Strictly as per Revised Syllabus of

Anna University
Semester - VI (CSE / IT)

Mobile Computing

V. Jeyasri Arokiamary
M.E., PGDBA, MISTE,
Formerly Associate Professor, Department of ECE,
Kumaraguru College of Technology,
Coimbatore - 641 006.
TAMILNADU

® TM
ISBN 978-93-332-0687-7

TECHNICAL
PUBLICATIONS
An Up-Thrust for Knowledge 9 7 8 9 3 3 3 2 0 6 8 7 7

(i)
 Mobile Computing

Semester - VI (CSE / IT)

First Edition : January 2016

Second Revised Edition : January 2017
Reprint : January 2018
Third Revised Edition : January 2019

ã Copyright with Author

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should be reproduced in any form, Electronic, Mechanical, Photocopy or any information storage and
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PUBLICATIONS

ISBN 978-93-332-0687-7

9 789 333 20 687 7

AU 13

(ii)
9789333206877 [3]
 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

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 100
a

 b
Level of 10
percentage of
the market c
penetration
1
e
d

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of years after
deployment 

a - Video cassette recorder - 1979 Year of introduction

b - Television - 1946
c - Automobile - 1900
d - Telephone - 1877
e - Mobile telephones - 1946

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 991 992 993 ... 1023 1 2 3 ... 799
i) Forward channel 
869 to 894 MHz

991 992 993 ... 1023 1 2 3 ..... 799

ii) Reverse channel 
824 to 849 MHz

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 4

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 Base station antenna

Cell site

Public
Mobile
Switched
Switching
Telephone
Center
Network
(MSC)
(PSTN)

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 (PT )

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 Public
Fixed
Switched
Cordless port
handset Telephone
Base
Network
station
(PSTN)

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 City 1 Landline
link
Paging
terminal

City 2 Landline
link
Paging
terminal

PSTN

City 3 Landline
link Paging
Paging control
terminal center

City N
Paging
terminal

Satellite
link

Basic Cordless and

communication pager functions
purposes Global positioning
systems

Cellular
Email mobile Speech recording
internet functions phones

MP3 player Audio and video

Modem FM recorder

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 PT

PT

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 Bidirectional data transfer

i Planet IBM websphere

Internet Java XML data
web
explorer server BEA stores
server Servelets
weblogic
Enterprise
Netscape Jigsaw XSLT Database
JBOSS JAVA
navigator
beans
i Planet Agregation
Apache HTML
Opera service

Zope CGI Data feeds

L/B www
Documents
Java url Zend PHP
Java
script Equipments
Lynx Roxen Pike

WAP browser MS Legacy

MS applications
Active exchange
transaction
server MS
J2 ME Internet server
pages commerce Appliances
information com
server
Voice server
data APPLICATION Data
TIER TIER

PRESENTATION TIERS
" Mobile Computing"

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 3 Tier setup
in mobile computing

(1) (2) (3)

Presentation Application Data Tier
(Tier-1) (Tier-2) (Tier-3)

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 Mobile Computing

User
interface Middleware Middleware

User Adaptation
Process Business Database Data
interface middleware
management tasks management store

Access Middle tier Data tier

Tier - 1 network (Tier - 2) (Tier - 3)

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 Client

Client

Client

Client
TP Processing Application
middleware routines server
Client

Client

Client

Client

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 MAC
DLC
LLC

1 2

A B C

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 A B C

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 Code

Frequency
C1 C2 C3 CN

Time
(a) FDMA

Code

CN

C3
C2
C1

Frequency

Time
(b) TDMA
Code

C1 C1,C2,C3..........,CN = channel 1 to N
C2
C3

Frequency

CN

Time (c) CDMA

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 c 1 , c 2 , ... c N

Information Trail
Preamble message bits

One TDMA frame structure

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 1

1 to 4 'spot beams'
3 4

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 Basic capabilities

(1) (2) (3)

Discovery Registration Tunnelling

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 REGISTRATION DISCOVERY TUNNELLING

