© 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.

org (ISSN-2349-5162)

Mathematical Formulation of Single-Area

Dynamic Dispatch Incorporating PEVs/BEVs
and Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract: Economic Load dispatch is one of the challenging problems in power system planning, operation and
control. Single area economic load dispatch problem of electric power system is confined to electric utilities of
similar area. In the proposed research, the authors has presented the mathematical formulation of single area
economic load dispatch problem incorporating renewable energy sources, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and
battery electric vehicles (BEVs). This mathematical formulation of single area dynamic dispatch will be helpful to
the researchers, who are working in single area economic load dispatch problems with electric vehicles (EVs) and
Renewable energy sources (RES) as one of the their research objectives.
Keywords: BEVs, Economic Load Dispatch, PEVs, Renewable Energy Sources.

1. INTRODUCTION
In the expansion of different sectors of economy electric power performs major role in the survival. Actually, every
economy completely relays on power as a fundamental feeding. This is directed to guide in order to multiply more
number of power stations and their capabilities and improved its number in the power lines which conjugates the
generating stations to the load centers. To enhance reliability and economy, interconnections between systems are
also been increased. While depending on the power transmitted, the transmission voltage should provide flexibility
in system operation by long-term system requirement. The main aim of the electric power companies is to the
provide the high-quality, reliable electric power supply to the load center /distribution station at most economical
way, subject to the fulfillment of all the power generating units constraints.

2. SINGLE AREA ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH

The Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problem may be stated very concisely as determining the loadings of the
various thermal generators available in the power system for which the total cost of generation is minimized,
maintaining the power balance equality constraint and the generation capacity inequality constraints. The
complete mathematical formulation of Dynamic Economic dispatch has been divided into the sub-sections: (i)
Classical Economic Load Dispatch (ii) Economic Load Dispatch with Renewable Energy Sources (iii)
Economic Load Dispatch with BEVs and PEVs (iv) Economic Load dispatch with BEVs/PEVs and Renewable
Energy Sources.

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ABBREVIATIONS

PnG =Power of n-th generating unit

PnG(min) =Minimum power of n-th generating units

PnG(max) = Maximum power of n-th generating units

NG=Total number of generating units

n=index for power generating units

P Loss =Coefficient of power loss

F ( PG ) =Total Fuel cost of power generating units

an  Fuel Cost Coefficient of power generating units

bn  Fuel Cost Coefficient of power generating units

cn  Fuel Cost Coefficient of power generating units

3. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

The foremost objective of the single area dynamic dispatch is to minimize the total fuel cost of the power generating
units subject to the fulfillments of different constraints. The overall objective function of the single area dynamic
dispatch problem can be categorized to the following sub-sections [1-6]:

3.1 Single Area Dynamic Dispatch-Conventional Approach

The mathematical formulation of conventional single area dynamic dispatch for one hour can be represented as:

NG
F ( PG )  [an ( PnG ) 2  bn PnG  cn )]
n 1 (1)

The dispatch of power generating units for ‘H’ Hours may be represented as:

H
 NG 
F ( P )     [an ( PnG ) 2  bn PnG  cn )] 
G
(2)
h 1  n 1 

This eqn.(2) represented the exact mathematical formulation for Dynamic Dispatch. The hour ‘h’ may be varied for 1
to H-th Hour for time varying load demand.

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3.1.1 Cubical ELD

To establish the output of the power of an online generating units the economic load dispatch problem aims to
congregate the system load at least price whilst fulfilling the system constraints. So as to attain correct dispatch
outcomes, a cubical function is used for modeling the unit cost.

