smoke detection
• Distribution of gases (range/delta)
• Distribution of temperature (range/delta)
• Trend monitoring (for temperature, voltage, current, and so forth)
• Breaker status (open/close/trip)
• Communication status (heartbeat)
• Communication status (other than heartbeat, for example, WiFi signal presence)
• Gas levels—H2, hydrocarbons, O2, CO
• Door/intrusion/motion detection
• Ventilation/deflagration vent status
• Insulation/isolation faults (ground faults)
• Uninterruptible power supply availability
• Low SOC/remaining duration
• Balancing (SOC, rate of balancing)
• BMS errors (read errors, comms loss)
• PCS temperature
• PCS connection/mode
• Suppression release
• Trouble status
9-3
Alarm Management

9.6 Alarm Response

Combining the roles and possible scenarios created in a typical framework yields a sample
matrix that starts with possible actions that stem from a hazard indication to the possible
responses and justification for the response, as shown in Table 9-1. It should be noted that this
matrix is for information purposes only.

9-4
 Alarm Management

Table 9-1
Alarm Management Matrix
Possible Possible
Responder Response

Manual Remote
General Public

Site Employee

Manual Local
Fire Service

Automated
Operator

Vendor

SME
Action Design Consideration Benefit Concern/Hazard When to Use

A prominent 'suspend service'

Pause Operations - or 'standby' button or switch
terminate discharge could be made available in the Alarm condition
Situational
or charge, exit any site controller HMI. Exact Loss of revenue or identified, prior to
X X X X Awareness, "Size-
bidding process, solution could be service presence of
up situation"
place BESS in implemented differently hazard
'standby' depending on site hardware
and software
Review Data - Sufficient data resolution,
Anomalies may be Continuously, and
Manually analyze an frequency, and history should
Situational overlooked, or especially when
event or be logged. Database should
X X X X X X X Awareness, "Size- pattern may operations are
performance be large enough and flexible
up situation" appear when not paused due to
anomaly that poses enough to quickly poll results
actually correlated anomaly
concern as discussed in the Data Guide
Soft Shutdown - Controls may be
Controlled de-
Execute an inoperable, or
energization of Alarm condition is
automated sequence A separate button or switch alarm condition
the cables, bus identified but
that ramps delivered could be made available in the may be too urgent
work, inverters, before personnel
power to zero and X X X X X site controller HMI to ramp to wait; hazard
and switchgear; or equipment are
opens key power power to zero and initiate may be present
removal of hazard exposed to
disconnects, proper shutdown sequences. even without
from electricity immediate danger
breakers, and electrical
alone
contactors connection

9-5
Alarm Management

Table 9-1 (continued)

Alarm Management Matrix
Hazard is present
Hazard assessments and test or imminent,
results should inform safe posing risk of
Stand Back -
distances. Bollards, fences, Manual exposure to
evacuate all
barriers, or other markers Remove personnel intervention may personnel -
personnel to a
X X X X X X X could be placed at known safe from exposure to be needed to several radii as
predefined distance
distances. Signs with maps hazard(s) avoid loss of well as a separate
from the alarming
may provide wayfinding to equipment muster point may
equipment
muster points or other be defined to
general points of interest. address varying
hazards
Alarm condition is
Databases could be designed
identified but
for efficient selection and
Alert Vendor - Vendor may be before personnel
export of key data to inform
contact supplier of unaware of site- or equipment are
vendor, per their Seek product-
equipment specific conditions exposed to
X X X X X X recommended data specific technical
suspected at the root or unable to help immediate
requirements. Contact information
of the alarm in the desired danger. Often
information could be located
condition timeframe used in
in signage at strategic site
conjunction with
locations.
SME contact.
Alarm condition is
Databases could be designed
identified but
for efficient selection and
Alert SME - contact before personnel
export of key data to inform
the resident subject Seek project or or equipment are
SME, per their recommended
matter experts as site-specific exposed to
X X X X X X data requirements. Database N/A
prescribed in NFPA technical immediate
access could be provided to
855 or other site- information danger. Often
SME. Contact information
applicable code used in
could be located in signage at
conjunction with
strategic site locations.
Vendor contact.

