A SEMINAR

ON

INTERNET OF THINGS

PRESENTED BY

DAN, EMEDIONG UBAK

REG. NO. (21162003)

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

HERITAGE POLYTECHNIC IKOT UDOTA, EKET
AKWA IBOM STATE

JULY, 2023.
 Introduction:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative concept that is revolutionizing the
way we interact with technology and the world around us. It refers to the
interconnected network of physical devices, appliances, vehicles, and other
objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and internet connectivity. This
network enables these objects to collect and exchange data, communicate with
each other, and perform tasks that were once limited to human intervention. The
IoT has the potential to create a highly interconnected and intelligent world,
impacting various industries and aspects of our daily lives.

Definition of Internet of Things (IoT)

According to Whitmore et al. (2015) define the IoT as “a paradigm where
everyday objects can be equipped with identifying, sensing, networking and
processing capabilities that will allow them to communicate with one another and
with other devices and services over the Internet to achieve some objective.”

Types of IoT
The networking, communication and connectivity protocols depend largely on the
specific IoT application deployed. Just as there are many different IoT devices,
there are many types of IoT applications based on their usage. Here are some of
the most common ones:

1. Consumer IoT - Primarily for everyday use. Eg: home appliances, voice
assistance, and light fixtures.
2. Commercial IoT - Primarily used in the healthcare and transport industries. Eg:
smart pacemakers and monitoring systems.
3. Military Things (IoMT) - Primarily used for the application of IoT technologies
in the military field. Eg: surveillance robots and human-wearable biometrics for
combat.
4. Industrial Internet of Things ( IIoT) - Primarily used with industrial
applications, such as in the manufacturing and energy sectors. Eg: Digital control
systems, smart agriculture and industrial big data.
5. Infrastructure IoT - Primarily used for connectivity in smart cities. Eg:
infrastructure sensors and management systems.
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Advantages of IoT
Internet of things facilitates several advantages in our daily lives. Some of its
advantages are given below:

1.Minimize human effort: As IoT devices interact and communicate with each
other, they can automate the tasks helping to improve the quality of a business’s
services and reducing the need for human intervention.
2. Save time: By reducing the human effort, it saves a lot of our time. Saving time
is one of the primary advantages of using the IoT platform.
3. Enhanced data collection: Information is easily accessible, even if we are far
away from our actual location, and it is updated frequently in real-time. Hence
these devices can access information from anywhere at any time on any device.
4. Improved security: If we have an interconnected system, it can assist in the
smarter control of homes and cities through mobile phones. It enhances security
and offers personal protection.
5. Useful for safety concerns: It is helpful for safety because it senses any
potential danger and warns users. For example, GM OnStar is an integrated
device that identifies a car crash or accident on the road. It immediately makes a
call if an accident or crash is found.
6. Useful in the healthcare industry: Patient care can be performed more
effectively in real-time without needing a doctor’s visit. It gives them the ability to
make choices as well as provide evidence-based care.

Disadvantages of IoT
1. Security issues: IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over
networks. So, the system offers little control despite any security measures, and it
can lead to various kinds of network attacks.
2. Increased unemployment: Unskilled workers or even the skilled ones are at a
high risk of losing their jobs, leading to high unemployment rates. Smart
surveillance cameras, robots, smart ironing systems, smart washing machines,
and other facilities are replacing the humans who would earlier do these works.
3. The complexity of the system: The designing, developing, maintaining, and
enabling the extensive technology to IoT system is quite complicated.
High chances of the entire system getting corrupted: If there is a bug in the
system, it is possible that every connected device will become corrupted.
4 .High dependency on the internet: They rely heavily on the internet and cannot
function effectively without it.
5. Reduced mental and physical activity: Overuse of the internet and technology
makes people ignorant because they rely on smart devices instead of doing
physical work, causing them to become lethargic and inactive.

Application of Internet of Things (IoT).

The Internet of Things (IoT) has a wide range of applications across various
domains. Here are some notable examples:

1.Smart Homes: IoT enables the automation and control of various devices in
homes. Smart thermostats, lighting systems, security cameras, and appliances can
be interconnected, allowing homeowners to remotely manage and monitor their
homes for enhanced convenience, energy efficiency, and security.