NTERNET
USER
CONTROL
DATAGRAM
MESSAGE
PROTOCOL
PROTOCOL

INTERNET
PROTOCOL

MOBILE
NODE X

HOME
X
NETWORK
FOR
X
3

HOME 2 FOREIGN
AGENT AGENT
INTERNET

1 5

SERVER
NODE A

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 Original Original
IP header data

New
New data
IP header

Outer header Inner data Original data

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 VERSION SERVICE TOTAL
IHL
NEW IP HEADER PORTION 4 TYPE LENGTH

FRAGMENT
IDENTIFICATION FLAGS
OFFSET

TIME TO PROTOCOL HEADER

LIVE 4 CHECKSUM

SOURCE ADDRESS/ ADDRESS OF HOME AGENT

DESTINATION ADDRESS/ CARE-OF-ADDRESS

VERSION TYPE OF TOTAL

IHL
4 SERVICE LENGTH
OLD IP HEADER PORTION

FRAGMENT
IDENTIFICATION FLAGS
OFFSET

TIME TO HEADER
LIVE PROTOCOL CHECKSUM

SOURCE ADDRESS/ ORIGINAL ADDRESS

DESTINATION ADDRESS/ HOME ADDRESS

IP PAYLOAD

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VERSION IHL ToS Length

Flags Fragment
ID Identification
offset

Minimal
TTL IP checksum
encapsulation

IP address of HA

Care-of-address

Layer
S Reserved IP checksum
4 protocol

IP address of MN

Original sender IP address when S = 1

PAYLOAD

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 Path 3

Home Router Mobile

Path Router
network (HA) node
2 (FA) (MN)

Path 4

Internet
Foreign
network
Path 1

CN Router

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 Connecting
devices

nternet
Networking working
devices devices

Repeaters Bridges Routers Gateways

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 1
hp

Bus
hp hp

R R

2 4

hp
hp

hp hp

Ring
Bus hp

hp

R R

hp hp

Ring
hp hp

hp

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 MH 1 MH 2 MH 3

MH3 MH4
MH5

MH2 MH6 MH8

Mobile
host
MH7

MH1 MH1

MH i

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 TCP / IP - Protocol Stack

Application Transport Internetwork Network

layer layer layer interface
layer

Application SMTP, Telnet,

FTP .......
Transport TCP UDP

Internetwork IP ICMP ARP RARP

Network Ethernet, TokenRing, FDDI
interface
X.25, ATM, SNA .........
and hardware

Client Client
Server
1 2

TCP / IP TCP / IP TCP / IP

Internet network

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 Application
layer
SMTP TFTP FTP DNS SNMP BOOTP

Transport
Transmission User

layer
Control Protocol Datagram
TCP Protocol

IGMP ICMP
Network

Internet
layer

Protocol
IP
ARP RARP
layer
Data
link

Underlying
technologies
(LAN or WAN)
Physical
layer

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 Application
User data byte stream

TCP TCP segment

header

IP IP datagram
header

Network Network level packet

header

TCP Portion of "TCP segment"

header data

Control
information

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 MIME

BGP FTP HTTP SMTP TELNET SNMP

TCP UDP

ICMP OSPF

INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)

TCP - Transmission control protocol; IP - Internet protocol

SNMP - Simple N/W management protocol ; UDP - User Datagram Protocol
and UDP length = (IP length – IP header length)
SMTP - Simple mail transfer protocol.
HTTP - Hypertext transfer protocol
FTP - File transfer protocol
BGP - Border gateway protocol
MIME - Multipurpose internet mail extension
ICMP - Internet control message protocol
OSPF - Open shortest path first

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 Access
point-AP hp

Foreign agent
Wired
Internet

Standard TCP
Wireless
Mobile TCP
host

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 Correspondent
Foreign
host
agent hp

Local
retransmission

Wired
internet

Snooping
of Buffering
ack's of data
Mobile
host
End-to-end TCP connection

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 Client Server
TCP SYN

TCP SYN/ACK
Connection
TCP A setup
HTTP R CK
equest
Data
nse
transmission HTTP Respo
Syn : Synchronization
ACK : Acknowledgment