9-6
 Alarm Management

Table 9-1 (continued)

Alarm Management Matrix
Hardwired trip signals could
Usually involves
be wired to externally (and
opening breakers, Hazard is present
possibly, remotely) accessible
which may result or imminent,
emergency power off buttons Immediate de-
in temporary posing risk of
Emergency installed at strategic locations energization of
surges or exposure to
Shutdown - actuate (physical or via HMI) to the cables, bus
additional power personnel -
the control power immediately open primary work, inverters,
X X X X electronics alarm several radii as
disconnect or other power interconnections as and switchgear;
or 'trouble' well as a separate
"Emergency Power well as auxiliary power loads. removal of hazard
conditions; may muster point may
Off (EPO)" button Backup power (UPS) should from electricity
remove power be defined to
be considered for alone.
from critical address varying
communications and critical
communications hazards
support systems to maintain
systems
site awareness.
Fire suppression systems
should be installed and
maintained to code. Externally
Some
(and possibly, remotely)
suppressants are
accessible fire suppression
Fire Suppression - conductive and Incipient fire is
system actuation buttons
actuate internal fire Removal of heat, may contribute to identified (smoke,
could be installed at strategic
suppression system oxygen, and/or electrical faults; heat, IR detection)
X X X X X locations (physical or HMI)
or external manual flame to inhibit some and 'letting it
with time delay to avoid
application of continued fire suppressants may burn' is not an
nuisance triggers.
suppressant be insufficient to option
Consideration should also be
address thermal
given to exhaust ventilation
runaway fires
systems to reduce explosion
risk based on updated codes
and standards guidance
Seek fire, Hazard is present
Fire panels could be
explosion, and/or or imminent, fire
Alert Local First networked to each other and Local first
HAZMAT-trained is visible, or
Responders - contact to auto dialer or pre- responders may
personnel to personnel are
local emergency X X X X X programmed phones ("red not be familiar
conduct either in danger or
services (Fire phones"). Signage could with site specific
prevention and have been
Service/Rescue/911) include key points of contact hazards
mitigation exposed to
at local authorities.
activities hazard.

9-7
Alarm Management

9.7 Prioritization
Prioritization of alarms requires a thorough assessment through the alarm management
framework and may be further refined using the MESA architecture. This carries three levels of
priority, and embedded sensors or indicators can be mapped as an option to these priority points.
Relying on sensors alone may not be sufficient to detect hazardous situations. It is important to
note the difference between monitoring discrete sensors versus monitoring trends that may be
computationally derived. These trends can potentially indicate situations that can be ameliorated
before a hazard situation arises. This would include off-normal temperature and voltage and
current fluctuations, as well as higher-than-normal cell balancing.

9-8
10
DC POWER QUALITY

Traditionally, solar or ESS have been composed of a solar array or battery coupled directly to an
inverter. While AC power quality concerns did and do occur with these arrangements, DC power
quality concerns have not typically been considered in such systems due to PV modules or
batteries presenting a relatively constant impedance to the inverter.
However, improved efficiency, lower interconnection costs, and regulatory considerations have
driven some integrators toward DC-coupled topologies where more than one source is coupled
to a single inverter, generally using one or more DC:DC converters. Increasing utilization of DC
coupling for some flow-based storage or hybrid ESS, such as solar plus storage, is creating greater
complexity. DC coupling is also becoming prevalent in electric vehicles (EVs) and other industries.
Solar or storage inverters are power converters that have not historically been designed to
interface with active sources such as DC:DC converters. Typically, inverters have been
connected to passive components such as PV modules on one side and a transformer with known
impedance on the other. But where converters are coupled and regulated, they become constant
power loads and may present negative impedance characteristics that can destabilize control
functions and lead to resonance. As a result, negative impedance instability or other resonances
can occur where converters are connected. Interactions between converters can occur in multi-
converter renewables architectures and industrial motor drives but perhaps are best known in
the EV space.
Undesirable resonances in multi-converter DC systems are, at their core, stability issues. In some
cases, these issues may lead to instability, in which case the magnitude of oscillation increases
until hardware or firmware limits are exceeded. This can result in equipment damage and/or
nuisance tripping. Perhaps more problematically, resonant behaviors may lead to a marginally
stable state in which oscillation persists at a constant magnitude. If the magnitude of the
resonance never reaches the trip threshold of protective devices, these issues may remain
permanently undetected. High-frequency oscillations reduce system efficiency and decrease
component reliability. Additionally, these resonances can propagate to or from the AC side
connection of a system, negatively impacting grid power quality. Such issues may remain
undetected in commercial systems if inverter tripping does not occur, but may yield lower
than expected efficiency, reduced component life, and undesirable grid power quality.
The underlying phenomena responsible for stability issues in multi-converter DC systems
are well-known in the specific power quality arena, and a variety of effective strategies for
mitigating their influence are available in the literature. Impedance-based stability criteria are
a well-established family of methods for predicting, describing, and mitigating undesirable
interactions between converters.