2. Healthcare: IoT is transforming healthcare delivery and monitoring. Wearable

devices, remote patient monitoring systems, and medical implants can collect
real-time data on vital signs, allowing healthcare professionals to monitor patients
remotely, provide personalized care, and enable early detection of health issues.

3. Transportation: IoT is revolutionizing transportation systems. Connected

vehicles equipped with sensors and GPS can provide real-time information on
traffic conditions, optimize routes, and enhance safety features. Smart parking
systems, public transportation management, and fleet management solutions are
also enabled by IoT technology.
4. Agriculture: IoT is transforming agriculture through precision farming
techniques. Sensors and connected devices monitor soil moisture, temperature,
and nutrient levels, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions on irrigation,
fertilization, and crop health. This improves crop yields, reduces resource waste,
and promotes sustainable farming practices.

5. Environmental Monitoring: IoT enables real-time monitoring of environmental

conditions. Sensors can collect data on air quality, water quality, weather
patterns, and other environmental factors. This information helps in early warning
systems for natural disasters, pollution control, and sustainable resource
management.

The security challenges of Internet of Things (IoT)

1. Denial of service (DOS) :
Denial of service (DOS) is a security attack that aims to prevent legitimate user
and entity to have an authorized access to network resources. It is considered as
the most popular and dominant attack. Generally, attackers can use flooding
attack to exhaust system’s resources including memory, CPU, and bandwidth.
2. Password Guessing Attack :
Due to the importance of password in authentication process and its large
adoption by numerous authentication protocols, pirates have invented various
attacks to get the correct one. Hence, the most used attack is password guessing.
Particularly, this attack can be executed either online or offline.
3. Insider Attack :
In cyber security field, insider attack occurs when a legitimate entity that has an
authorized access tries to harm the system. The action of authorized entity can be
either intentional or accidental.
4. Lack of encryption :
Although encryption is a great way to prevent hackers from accessing data, it is
also one of the leading IoT security challenges.
These drives like the storage and processing capabilities that would be found on a
traditional computer.
5. Inadequate device security : Inadequate device security refers to the lack of
proper measures to protect electronic devices such as computers, smartphones,
and IoT devices from cyber attacks, hacking, data theft, and unauthorized access.

Preventive measures of (IoT)

1. Educate Your Employees.
2. Limit Access as Much as Possible.
3. Always Apply Security Updates.
4. Regularly Test Your Systems.
5. Consider Solutions that Detect Compromised Devices.

Conclusion
While we come to the end, IoT holds the lives of the human being straightforward
and satisfactory. It has made the lives of the people very useful. Whereas on the
other hand with the increased use of the Internet of Things the treat for security
and safety has also improve. So we should be concerned while giving the details
on the Internet platform. Fusion informatics is a web, mobile and best IoT App
Development Companies in Atlanta specializing in the development of challenging
and complex projects.
References
Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and
Applications" by P. K. Sahu, S. R. Samantaray, and A. K. Das: This research paper
provides an overview of IoT enabling technologies, communication protocols, and
application domains. (Source: IEEE Xplore)
"Building the Internet of Things" by R. Dargie and B. Schimak: This book covers
various aspects of IoT, including architecture, protocols, communication models,
and application examples. (Source: Wiley)
"Internet of Things: Principles and Paradigms" by R. Rajkumar, M. Shah, and J.
Stankovic: This book explores the principles and paradigms underlying IoT,
covering topics such as architecture, protocols, data management, and security.
(Source: Wiley)
"The Fourth Industrial Revolution" by K. Schwab: In this book, the author
discusses the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which includes IoT, and its implications
for society, economy, and governance. (Source: Penguin Books).
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Pages
Cover page ……………………………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of contents …………………………………………………………………………….... ii
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Definition ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Advantages of IoT ………………………………………………………………………………..
Disadvantages of IoT ……………………………………………………………………………
Application of IoT ………………………..……………………………………………………..
The security challenges of IoT…………..…………………………………………………
The preventive measures ……………………………………………………………………
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………...
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………