FORMULAE FOR ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

GENERAL

−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
Quadratic Formula: If 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, then 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒂

Standard form of a circle with centre (𝒂, 𝒃) and radius 𝒓 is

(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

Difference of Squares: 𝑨𝟐 − 𝑩𝟐 = (𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 − 𝑩)

EXPONENTS and LOGARITHMS

xm
x x =x
m n m+n
n
= x m−n
x
1
( x m )n = x mn x −n = n
x
n

x0 = 1 m
xn = x m

If y = a x then x = log a y

log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y

 x
log a   = log a x − log a y log a x n = n log a x
 y

log a 1 = 0 log a a = 1
log a x
log b x =
log a b

COMPLEX NUMBERS

Rectangular form: z = a + jb

Polar form:
z = r (cos + j sin ) or z = r

Modulus of z is: r = z = a 2 + b 2
b
Argument of z is:  = arg( z ) = tan−1  
a
and has a principal value −  arg( z )  

Given complex numbers z1 and z2 then

z1 z 2 = z1 z 2
and arg( z1 z 2 ) = arg( z1 ) + arg( z 2 )

Also
z1 z1
=
z2 z2
z 
and arg 1  = arg( z1 ) − arg( z 2 )
 z2 

De Moivre’s Theorem: If z = r θ then

zn = rn nθ

TRIGONOMETRY

Definitions and Identities

𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽) = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽) = 𝒓 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝜽) = 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽) 𝒓 𝟏 𝒓 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝜽) = 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝜽) = 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝜽) = 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽)
𝒚
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)

Pythagorean Identities
cos𝟐 (𝜽) + sin𝟐 (𝜽) = 𝟏 r
y

tan𝟐 (𝜽) + 𝟏 = sec 𝟐 (𝜽) x

cot 𝟐 (𝜽) + 𝟏 = cosec 𝟐 (𝜽)

Compound Angles
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩) ± 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑩)
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩) ∓ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑩)
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨) ± 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑩)
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 ± 𝑩) =
𝟏 ∓ 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑩)

Double Angles

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨)

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = cos𝟐 (𝑨) − sin𝟐 (𝑨) = 𝟐cos 𝟐 (𝑨) − 𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟐sin𝟐 (𝑨)

𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨)
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝑨) =
𝟏 − tan𝟐 (𝑨)
Products into Sums & Differences
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩)

𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩)

𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩)

Trigonometric Equations
If 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙) = 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂) = 𝜽

then 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 + (−𝟏)𝒏 𝜽 for any integer n

If 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙) = 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (𝒂) = 𝜽

then x = 2n   for any integer n

If 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙) = 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂) = 𝜽

then x = n +  for any integer n

Periodic Functions
𝑪
For 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑩𝒕 − 𝑪) + 𝑫 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝑩 {𝒕 − }) + 𝑫
𝑩

Amplitude = A

𝟐𝝅
Period =
𝑩
𝟏 𝑩
Frequency 𝒇 = =
period 𝟐𝝅
𝑪
Phase Shift (Horizontal translation) =
𝑩

Vertical translation = 𝑫
MATRICES

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers which we usually denote by A; the entries of the
matrix are 𝒂𝒊𝒋 where 𝒊 and 𝒋 refer to the row and column number respectively. The transpose of A
is written AT and is the matrix formed by swapping all rows for columns.

𝒂 𝒃
The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix ( ) is given by 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄. The determinants of larger
𝒄 𝒅
square matrices are found by expanding on ANY row or column e.g. for a 𝒏 × 𝒏 matrix expanding
on row 1

det(A) = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 × its cofactor + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 × its cofactor + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏𝒏 × its cofactor

The cofactor of an entry 𝒂𝒊𝒋 is found by evaluating the determinant of the matrix that results from
deleting row i and column j, and then multiplying by the factor (−𝟏)𝒊+𝒋

The inverse of a matrix A is given by

𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)
inv(𝑨)(𝒐𝒓 𝑨−𝟏 ) =
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨𝑻 )

The adjugate matrix adj(A) is found by replacing each entry of the transposed matrix 𝑨𝑻 by its
cofactor.

The solution of the system of linear equations 𝑨𝑿 = 𝒃 is given by 𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝒃 if the inverse matrix
exists.