10-1
DC Power Quality

Despite the maturity in this area of DC system stability theory, addressing emergent stability
issues in the field remains challenging. Accurate knowledge of converter and system
impedances, obtained either from model-based expressions or empirical measurements, is
required to apply impedance-based stability criteria. These criteria are most easily employed
when, for example, a multi-converter system is being designed from the ground up with full
knowledge of constituent converter topologies, control structures, and gain parameters. In
practice, this depth of information is not always available. This is particularly true in the
emerging area of DC coupled systems for grid-tied storage and distributed resources, where
complex multi-converter structures are assembled from general purpose power conversion
devices by a system integrator. When problematic interactions appear during integration, their
root cause is often obscured by a “black box” representation of the converters, complicating the
diagnosis of the issue.
New tools, both in terms of instrumentation and computational methods, are needed to support
the detection, identification, and resolution of DC power quality issues in the field. Because
resonant behaviors commonly involve high frequency modes of oscillation, detecting and
understanding these issues require very granular data capture, large amounts of data storage
capability, and powerful analytic tools.
Oscilloscopes are typically used to troubleshoot and understand issues with electronics and
power systems. The high sampling rate offered by oscilloscopes (and some high-end meters)
enables viewing of very granular data. However, this sampling rate produces data at a much
higher rate than can be transferred by Modbus or other traditional meter data transmission
protocols.
Additionally, traditional data logging solutions simply collect and transmit time-averaged data
back to an enterprise location where post-processing may take place using database and other
tools. Oscilloscopes often conduct data storage and processing within the oscilloscope tool itself
but are not typically designed for permanent installation and long-term data capture or export to
traditional field data logging systems. Due to the high data bandwidth resulting from high
sampling rates of numerous channels, it may be advisable to process this data output on site and
transmit only desired segments and post-processing data.
To address emerging DC power quality measurement needs in a cost-efficient and effective
manner, EPRI is investigating an array of new components that can be permanently field-placed
and allow for ongoing analysis as compared to relatively expensive and temporary placement of
traditional oscilloscopes. These components include novel, very compact meters designed for
advanced and high-resolution power quality measurement with an open-source web interface that
can provide substantial post-processing.
Additionally, fast Fourier transformation (FFT) on-site analysis can save transmitted data
bandwidth. This technique can help analyze ripple on DC circuits or harmonics on AC circuits
at the site without burdening outgoing communication channels. FFT functionality is currently
available from inexpensive hardware, and open-source software already exists. Another
application of FFT is the capture and analysis of current steps that permit impedance calculations
for cell degradation evaluation. With on-site processing, only limited indicators need to be
exported to remote operators who can then trigger on-site manual downloads of detailed data.
These low-cost approaches to detection and on-site processing are being investigated for ease
of incorporation into distributed resource control panels, accuracy, and cost-efficiency.

10-2
 DC Power Quality

An alternative approach is to integrate system identification and adaptive control capabilities into
power converter firmware. All modern utility-scale power converters perform high-speed local
voltage and current sensing as part of a feedback path for closed-loop control systems. These
measurements provide all the information necessary to accomplish permanent on-site power
quality monitoring without requiring any additional hardware. Additionally, this approach would
empower the converter to adjust its control parameters on-line in response to developing power
quality issues. This could be as simple as changing controller gains to manipulate closed-loop
output impedance or engaging an active damping control scheme to suppress current and voltage
oscillations. However, if the vendor does not allow access to these data, independent
measurement and analysis may be necessary.

10-3
11
CONCLUSION

While this proposed procedure for providing data does not guarantee a perfect analysis, it serves
as a starting point to enable quality data analysis of ESS. Ultimately, if the data are collected in a
consistent manner across a large number of storage systems, accurate evaluation and comparison
will be possible and allow for even more efficient integration of energy storage technologies.
Robust data, provided via these guidelines, can benefit all stakeholders and facilitate meaningful
analysis and independent verification of storage performance. This analysis capability can lead to
impactful conclusions that help improve the performance of ESS as well as improve O&M
practices. As noted throughout this guideline, there are numerous areas that need more research.
Numerous activities will help inform subsequent versions, including sessions under the auspices
of EPRI’s ESIC and IEEE Energy Storage and Stationary Battery (IEEE ESSB) Committee.
These forums are open to all, and information on participation can be found at www.epri.com/esic
or www.ieee.org.