NG
F ( PG )  [an ( PnG )3  bn ( PnG ) 2  cn PnG  d n )] (3a)
n 1

The Cubical ELD with Valve Point effect can be represented as:

NG
F ( PG )   [an ( PnG )3  bn ( PnG ) 2  cn PnG  d n )]  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) ) (3b)
n 1

3.1.2 Heat and Power ELD

The heat and power economic load dispatch problem of a system is to resolve the unit heat and power production. The
mathematical formulation for heat and power ELD may be described as:

 
NG
FPower ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )
2
(4a)
n 1

 
NG
FHeat ( PnG )   g n  hn  PnG  qn  ( PnG )
2
(4b)
n 1

 
NG
FOverall ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  g n  PnG  hn  ( PnG )  qn  ( PnG )
2 2 2
(4c)
n 1

and the objective function for heat and power ELD considering valve point loading effects can be reframed as:

 
NG
FPower ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2
(5a)
n 1

 
NG
FHeat ( PnG )   g n  hn  PnG  qn  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2
(5b)
n 1

 
NG
FOverall ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  g n  PnG  hn  ( PnG )  qn  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2 2 2

n 1

(6)

All the above mentioned objective functions are subjected to the following equality and inequality constraints:

1) Power balance constraint

NG

P
n 1
n
G
 P Demand  P Loss (7)

Where, the Power Loss, P Loss may be represented as:

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NG NG
P Loss   P
n 1 m 1
G G
n Bnm Pm (8)

if Bi 0 and B00 matrices for loss coefficients are given, then the above equation can be modified as:

NG
P Loss  PnG Bnm PmG  P
n 1
n
G
 Bi 0  B00 (9)

The expanded version of the above equation may be represented as:

𝐵11 𝐵12 … 𝐵1𝑛 𝑃1 𝐵01

… 𝐵2𝑛 𝑃2 𝐵
PLoss =[𝑃1 𝑃2 ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝐺 ] [𝐵21 𝐵22
][ ]+[𝑃1 𝑃2 ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝐺 ] [ 02 ] + B00 (10)
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝐵𝑛1 𝐵𝑛2 … 𝐵𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑁𝐺 𝐵0𝑁𝐺

2) Generator limit constraint

The real power generation of each generator is to be controlled inside its particular upper and lower operating limits.

PnG(min)  PnG  PnG(max) n  1, 2,3,..., NG (11)

3) Ramp rate limits

PnG  P0Go  URn n  1, 2,3,..., NG (12)

PnGo  PnG  DRn n  1, 2,3,..., NG (13)

max[ PnG(max) ,(URn  PnG )]  PnG  min[ PnG(max) ,( PnGo  DRn )] n  1, 2,3,..., NG (14)

4) Prohibited Operating Zones

 Pn (min)  Pn  PnPOZ (min),1

 POZ
 Pn ( max ),m 1  Pn  Pmin ,m ; m  2,3,.N POZ
POZ
(15)
 POZ
 Pn (max),m  ni  Pn (max) ; m  N POZ

3.2 Single Area Dynamic Load Dispatch Considering Renewable Energy Sources

The overall objective function for the Dynamic dispatch considering renewable energy sources may be described
as:
NG
F ( PG )  [an ( PnG ) 2  bn PnG  cn )] (16a)
n 1

The dispatch of power generating units for ‘H’ Hours may be represented as:

H
 NG 
F ( P G )     [an ( PnG ) 2  bn PnG  cn )]  (16b)
h 1  n 1 
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This eqn.(16b) represented the exact mathematical formulation for Dynamic Dispatch. The hour ‘h’ may be varied for
1 to H-th Hour for time varying load demand.

3.2.1 Cubical ELD with RES

To establish the output of the power of an online generating units the economic load dispatch problem aims to
congregate the system load at least price whilst fulfilling the system constraints. So as to attain correct dispatch
outcomes, a cubical function is used for modeling the unit cost [2-4].