Cramer’s Rule

The solution of the system of linear equations 𝑨𝑿 = 𝒃 is given by

𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑲𝟏 ) 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑲𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑲𝒏 )

𝒙𝟏 = , 𝒙𝟐 = , …. 𝒙𝒏 =
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)

𝒙𝟏
𝒙𝟐
where 𝑿 = ⋮ and 𝑲𝒋 is the matrix formed by replacing the jth column of the matrix
⋮
(𝒙𝒏 )
𝒃𝟏
𝒃𝟐
𝑨 by the column of numbers ⋮
⋮
𝒃𝒏

Elementary Row Operations on augmented matrices

1) Change the order of the rows
2) Multiply or divide a row by a non-zero constant
3) Add, or subtract, a multiple of one row to, or from, another row.
CALCULUS

DIFFERENTIATION INTEGRATION
dy
y = f(x) or f ' ( x )
 f ( x ) dx
dx f(x)
𝒄 𝟎
𝒙𝒏 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 0 𝒄

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝒙) or 𝐥𝐧(𝒙) 𝟏 𝒙𝒏 (𝒏 ≠ −𝟏) 𝒙𝒏+𝟏

+𝒌
𝒙 𝒏+𝟏
𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝒙) or 𝐥𝐧(𝒙) + 𝒌
𝒙
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒙 𝐥𝐧(𝒂)
𝒈′(𝒙) 𝐥𝐧|𝒈(𝒙)| + 𝒌
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙) −𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙) 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒙)| + 𝒌
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙) 𝟐 (𝒙)
sec 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒙) 𝐥𝐧|𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)| + 𝒌
𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒙) 𝟐 (𝒙)
−cosec 𝒈′(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) 𝟏
(𝒈(𝒙))𝟐 + 𝒌
𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒙) 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙) 𝟐
cosec(𝒙) −cosec(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒙)
NOTE: By using the Differentiation table in
reverse we can integrate functions not listed
in the Integration table e.g. ∫ sec 𝟐 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 =
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙) + 𝒌, ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙) + 𝒌 etc

Composite Function or Function of a Function or Chain Rule

If 𝒚 = 𝒇[𝒈(𝒙)] then 𝒚′ = 𝒇′[𝒈(𝒙)]𝒈′(𝒙)

or
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
If 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒛) and 𝒛 = 𝒈(𝒙) then =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙

Product Rule
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
If 𝒚 = 𝒖𝒗 then =𝒖 +𝒗 or 𝒚′ = 𝒖𝒗′ + 𝒗𝒖′
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Quotient Rule
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒗 −𝒖 𝒗𝒖′ −𝒖𝒗′
If 𝒚 = then = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
or 𝒚′ =
𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐
Parametric differentiation
𝒅𝒚 𝒈′(𝒕)
If 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒕) and 𝒚 = 𝒈(𝒕) then =
𝒅𝒙 𝒇′(𝒕)

Integration by parts

𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒖 (𝒅𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 (𝒅𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ 𝒖𝒗′ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙

Area: If 𝒚(𝒙) lies entirely above the 𝒙 axis then area bounded by 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒙 = 𝒃 and 𝒚(𝒙) is

𝒃
∫ 𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

Centroid: For a lamina which consists of the region bounded by 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒙 = 𝒃, the 𝒙 axis and
𝒃 𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 ∫𝒂 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙
̅=
curve 𝒚(𝒙) the coordinates of the centroid are given by 𝒙 𝒃 𝒚= 𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝟐 ∫𝒂 𝒚𝒅𝒙

Volume of solids of revolution:

𝒃
About x axis: 𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
About y axis: 𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫𝒄 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚

Mean value of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)on the interval [𝒂, 𝒃]

𝒃
𝟏
̅=
𝒚 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒃−𝒂 𝒂

Root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) on the interval [𝒂, 𝒃]

𝟏 𝒃
𝒚RMS = √𝒃−𝒂 ∫𝒂 (𝒇(𝒙))𝟐 𝒅𝒙

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:

Separation of variables:

𝒅𝒚 𝟏
If = f(x)g(y) then the solution can be found from: ∫ 𝒈(𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Standard form of a first-order linear differential equation:

𝒅𝒚
If 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙) then the integrating factor is

𝝁 = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
and y is given by

𝝁𝒚 = ∫ 𝝁𝑸(𝒙)𝒅𝒙