11-1
12
REFERENCES

1. IEEE Standards Association, P1547.9. Available at:

https://sagroups.ieee.org/scc21/standards/p1547-9-in-progress/. Accessed March 2019.
2. IEEE Standards Association, P2686. Available at:
https://standards.ieee.org/project/2686.html. Accessed March 2019.
3. IEEE Standards Association, P2688. Available at:
https://standards.ieee.org/project/2688.html. Accessed March 2019.
4. NERC, Energy Storage, February 2021. Available at:
https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/Master_ESAT_Repo
rt.pdf. Accessed March 2019.
5. R. Fioravanti, K. Kumar, S. Nakata, B. Chalamala, and Y. Preger, “Predictive-Maintenance
Practices: For Operational Safety of Battery Energy Storage Systems,” in IEEE Power and
Energy Magazine, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 86-97, November–December 2020.
doi:10.1109/MPE.2020.3014542.
6. DNP Users Group, DNP3 Application Note AN2018-001 – DNP3 Profile for
Communications with Distributed Resources, January 2019. Available at:
https://www.dnp.org/Resources/Document-Library?folderId=1261. Accessed March 2019.
7. Energy Storage Association, Energy Storage Technologies, January 17, 2019. Available at:
https://www.energystorage.org. Accessed March 2019.
8. Reference Design Description and Cost Evaluation for Compressed Air Energy Storage
Systems. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2011. 1021939.
9. IEEE Standard, P1547.9/D4.0, Draft Guide to Using IEEE Std 1547™ for Interconnection of
Energy Storage Distributed Energy Resources with Electric Power Systems, January 2021.
10. NERC, Reliability Guideline, March 2021. Available at:
https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/Reliability_Guideline_BESS_H
ybrid_Performance_Modeling_Studies_.pdf. Accessed March 2019.
11. American National Standards Institute, ANSI C12.1-2014 – Code for Electricity Metering.
12. American National Standards Institute, ANSI cv12.20-2015 – Electricity Meters – 0.1, 0.2,
and 0.5 Accuracy Classes.
13. P. Przydatek and S. Pedro, Schneider Electric, White Paper (n.d.), Regulating Accuracy:
Impacts of Changes in ANSI C12.1 and ANSI C12.20.

12-1
References

14. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 2062053-21. Available at:

https://www.iec.ch/global/search?keyword=IEC%2062053-21. Accessed March 2019.
15. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), IEC 2062053-22. Available at:
https://www.iec.ch/global/search?keyword=IEC%2062053-22. Accessed March 2019.
16. ESIC Energy Storage Operations and Maintenance Tracker. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2020.
3002019222.

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A
DER FUNCTIONS

A.1 Table
A list of the most common DER operational functions is shown in Table A-1. The table also
indicates where the operational functions are described in the EPRI Common Functions report
and the current edition of IEC 61850-7-420. In addition, it indicates which operational functions
are mandatory in different jurisdictions.
Table A-1
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Basic Capabilities
1. Retrieve Nameplate Nameplate values from the Included
Values factory are retrievable
2. Retrieve and Operational settings, based on Included
Update Operational installed configurations and on
Settings all operational changes, are
retrievable. If authorized,
operational settings may also be
updated.
3. Monitoring The DER provides status, Communications
Function measurements, alarms, logs, capability
The DER provides and other data as authorized mandated for all
nameplate, and requested by users. DER (not
configuration, status, Examples include connect necessarily
measurements, and status, updated capacities, real implemented in
other requested data and reactive power all DER)
output/consumption, state of Monitoring
charge, voltage, and other where needed is
measurements. Also of interest mandatory
are forecast status and expected
measurements.
Grid Code Operational Functions
4. Disconnect/Connect The disconnect command Either galvanic All Types of DER LN DGEN,
Function initiates the galvanic separation disconnect or For type A, only LN DSTO,
Disconnect or (usually via switches or cease-to- an interface is LN DLOD
connect the DER breakers) of the DER at its ECP energize requested for and/or
from the grid at its or at the PCC. There may be a disconnection LN CSWI
ECP time delay between receiving the
command and the actual LN XCBR
disconnect LN XSWI
The connect command initiates
or allows the reconnection of the
DER at its ECP or at the PCC. A
permission to reconnect may
also be issued.