> 15 sec Connection

No data release
GPRS: 550 msec

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Improved TCP services
Sending and
receiving the buffers
i) Stream delivery services

ii) Full duplex service Segments

iii) Connection oriented service

iv) Reliable service

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 A
Network Network Virtual
1 Router 2 network

(a)

Network
Network Network 3
1 Router 2 Router

(b)

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 D D
Micro Voice GSM Channel C RF
e e
phone A/D and D/A vocoder coding i A/D RF
c m
Interleaving p & Transmitter
i o
and h D/A and
p d
Deinterleaving e & h GMSK Receiver
u
r e l modulator
i r a
n i t
g n o
Loud- g r
speaker

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 (1) (2) (3)
GSM GSM GSM
Architecture Services Protocols

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 BTS HLR VLR AUC

MS
BTS BSC

BTS

PSTN
BTS

BTS BSC BSC ISDN

BTS OME Data

network
OPERATION
MS SUPPORT
SUBSYSTEM
(BSS) (NSS) (PN)

BASE NETWORK PUBLIC

STATION SWITCHING NETWORKS
SUBSYSTEM SUBSYSTEM

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 935-960 MHz
Downlink
cy
en
qu

890-915 MHz
Fre

Uplink

Higher GSM
frame structures
GSM
TDMA FRAME
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

GSM-Time slot
(Normal Burst)
GS TAIL UD S Training S UD TAIL GS

Time
Guard User
space data

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 Handover Procedures :

(1) (2) (3) (4)

ntracell ntercell ntra BSC nter BSC ntra MSC nter MSC
handover handover handover handover

4 3 2 1

MS MS MS MS

BTS BTS BTS BTS

BSC BSC BSC

MSC MSC

GSM logical channels

Traffic channels (TCH) Control channels (CCH)

Full duplex Half duplex Broadcast Common control Dedicated control

(TCH/F) (TCH/H) control channel channel channel

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 MOC MTC
MS Channel BTS Paging request
request Channel request
Assignment
Immediate assignment
Service request
Paging response
Authentication request
Authentication request
Authentication response
Authentication response
Ciphering command Ciphering command

Ciphering complete Ciphering complete

Set up Set up

Call confirmed Call confirmed

Assignment command Assignment command

Assignment complete Assignment complete

Alerting Alerting

Connecting Connect

Acknowledge Connect acknowledge

Data/speech exchange Data/speech exchange

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 Security in GSM

(1) (2) (3)

Confidentiality Anonymity Access control
and authentication

' Kc'
Kc

Kc ' Ki '

# Cell

MS with
sim

R.N Ki
R.N Ki
AuC
Algorithm
Algorithm 2
1

Check for
SIM MSC
Signed response signed response

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 (K i )

Kc

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 10 2 10 2 10 5

10 4 10 6 10 5

10 9 10 9 10 9

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 SGSN

MS BSS SGSN GGSN PDN

HLR/
MSC
GR

EIR

VLR

SGSN - Serving GPRS support node.

HIR - Home location register.
VLR - Visitor location register.
GR - GPRS register.
GGSN - Gateway GPRS support node.
PDN - Packet data network
EIR - Equipment Identity Register

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 MS BSS SGSN GGSN

Application IP/X.25

IP/X.25
GTP
SNDCP
SNDCP GTP
LLC UDP/TCP
LLC UDP/TCP
RLC RLC BSSGP
BSSGP IP IP
MAC MAC
FR L1/L2 L1/L2
Radio Radio FR

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 UE UTRAN CN

UE - User Equipment
UTRAN - UTRA Network
CN - Core Network

1920 MHz to 1980 MHz

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 Control Plane Signalling User Plane Information

Radio Resource
Control (RRC)
Radio
Bearers
Layer - 2
Packet Data
Convergence
Control
Protocol (PDCP)
Control

Control

Control

Layer - 2
Control Broadcast
Multicast
Control (BMC)

Layer - 2 Radio Link Control (RLC)

Logical Channels
Layer - 2 Medium Access Control (MAC)
Transport Channels
Layer - 2 Medium Access Control (MAC)