NG
F ( PG )  [an ( PnG )3  bn ( PnG ) 2  cn PnG  d n )] (17a)
n 1

The Cubical ELD with Valve Point effect can be represented as:

NG
F ( PG )   [an ( PnG )3  bn ( PnG ) 2  cn PnG  d n )]  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) ) (17b)
n 1

3.2.2 Heat and Power ELD with RES

 
NG
FPower ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )
2
(18a)
n 1

 
NG
FHeat ( PnG )   g n  hn  PnG  qn  ( PnG )
2
(18b)
n 1

 
NG
FOverall ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  g n  PnG  hn  ( PnG )  qn  ( PnG )
2 2 2
(18c)
n 1

and the objective function for heat and power ELD considering valve point loading effects can be reframed as:

 
NG
FPower ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2
(19a)
n 1

 
NG
FHeat ( PnG )   g n  hn  PnG  qn  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2
(19b)
n 1

 
NG
FOverall ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  g n  PnG  hn  ( PnG )  qn  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2 2 2

n 1

(20)

All the above mentioned objective functions are subjected to the following equality and inequality constraints:

1) Power balance constraint

NG

P
n 1
n
G
 P Demand  P Loss (21)

NG

P
n 1
G
n P
Re newable
 P Demand  P Loss (22)

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Where,

NG NG
P Loss   P
n 1 m 1
G G
n Bnm Pm (23)

if Bi 0 and B00 matrices for loss coefficients are given, then the above equation can be modified as:

NG
P Loss  PnG Bnm PmG  P
n 1
n
G
 Bi 0  B00 (24)

The expanded version of the above equation may be represented as:

𝐵11 𝐵12 … 𝐵1𝑛 𝑃1 𝐵01

𝐵 𝐵22 … 𝐵2𝑛 𝑃2 𝐵
PLoss =[𝑃1 𝑃2 ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝐺 ] [ 21 ][ ]+[𝑃1 𝑃2 ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝐺 ] [ 02 ] + B00 (25)
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝐵𝑛1 𝐵𝑛2 … 𝐵𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑁𝐺 𝐵0𝑁𝐺

2) Generator limit constraint

PnG(min)  PnG  PnG(max) n  1, 2,3,..., NG (26)

3) Ramp rate limits

PnG  P0Go  URn n  1, 2,3,..., NG (27)

PnGo  PnG  DRn n  1, 2,3,..., NG (28)

max[ PnG(max) ,(URn  PnG )]  PnG  min[ PnG(max) ,( PnGo  DRn )] n  1, 2,3,..., NG (29)

4) Prohibited Operating Zones

 Pn (min)  Pn  PnPOZ (min),1

 POZ
 Pn ( max ),m 1  Pn  Pmin ,m ; m  2,3,.N POZ
POZ
(30)
 POZ
 Pn (max),m  ni  Pn (max) ; m  N POZ

3.3 Single Area Dynamic Dispatch Considering PEVs and BEVs

The overall objective function for the Dynamic dispatch considering PEVs and BEVs may be represented as:
NG
F ( PG )  [an ( PnG ) 2  bn PnG  cn )] (31a)
n 1

The dispatch of power generating units for ‘H’ Hours may be represented as:

H
 NG 
F ( P G )     [an ( PnG ) 2  bn PnG  cn )]  (31b)
h 1  n 1 

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This eqn.(31b) represented the exact mathematical formulation for Dynamic Dispatch. The hour ‘h’ may be varied for
1 to H-th Hour for time varying load demand.

3.3.1 Cubical ELD with PEVs and BEVs

To establish the output of the power of an online generating units the economic load dispatch problem aims to
congregate the system load at least price whilst fulfilling the system constraints. So as to attain correct dispatch
outcomes, a cubical function is used for modeling the unit cost.