3
References
Table A-1 (continued)
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Grid Code Operational Functions (continued)
5. Cease-to-energize "Cease-to-energize" is a Either galvanic Type A and B only LN DCTE
and Return to different function from disconnect or of DER – cease
Service disconnect/connect. The (draft) cease-to- active power
The DER ceases all definition is "the DER shall not energize at the output within 5
active power output export active power during PCC seconds, following
steady-state or transient an instruction
Allow active power conditions. Reactive power being received at
output at the PCC exchange (absorb or supply) the input port Type
shall be less than x % of A may disconnect
nameplate DER rating and shall randomly
exclusively result from passive
devices.". There may be a time
delay between receiving the
command and the actual cease-
to-energize.
"Return to service" allows
current flow at the PCC. A
permission to return to service
may also be issued.
6. High/Low Voltage The DER follows the utility- H/LVRT is Fault ride-through LN DVHT,
Ride-Through specified voltage ride-through mandatory for is mandatory for LN DVLT
Operational parameters to avoid tripping off all DER all generators LN PTOV,
Function unnecessarily. The function starting type B and LN PTUV,
The DER rides would block tripping within the larger generators,
fault ride-through zones. LN PTRC
through temporary
fluctuations in Although normally enabled by
voltage default, this ride-through
operational function may be
updated, enabled, and disabled.
7. High/Low The DER follows the utility- H/LFRT is no mention, LN DFHT,
Frequency Ride- specified frequency ride-through mandatory for except the fact LN DFLT,
Through parameters to avoid tripping off all DER that facilities must LN PTOF,
Operational unnecessarily. The function remain operational LN PTUF,
Function would block tripping within the within an LN PTRC
The DER rides fault ride-through zones. "extended"
through temporary Although normally enabled by frequency range
fluctuations in default, this ride-through from 47 to 52 Hz
frequency operational function may be (exact range may
update, enabled, and disabled. depend on
European
synchronous zone)
8. Dynamic Reactive The DER provides dynamic Is included as No direct mention LN DRGS
Current Support reactive current support in optional but may Synthetic inertia is
Operational response to voltage spikes and become requested starting
Function sags, similar to acting as inertia mandatory Class C.
The DER reacts against rapid changes. This
operational function may be Reactive power
against rapid voltage injection in case of
changes (spikes and focused on emergency situations
or may be used during normal grid fault is
sags) to provide requested starting
dynamic system operations.
class B, upon TSO
stabilization When the dynamic reactive request.
dV/dt current support operational
function is enabled, the DER Also requested for
monitors the voltage at the transmission
Referenced ECP and responds connected
based on the parameters. facilities

4
 Table A-1 (continued)
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Grid Code Operational Functions (continued)
9. Frequency-Droop Droop is a control mode used for Mandatory for LN DHFW,
Operational generators to maintain the all DER LN DLFW
Function (Primary frequency within the normal
Frequency Control) operating zone, focused on
The active power returning the frequency to its
output of a generator nominal value. Specifically, the
decreases (increases active power output of a
as the line frequency generator reduces as the line
increases frequency increases above
(decreases) from nominal frequency, and vice
nominal frequency versa, based on a curve such as
illustrated below.

10. Volt-Watt The DER is provided with Mandatory for LN DVWC

Operational voltage-watt curves that define all DER
Function the changes in its watt output
The DER responds to based on voltage deviations
changes in the from nominal, as a means for
voltage at the countering those voltage
Referenced ECP by deviations.
changing its When the volt-watt operational
production or function is enabled, the DER
consumption rate receives the voltage
measurement from a meter (or
another source) at the
Referenced ECP. The DER
adjusts its production or
consumption rate to follow the
specified volt-watt curve
parameters.
11. Fixed (Constant) The DER power factor is set to Mandatory for For Type C & D LN DFPF
Power Factor the specified power factor. A all DER DER, the ability to
Operational leading power factor is positive adjust reactive
Function and a lagging power factor is power,
The DER power negative, as defined by the IEEE automatically by
factor is set to a or IEC sign conventions. either voltage
fixed value. control operational
function, reactive
power control
operational
function or power
factor