Physical Channal

Air Interface

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PCH
FACH

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 cos(t)

DPDCH I Real
q(t)
Adder
+ Adder O/P
DPCCH Q IjQ Img
j q(t)

Scrambling sin(t)
code

Spreading Scrambling Modulation

(a)

Bit rate Chip rate Chip rate

DATA

Channelization Scambling
code code
(b)

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 C.C S.C cos(t)

I
q(t)
Serial
to
DPCH Adder O/P
parallel
bits Q
q(t)

C.C S.C sin(t)

Spreading Scrambling Modulation

S.C. - Scrambling code

C.C. - Channel code

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 TC1 TC2 Transport Transport
block and block and
error error
indication indication
Transport Transport
block block Transport Transport
block and block and
Transport Transport error error
TFI TFI TFI TFI
block block indication indication

Higher layers
physical layers

TFCI Coding and TFCI Decoding and

Multiplexing Decoding Demultiplexing

Physical Physical Physical Physical

control data control data
channel channel channel channel
TC1, TC2 - Transport channel 1,2
TFI - Transport Format Indicator
TFCI - Transport Format Combination Indicator

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 TRANSPORT CHANNELS

Common channels (CH) Dedicated channels (DCH)

Resoure is shared between It is reserved for a single

many users or a group of user and can be identified by
users in a cell specific code on a
(6 common channels) particular frequency

4 downlink 2 uplink The DCH channel

channels channels are property mapped on
two physical channels as
i) Forward access i) Random access i) Dedicated physical
channel (FACH) channel (RACH) control channel
ii) Broadcast ii) Uplink common (DPCCH).
channel (BCH) packet channel It's bit rate is
iii) Paging channel (DCH) constant
(PCH) ii) Dedicated physical
iv) Downlink shard data channel
channel (DSCH) (DPDCH).
It's bit rate varies for
every frame.

DPDCH DPDCH data of N bits

2560 chips
k
(102 bits) ; k 0 to 6 that depends
on the spreading factor

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH bits bits bits bits

2560 chips (10 bits)

Slot Slot Slot Slot

0 1 i 14

1 Radio frame = 10 msec

DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel

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 Timeout Control Timeout
Active Dormant
hold
mode mode
Data to mode
send
Data to send

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 EC NO

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Upper Data
layers
Signalling Voice
sublayer Services Services Layer 3

Signalling
LAC

Link Access Control (LAC)

SRBP RLP
Layer 2
sublayer
MAC

COMMON CHANNEL DEDICATED CHANNEL Channel

MULTIPLEX SUBLAYER MULTIPLEX SUBLAYER mapping

Physical channel

Forward link : decoding and demodulation Physical

Physical

Reverse link : coding and modulation layer

layer

Layer 1
Reverse Forward
link link

RLP - Radio Link Protocol

SRBP - Signalling Radio Burst Protocol

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 Mobile Mobile station Mobile station
station MN2 MNP ; P  node MN3 ; 3  node

Foreign
Home network mobile services agent CoA
Home switching center
network
MN1

Home agent 1 Router

4
3
Router Router

2
Correspondent node Router Router
CNj Mobile station
5 (MN1)
CNj Home network
of CN2 MN1
Foreign foreign
agent j Home network Foreign
1
agent i agent i
Home
agent j

P
addreses

Clients

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 Ways to maintain number of IP addresses

(1) (2)
DHCP used to manage DHCP can be applied
less number of standard in conjunction with network
and routable IP addresses address translation (NAT)
available to an organization to connect clients to
(or) concern Internet

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 DHCP
Components

A protocol for delivering Mechanism

host-specific configuration for allocating
parameters from DHCP network addresses
servers to host. to the hosts.