NG
F ( PG )  [an ( PnG )3  bn ( PnG ) 2  cn PnG  d n )] (32a)
n 1

The Cubical ELD with Valve Point effect can be represented as:

NG
F ( PG )   [an ( PnG )3  bn ( PnG ) 2  cn PnG  d n )]  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) ) (32b)
n 1

3.3.2 Heat and Power ELD with PEVs and BEVs

 
NG
FPower ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )
2
(33a)
n 1

 
NG
FHeat ( PnG )   g n  hn  PnG  qn  ( PnG )
2
(33b)
n 1

 
NG
FOverall ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  g n  PnG  hn  ( PnG )  qn  ( PnG )
2 2 2
(33c)
n 1

and the objective function for heat and power ELD considering valve point loading effects can be reframed as:

 
NG
FPower ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2
(34a)
n 1

 
NG
FHeat ( PnG )   g n  hn  PnG  qn  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2
(34b)
n 1

 
NG
FOverall ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  g n  PnG  hn  ( PnG )  qn  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2 2 2

n 1

(35)

The overall fuel cost function considering BEVs and PEVs has to be reduced within the following constraints:

1) Power balance constraint

NG

P
n 1
n
G
 P Demand  P Loss (36)

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Case-1: During Charging

NG NPEVs NBEVs


n 1
PnG  P Demand  P Loss  n 1
P PEVs  P
n 1
BEVs
(37)

Case-2: During Discharging

NG NPEVs NBEVs


n 1
PnG  P Demand  P Loss  n 1
P PEVs  P
n 1
BEVs
(38)

Where,

NG NG
P Loss   P
n 1 m 1
G G
n Bnm Pm (39)

if Bi 0 and B00 matrices for loss coefficients are given, then the above equation can be modified as:

NG
P Loss  PnG Bnm PmG  P
n 1
n
G
 Bi 0  B00 (40)

The expanded version of the above equation may be represented as:

𝐵11 𝐵12 … 𝐵1𝑛 𝑃1 𝐵01

𝐵 𝐵22 … 𝐵2𝑛 𝑃2 𝐵
PLoss =[𝑃1 𝑃2 ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝐺 ] [ 21 ][ ]+[𝑃1 𝑃2 ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝐺 ] [ 02 ] + B00 (41)
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝐵𝑛1 𝐵𝑛2 … 𝐵𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑁𝐺 𝐵0𝑁𝐺

2) Generator limit constraint

The real power generation of each generator is to be controlled inside its particular upper and lower operating limits.

PnG(min)  PnG  PnG(max) n  1, 2,3,..., NG (42)

3) Ramp rate limits

PnG  P0Go  URn n  1, 2,3,..., NG (43)

PnGo  PnG  DRn n  1, 2,3,..., NG (44)

max[ PnG(max) ,(URn  PnG )]  PnG  min[ PnG(max) ,( PnGo  DRn )] n  1, 2,3,..., NG (45)

4) Prohibited Operating Zones

 Pn (min)  Pn  PnPOZ (min),1

 POZ
 Pn ( max ),m 1  Pn  Pmin ,m ; m  2,3,.N POZ
POZ
(46)
 POZ
 Pn (max),m  ni  Pn (max) ; m  N POZ

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3.4 Single Area Dynamic Dispatch Considering PEVs and BEVs and Renewable Energy Sources

The overall objective function for the Dynamic dispatch considering PEVs, BEVs and renewable energy sources
may be represented as:
NG
F ( P )  [an ( PnG ) 2  bn PnG  cn )]
G
(47a)
n 1

The dispatch of power generating units for ‘H’ Hours may be represented as:

H
 NG 
F ( P G )     [an ( PnG ) 2  bn PnG  cn )]  (47b)
h 1  n 1 

3.4.1 Cubical ELD with PEVs, BEVs and RES

To establish the output of the power of an online generating units the economic load dispatch problem aims to
congregate the system load at least price whilst fulfilling the system constraints. So as to attain correct dispatch
outcomes, a cubical function is used for modeling the unit cost.