5
References
Table A-1 (continued)
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Grid Code Operational Functions (continued)
12. Fixed (Constant) The DER is requested to provide Mandatory for LN DVAR
Reactive Power a fixed amount of reactive power all DER
Operational
Function
The DER is
requested to provide
a fixed amount of
reactive power
13. Volt-VAr Control The DER is provided with Mandatory for For Type C & D LN DVVR
Operational voltage-var curves that define all DER DER, the ability to
Function the reactive power for voltage adjust reactive
The DER responds to levels. power,
changes in voltage at When the volt-var operational automatically by
the Referenced ECP function is enabled, the DER either voltage
by supplying or receives the voltage control operational
absorbing reactive measurements from a meter (or function, reactive
power in order to another source) at the power control
maintain the desired Referenced ECP. The DER operational
voltage level responds by supplying or function or power
absorbing reactive power factor
according to the specified volt-
var curve in order to maintain
the desired voltage level.
14. Watt-VAr The DER is provided with watt- Mandatory for German LV Grid LN DWVR
Operational var curves that define the all DER Codes VDE-AR-
Function changes in its reactive power- N4105
The DER responds to based changes of power.
changes in power at When the watt-var operational
the Referenced ECP function is enabled, the DER
by changing its modifies its reactive power
reactive power setting in response to the power
level at the Referenced ECP.
15. Watt-PF Operational The DER is provided with watt- LN DWPF
Function PF curves that define the
The DER responds to changes in its power factor-
changes in power at based changes of power.
the Referenced ECP When the watt-PF operational
by changing its function is enabled, the DER
power factor modifies its PF setting in
response to the power level at
the Referenced ECP.
16. Set Active Power The DER is set to a percentage LN DWGC
Operational of maximum generation or
Function consumption rate. A positive
Set the DER to value indicates generation,
generate or consume negative means consumption.
energy as a
percentage of
maximum capability

6
 Table A-1 (continued)
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Grid Code Operational Functions (continued)
17. Limit Active Power The production and/or Mandatory for LN DWMN,
Production or consumption of the DER is all DER LN DWMX
Consumption limited at the Referenced ECP,
Operational indicated as absolute watts
Function values. Separate parameters are
Limits the production provided for production or
and/or consumption consumption limits to permit
level of the DER these to be different.
based on the
Referenced ECP
18. Frequency-Active The frequency sensitivity Expected for Over frequency LN DHFW,
Power Operational function responds to abnormal larger DER but "Frequency LN DLFW
Function events when the frequency not mandatory Sensitive
(Frequency exceeds its normal range. events Operational
Sensitivity) by following frequency-active function (FSM)" is
The DER responds to power curves that define the mandatory for all
frequency excursions changes in its active power DER types.
beyond the normal output. Underfrequency is
frequency range by Its purpose is to bring requested starting
changing its abnormally high or low frequency class C
production or back within the normal range. Maximum power
consumption rate decrease in case
of frequency
decrease is
specified and
should be
respected by all
DER
19. Low Frequency- Enable automatic low frequency Not mentioned ---
active power disconnection of a specified explicitly in
Emergency proportion of their demand (in IEEE 1547
Operational stages) in a given time frame. which does not
Function for demand cover loads, but
side management expected to be
(fast load shedding) available
20. Low Voltage-Watt Provide capabilities to … enable Not mentioned ---
Emergency automatic or manual load tap explicitly in
Operational changer blocking and automatic IEEE 1547
Function for demand low voltage disconnection. which does not
side management cover loads, but
expected to be
available
21. Scheduling of The DER follows the schedule Becoming LN FSCH
Power Settings and which consists of a time offset important for LN FSCC
Operational (specified as a number of California and
Functions seconds) from the start of the Hawaii, but not
schedule and is associated with: mandatory
a power system setting
the enabling/disabling of a
function
a price signal

7
References
Table A-1 (continued)
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Non-Grid Code Operational Functions
22. Peak Power The active power output of the LN DPKP
Limiting DER limits the load at the
Operational Referenced ECP if it starts to
Function exceed a target power level,
The DER limits the thus limiting import power. The
load at the production output is a
Referenced ECP percentage of the excess load
after it exceeds a over the target power level. The
threshold target target power level is specified in
power level absolute watts.

23. Load Following The active power output of the LN DLFL

Operational DER follows and counteracts the
Function load at the Referenced ECP if it
The DER counteracts starts to exceed a target power
the load by a level, thus resulting in a flat
percentage at the power profile. The production
Referenced ECP, output is a percentage of the
after it starts to excess load over the target
exceed a threshold power level. The target power
target power level level is specified in absolute
watts.
24. Generation The consumption and/or LN DGFL
Following production of the DER follows
Operational and counteracts the generation
Function measured at the Referenced
The consumption ECP if it starts to exceed a
and/or production of target power level. The
the DER counteracts consumption and/or production
generation power at output is a percentage of the
the Referenced ECP. excess generation watts over the
target power level. The target
power level is specified in
absolute watts.
25. Dynamic Active The DER follows the specified LN DWSM
Power Smoothing smoothing gradient which is a
Operational signed quantity that establishes
Function the ratio of smoothing active
The DER produces power to the real-time delta-
or absorbs active watts of the load or generation at
power in order to the Referenced ECP.
smooth the changes When the power smoothing
in the power level at operational function is enabled,
the Referenced ECP. the DER receives the watt
Rate of change of measurements from a meter (or
power – dW/dt another source) at the
Referenced ECP. New data
points are provided multiple
times per second.