(1) (2) (3)

Automatic Dynamic Manual
Allocation Allocation Allocation

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 Server
hp hp

BOOTP BOOTP
hp
relay relay hp

agent agent

Client
hp
Client
hp

Leaf network

Leaf network

Router/
Relay
agent

Backbone
network

Server

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 hp

hp

Global
Internet
hp

hp

hp

hp

hp

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hp hp

hp
hp

R1 R2 R3
Mobile
router
(R1-R3)

MANET

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Mobile
devices
(D1 - D7)

Mobile IP
DHCP

Fixed
network

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 Highly dynamic,
Scarce Shared
unpredictable
link links
networks
resources

Effects Several
due to rapid updates
topology in routing
Lower Access
changes
bandwidths to the
overhead
information
Efficiency
Many
algorithms
at various
time scales.
Control over
the transmission
parameters
Several
algorithms

Integrated algorithms
that can be complex and
would violate layering

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 MANET Routing Protocols

1 2
Proactive Reactive
Hybrid

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 R1
R1 R2
R2

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 R1

B R2

S A

C R3

(a) Load_data packets propagation

Sender Next hop

Sender Next hop
S B
S A R1

B R2
Sender Next hop
S A S B

Sender Next hop

C R3
S S Sender Next hop
S C
Sender Next hop
S A

(b) Load_table packets propagation

Sender Next hop

Sender Next hop
S R1 R2
S A R1

B R2 Join data
S A Join table

Sender Next hop

C R3
S B, C

Sender Next hop

S R3

(c) Last multicast table

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 h k( )

(x)

()

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 Y

Z
S E
B F
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

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Server New
layer palm
program

Database

WAP Sync
Palm
server

Gateway layer

New
Sync palm
client program

Device layer

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 Applications

User Memory System Communication

interface management management TCP/IP

Microkernel

Palm OS.

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User interface It is nothing but I/O; graphical input/output

Memory
It consists of databases, runtime space, global variables etc.
management

System
It looks after events, alarms, date, time, strings etc
management

Communication
It provides communication over serial input/output,
layer
TCP/IP etc.

Edit
PC

Compile Debug

Palm Run program

Final program

TM

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 Two versions
of EPOC

EPOC-16 EPOC-32
(For 16 bit processors) (For 32 bit processors)

Applications

EIKON

Middleware

Base

EPOC OS

TM

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 Edit
PC

Compile Compile
for for Debug
EPOC PC

Run

EPOC
device Final
program

Applications

Internet Remote
Shells explorer connectivity

Programming interfaces, communication interfaces

TCP/IP
Object
Kernel GWE IrDA
store
Serial

TM

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 Year 2010
Windows
phone 7
1
Standard

Windows 2
Professional
mobile
3
Classic
Pocket
PC

Windows Windows
CE CE

Version Version
1.0 2.0
1996 1997 2000 2003

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Application layer (AP)

Application frameworks

Libraries and runtime

Kernel

TM

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 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Mobile Mobile
client applications

Mobile Host
device computer

Internet

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 TM

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 TM

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 TM

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 TM

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 TM

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 TM

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 MAC
DLC
LLC

TM

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 c1 , c 2 , ... c N 

Code

Frequency
C1 C2 C3 CN

Time
FDMA

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 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

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 Basic capabilities

(1) (2) (3)

Discovery Registration Tunnelling

TM

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VERSION IHL ToS Length

Flags Fragment
ID Identification
offset

Minimal
TTL IP checksum
encapsulation

IP address of HA

Care-of-address

Layer
S Reserved IP checksum
4 protocol

IP address of MN

Original sender IP address when S = 1

PAYLOAD

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 Path 3

Home Router Mobile

Path Router
network (HA) node
2 (FA) (MN)

Path 4

Internet
Foreign
network
Path 1

CN Router

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 TM

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 TM

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Improved TCP services
Sending and
receiving the buffers
i) Stream delivery services

ii) Full duplex service Segments

iii) Connection oriented service

iv) Reliable service

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 GSM logical channels

Traffic channels (TCH) Control channels (CCH)

Full duplex Half duplex Broadcast Common control Dedicated control

(TCH/F) (TCH/H) control channel channel channel

' Kc'
Kc
Kc ' Ki '

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 UE UTRAN CN

UE - User Equipment
UTRAN - UTRA Network
CN - Core Network

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 DHCP
Components

A protocol for delivering Mechanism

host-specific configuration for allocating
parameters from DHCP network addresses
servers to host. to the hosts.

