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EXERCISES
1. Granite is an example of intrusive igneous rocks.
2. A category of rock which is formed by the alteration of the parent rock due to
heat and pressure is called: metamorphic rocks.
3. Conglomerate is an example of sedimentary rocks. .
4. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments accumulated over long periods.
5. Sedimentary rock such as limestone change into marble.
B. Write True or False. Rewrite the false statements correctly :
1. Minerals are organic substances.
Answer. False.
Correct : Minerals are inorganic substances.
2. Basalt is an example of an intrusive igneous rock.
Answer. False.
Correct : Basalt is an example of an extrusive igneous rock.
3. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock
called magma.
Answer. False.
Correct : Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten
rock called magma.
4. Igneous and sedimentary rocks can change into metamorphic rocks.
Answer. True.
5. Rocks are used in construction industries.
Answer. True.
C. Answer the following questions in brief:
Question 1.
What is crust ?
Answer:
The outermost layer of the Earth is the crust. Crust is the thinnest layer of the
earth.
Question 2.
Differentiate between SIAL and SIMA.
Answer:
SIAL
1. It is the upper layer of the earth.
2. it is made up of silica and aluminium.
SIMA
1. It is the lower layer of the earth.
2. It is made up of magnesium and silica.
Question 3.
State two characteristics of the mantle.
Answer:
1. The mantle is semi-solid.
2. It is rich in iron and magnesium.
3. This layer is about 2,850 km wide. Its average density is between 3.5 and
5.5.
Question 4.
What is the difference between the inner and the outer core ?
Answer:
Inner core
1. Inner most layer of the Earth.
2. Solid ball of iron and nickel.
3. Has a radius of 1220 km.
Outer core
1. Surrounds the inner core.
2. Made of liquid iron and nickel.
3. Has a radius of Approx. 2300 km.
Question 5.
What are minerals?
Answer:
Minerals are natural inorganic substances having a crystalline form with definite
physical and chemical properties. The most common minerals in the earth’s crust
are silica, quartz, feldspar, mica, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, etc. There are about
2,000 minerals in the earth’s crust and these combine differently to form various
kinds of rocks.
Question 6.
Give an example of an intrusive igneous rock.
Answer:
Instrusive rocks, which form large crystals at some depth in the earth’s crust
example : granite, basalt.
Question 7.
Classify the following rocks as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic: gneiss,
coal, shale, granite, gypsum, marble, sandstone, basalt, limestone, schist
Answer:
Minerals — Rocks
Gneiss — Metamorphic
Coal — Sedimentary
Shale — Sedimentary
Granite — Igneous
Gypsum — Sedimentary
Marble — Metamorphic
Sandstone — Sedimentary
Basalt — Igneous
Limestone — Sedimentary
Schist — Metamorphic
D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs :
Question 1.
Explain the structure of the earth’s interior ?
Answer:
The earth’s interior is divided into three main layers — the crust is the outermost
layer, the mantle is the intermediate layer, and the core is the innermost layer of
the earth.
Question 2.
How are rocks different from minerals?
Answer:
Minerals are natural inorganic substances having a crystalline form with definite
physical and chemical properties whereas rocks are made up of a combination of
different minerals compacted together. There are about 2,000 minerals in the
earth’s crust and these combine differently to form various kinds of rocks.
Question 3.
How are igneous rocks formed?
Answer:
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock called
magma, which lies beneath the earth’s crust. These rocks are crystalline and
compact. They do not occur in layers or strata nor do they contain fossils.
The cooling and solidification may take place at some depth within the earth or
at the surface. The molten magma that reaches the surface of the earth is called
lava. Thus, there are two types of igneous rocks classified on the basis of their
place of origin – intrusive rocks, which form at some depth in the earth’s crust
and extrusive rocks which form at or near the surface of the earth.
Question 4.
How do acidic igneous rocks differ from basic igneous rocks ?
Answer:
Igneous rocks may also be classified as acidic or basic depending on their
composition. The acidic rocks contain more than 65% silica and very low
percentage of oxides. These are less dense and light coloured. For example,
granite. The basic rocks contain low percentage of silica and high percentage of
oxides. These are dense and dark coloured. For example, basalt.
Question 5.
How are sedimentary rocks formed ?
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments accumulated over long periods,
usually under water on the floors of shallow seas, rivers and lakes. These rocks are
non-crystalline and are found in layers or strata and contain fossils.
Conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, chalk, calcite, and dolomite are example of
sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are divided into various types depending
on how they are formed.
1. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks :
These rocks have been formed by the accumulation of materials derived
from other rocks which have been cemented together.
Examples – conglomerate (rounded fragments), breccia (angular
fragments).
2. Organically formed sedimentary rocks :
These rocks have been formed by the accumulation of the remains of living
organisms.
Examples – calcareous rocks such as limestone and chalk.
3. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks:
These rocks have been commonly formed by the process of evaporation of
water containing salts in solution.
Examples – rock salt, gypsum, potash, nitrates, calcite, and dolomite.
Question 6.
What are metamorphic rocks ?
Answer:
Metamorphic rocks are those rocks which are formed by the metamorphism of
pre-existing rocks due to high temperature or pressure or both. Igneous and
sedimentary rocks completely changes over long periods of time because of
movements in the earth’s crust and volcanic or mountain building activity.
Transformation of rocks due to high temperature is called thermal
metamorphism. Alteration of parent rock due to pressure exerted on rocks from
the earth’s movements is called dynamic metamorphism.
E. Picture study
The photograph shows you a type of rock that is widely used in the construction
industry.
Question 1.
Name the type of rock.
Answer:
The type of rock is chemically formed sedimentary rock as limestone becomes
marble. It is marble.
Question 2.
How is it formed ?
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediment accumulated over long periods,
usually under water on the floors of shallow seas, rivers, and lakes. These rocks
are formed by the process of evaporation of water containing in limestone which
becomes marble.