8
 Table A-1 (continued)
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Non-Grid Code Operational Functions (continued)
26. Automatic When AGC operational function LN DAGC
Generation Control is enabled, the DER responds to
(AGC) Operational signals to increase or decrease
Function the rate of consumption or
(Secondary production every 4 to 10
Frequency Control) seconds, with the purpose of
The DER responds to managing frequency.
raise and lower
power level requests
to provide frequency
regulation support
27. Operating Reserve The DER can provide reserve —
(Spinning Reserve) power that is available within
operational about 10 minutes
function (Tertiary
Frequency Control)
The DER provides
operating reserve
28. Synthetic or The DER responds to the rate of LN DHFW,
Artificial Inertia change of frequency (ROCOF) LN DLFW
Frequency-Active by changing its active power
Power Operational production (or consumption) to
Function counteract rapid changes.
The DER responds to Its purpose is to smooth (spikes
the rate of change of and dips) based on df/dt.
frequency (ROCOF) It does not act to return the
by changing its frequency to nominal frequency.
active power
production (or
consumption) to
counteract rapid
changes (spikes and
sags) df/dt
29. Coordinated The DER is provided with a LN DTCD
Charge/Discharge target state of charge and a time
Management by which that SoC is to be
Operational reached. This allows the DER to
Function determine when to charge or
The DER with discharge based on price or
storage capability other considerations.
determines when and The DER takes into account not
how fast to produce only the duration at maximum
or consume energy consumption / production rate,
so long as it meets but also other factors, such as
its target state of that at high SoC the maximum
charge (SoC) consumption rate may not be
obligation by the able to be sustained, and vice
specified time versa, at low SoC, the maximum
discharge rate may not be able
to be sustained

9
References
Table A-1 (continued)
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Non-Grid Code Operational Functions (continued)
30. Power Factor When the PF limiting (correcting) LN DPFC
Limiting operational function is enabled,
(Correcting) the DER is provided with the
Operational target PF. The DER supplies or
Function absorbs reactive power in order
The DER supplies or to maintain the PF at the
absorbs Reactive Referenced ECP within the limits
power to hold the of the target PF.
power factor at the
Referenced ECP
within the PF limit
31. Delta Power Control Decrease active power output to —
Function ensure there remains spinning
Decrease active reserve amount that was bid into
power output to the market
ensure there remains
spinning reserve
amount that was bid
into the market

32. Power Ramp Rate Manage active power ramp time, —

Control when the active power should be
The power increases at the required power level by
and decreases are the end of the ramp time. It may
limited by specified reach the required power level
maximum ramp rates earlier, but not later.

33. Dynamic Volt-Watt Dynamically absorb or produce —

Function additional watts in proportion to
Dynamically absorb the instantaneous difference
or produce additional from a moving average of the
watts in proportion to measured voltage. This function
the instantaneous utilizes the same basic concepts
difference from a and settings as the Dynamic
moving average of Reactive Current function but
the measured uses active power as an output
voltage rather than reactive current.

Non-Functional Capabilities
34. Collect and Provide Collect and provide detailed LN MMXU
Historical measurement and performance plus PV,
Information data which may be valuable to Wind, CHP,
record in an operational historian Fuel Cell,
Battery
detailed
LNs
35. Establish Different In addition to the default ramp Relevant ramp Per
Ramp Rates for rate, the DER may support rates or ramp function
Different Purposes multiple ramp rates that reflect times are
different conditions. This included in each
function was defined in operational
California’s Rule 21 Phase 1 function
requirements.