NG
F ( PG )  [an ( PnG )3  bn ( PnG ) 2  cn PnG  d n )] (48a)
n 1

The Cubical ELD with Valve Point effect can be represented as:

NG
F ( P )   [an ( PnG )3  bn ( PnG ) 2  cn PnG  d n )]  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
G
(48b)
n 1

3.4.2 Heat and Power ELD with PEVs, BEVs and RES

 
NG
FPower ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )
2
(49a)
n 1

 
NG
FHeat ( PnG )   g n  hn  PnG  qn  ( PnG )
2
(49b)
n 1

 
NG
FOverall ( P )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  g n  PnG  hn  ( PnG )  qn  ( PnG )
2 2 2
G
n (49c)
n 1

and the objective function for heat and power ELD considering valve point loading effects can be reframed as [8-11]:

 
NG
FPower ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2
(50a)
n 1

 
NG
FHeat ( PnG )   g n  hn  PnG  qn  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2
(50b)
n 1

 
NG
FOverall ( PnG )   cn  bn  PnG  an  ( PnG )  g n  PnG  hn  ( PnG )  qn  ( PnG )  n sin( n ( PnG(min)  PnG ) )
2 2 2

n 1

(51)

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The overall fuel cost function has to be minimized within the following constraints:

1) Power balance constraint

NG

P
n 1
n
G
 P Demand  P Loss (52)

NG

P
n 1
G
n P
Re newable
 P Demand  P Loss (53)

Case-1: During Charging

The power balance constraints during charging phase for PEVs and BEVs can be mathematical described as per the
following eqn.

NG NPEVs NBEVs


n 1
PnG  P Re newable  P Demand  P Loss  n 1
P PEVs  P
n 1
BEVs
(54)

Case-2: During Discharging

The power balance constraints during discharging phase for PEVs and BEVs can be mathematical described as per
the following eqn.(2).

NG NPEVs NBEVs


n 1
PnG  P Re newable  P Demand  P Loss  
n 1
P PEVs  P
n 1
BEVs
(55)

Where,

NG NG
P Loss   P
n 1 m 1
G G
n Bnm Pm (56)

if Bi 0 and B00 matrices for loss coefficients are given, then the above equation can be modified as:

NG
P Loss  PnG Bnm PmG  P
n 1
n
G
 Bi 0  B00 (57)

The expanded version of the above equation may be represented as:

𝐵11 𝐵12 … 𝐵1𝑛 𝑃1 𝐵01

… 𝐵2𝑛 𝑃2 𝐵
PLoss =[𝑃1 𝑃2 ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝐺 ] [𝐵21 𝐵22
][ ]+[𝑃1 𝑃2 ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝐺 ] [ 02 ] + B00 (58)
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝐵𝑛1 𝐵𝑛2 … 𝐵𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑁𝐺 𝐵0𝑁𝐺

2) Generator limit constraint

PnG(min)  PnG  PnG(max) n  1, 2,3,..., NG (59)

3) Ramp rate limits

PnG  P0Go  URn n  1, 2,3,..., NG (60)

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PnGo  PnG  DRn n  1, 2,3,..., NG (61)

max[ PnG(max) ,(URn  PnG )]  PnG  min[ PnG(max) ,( PnGo  DRn )] n  1, 2,3,..., NG (62)

4) Prohibited Operating Zones

 Pn (min)  Pn  PnPOZ (min),1

 POZ
 Pn ( max ),m 1  Pn  Pmin ,m ; m  2,3,.N POZ
POZ
(63)
 POZ
 Pn (max),m  ni  Pn (max) ; m  N POZ

4. CONCLUSION

In the proposed research, the authors has successfully presented the mathematical formulation of single area dynamic
dispatch problem considering plug-in electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles and renewable energy sources (solar
and wind power), which is one of the challenging problems in power system operation control and planning. Single
area economic load dispatch problem of electric power system is limited to electric power generating units of same
area. The proposed mathematical formulation of single area dynamic dispatch will be helpful to the researchers, who
are working in single area economic load dispatch problems with electric vehicles (EVs) i.e. battery electric vehicles,
plug-in electric vehicles and Renewable energy sources (RES) as one of the their research objectives.

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