10
 Table A-1 (continued)
DER Operational Functions from the Second Edition of IEC 61850-7-420 (Pending Release)

# Operational Description and Key IEEE 1547: EN 50549 IEC 61850-

Function Parameters 2018 (Europe) 7-420
Non-Functional Capabilities (continued)
36. Soft-Start Return to Use ramp rate and/or random Using open loop “Ensuring LN DCTE
Service time within window when response times appropriate
reconnecting. This function was rather than reconnection",
defined in California’s Rule 21 ramp rates including random
Phase 1 requirements. reconnect time
windows
Capabilities Not Yet Fully Defined
37. Microgrid Process for normal separation, Separation Type C & D shall —
Separation Control emergency separation, and requirements be capable of
(Intentional reconnection of microgrids. are identified, taking part in
Islanding) These microgrids could be but not fully island operation if
individual facilities or could be described for required by the
multiple facilities using Area intentional relevant system
EPS grid equipment between (microgrid) and operator
these facilities. unintentional
islanding
38. Microgrid Planning for and managing —
Management islanded microgrids with grid
forming and grid following DER
39. Provide Black Start Ability to start without grid Not mandatory, —
Capability power, and the ability to add but requirements
significant load in segmented are expected to be
groups discussed
40. Provide Backup Ability to provide power —
Power automatically to local loads after
an outage or when these loads
are not connected to the grid. In
common configurations, backup
power might consist of an
Uninterruptible Power System
(UPS) plus diesel generator. In
more modern configurations,
backup power might consist of
PV+storage systems.

11
References

A.2 Control and Communication Architectures

Figure A-1 is an overall diagram of DER architecture, including all the possible communication
interactions with different stakeholders. It highlights the numerous stakeholders and systems that
need data, particularly if storage is just one DER within a facility or microgrid.

Hierarchical DER System Five-Level Architecture, Mapped to the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM)
Level 5: Market Interactions
Transmission Energy Distribution Energy Market Flexibility Retail Energy Market
Market Information and
Communications Market
7 9 8 8
Technology (ICT)
Level 4: DSO: Distribution Utility
Level 4: ISO/RTO/TSO Distribution
Operational Analysis and Control Level 3: Third Parties:
Balancing Authority Management
for Grid Management DER Managers and
System (DMS) Plant-Level
Aggregators, or CSO
Balancing Geographic Outage Contractual Microgrid DERMS
Information Agreements with DER Demand Response (DR)
Authority for
System (GIS)
Management
Systems, Facilities, and/or Market System Enterprise
Frequency System (OMS) Facility: Overall
Management and Aggregators DER and Load
Energy
Aggregator DER & Load
Management
11 Management System
Transmission Utility WAN/LAN (FDEMS)
(ADMS), Aggregator
Energy DERMS, or Charging 5
Management 6 Energy Services
Transmission Station Management
System (EMS) DER Management DER Interface (ESI)
Bus Load System (CSMS)
System (Utility Communications 3
Model (TBLM) Capabilities
SCADA DERMS) Customer Energy Operation
SCADA DERMS Management
(CEM)
2
2 4

System Integrity 4a
Level 2: Facilities with DERs 10
Protection
Scheme and/or IBRs 1
Facilities Site WAN/LAN
Station
Building/Area #1 DER Building/Area #2 DER Resource Management (RM) Facilities
1 Energy Management Energy Management Charging Station Load
Systems Systems Management System (CSMS) Management

16
Distribution Level 1: Autonomous
Substation cyber-physical DER Energy Storage PV Wind Fossil Fuel Charging Station Load
Field
systems Controller Controller Controller Controller Controller (CSC) & Controllers
EVSEs
Integrated 12 15
12 12 12 14
Protection 13
Scheme Local EPS Battery/Thermal Wind Diesel GenSet Facilities
PV Panels Electric Vehicles
Protection Storage Turbine or Gas Turbine Site Loads
Utility Grid
Process
Area EPS ECP ECP ECP ECP ECP ECP
Meter at
PCC Local EPS

Transmission Distribution Distributed Energy Resources (DER) / Customer Premises

Copyright Xanthus Consulting International

Figure A-1
Detailed Data and Control Architectures

12
Figure A-2 is an overview of the MESA “de facto” standard, built on IEC 61850, DNP3, and
SunSpec Modbus. There are hundreds of data points in the MESA-DER and SunSpec Modbus
device models.

SCADA or DERMS

MESA-DER
IEC 61850-7-420 Mapped to DNP3

MESA-DER
IEC 61850-7-420 Mapped to DNP3

DER IEEE 1547 and Market-

based Functions, Monitoring,
Control, and Management

MESA-DEVICE
SunSpec Energy Storage Model

MESA-PCS MESA-STORAGE MESA-METER

SunSpec Inverter 700 Series SunSpec Storage 800 Series SunSpec Meter 200 Series

Inverters/Converters Battery Storage Meters

Figure A-2
MESA Standard

13
References

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14
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15
A-1