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 TM

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 R1 R2 R3
Mobile
router
(R1-R3)

MANET

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Mobile
devices
(D1 - D7)

Mobile IP
DHCP

Fixed
network

 

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 MANET Routing Protocols

1 2
Proactive Reactive
Hybrid

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 TM

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 TM

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 TM

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 TM

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 

 

  

TM

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  

Original Original
IP header data

New
New data
IP header

Outer header Inner data Original data

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge



TM

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

Applications

EIKON

Middleware

Base

EPOC OS

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 Application layer (AP)

Application frameworks

Libraries and runtime

Kernel

TM

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

 


 


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

Information Trail
Preamble message bits

One TDMA frame structure

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Code

Frequency
C1 C2 C3 CN

Time
(a) FDMA

Code

CN

C3
C
C1 2

Frequency

Time
(b) TDMA
Code

C1 C1,C2,C3..........,CN = channel 1 to N
C2
C3

Frequency

CN

Time (c) CDMA

TM

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  

TM

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 Path 3

Home Router Mobile

Path Router
network (HA) node
2 (FA) (MN)

Path 4

Internet
Foreign
network
Path 1

CN Router

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TCP / IP - Protocol Stack

Application Transport Internetwork Network

layer layer layer interface
layer

Application SMTP, Telnet,

FTP .......
Transport TCP UDP

Internetwork IP ICMP ARP RARP

Network Ethernet, TokenRing, FDDI
interface
X.25, ATM, SNA .........
and hardware

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge



TM

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 TM

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 TM

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 P
addreses

Clients

TM

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 Stream delivery services

Sending Segments
and
receiving
the buffers

TM

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 MAC
DLC
LLC

TM

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 Client

Client

Client

Client
TP Processing Application
middleware routines server
Client

Client

Client

Client

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 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Application layer (AP)

Application frameworks

Libraries and runtime

Kernel

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 
 
 

' '
c

f



f 2  f1
f1 f2

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge





TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Signal power
Noise power

2
 4 D 
 
  




TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Transmission medium

Guided Unguided
medium medium

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 




S2

End
office
End DPBX
S1 Office

CT CT CT

TM

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 H 1
a) 1-Packet message
H 1
(a)

b) 2-Packet message H 1 H 2
H 1 H 2
Header
(b)

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Care of Address (CoA)

Foreign agent Co-Located CoA

CoA

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Foreign agent
Mobile Home
node Req agent
Req

ply
Re
ply
Re

Foreign agent
Mobile Home
node Req agent
Req

ply
Re
ply
Re

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Cluster
N1
Cluster
N2

f5
f4 f6 f5
f1 f4 f6
f3 f7 f1
f2 f3 f7
f2

N1, N2  2 Clusters with N1 = N2 = 7 cell pattern

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Frequency required 

for each user 
Number of simultaneous  26 MHz

users  30 kHz

Single user freqeuncy  26 MHz

 4
spectrum 

Spectrum of each user

The number of simultanous 6.5 MHz

users per cell  30 kHz

The number of simultanous


users in a cell 

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 3 Sectors in one cell
1 with 120º each 1
2 6 3
1 3 5 1 2
2 6 4
3
3 5 6 Sectors in one
4 2
cell with 60º each
(a) 60º Cell sectoring (b) 120º Cell sectoring

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Small scale fading

(i) (ii)
Based on multipath time Based on doppler
delay spread factor spread factor

Frequency Slow Fast

selective fading Flat fading fading fading
− If bandwidth − If bandwidth − Low doppler spread − High Doppler spread
of signal is > of signal is <
− If coherence time > − If coherence time is <
Bandwidth of channel Bandwidth of channel
Symbol time period Symbol time period
− If delay spread > − If delay spread <
Symbol time period Symbol time period

Cluster one Cluster

two
3
4 2 3
1 4 2
5 7 1
6 5 7
6




TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 


Micro cell
Sector 1
Macro cell S6 (S1)
S5 
'' is same in all the
S4 S2 sectors (S1 to S6)
S3

(a) Cell splitting (b) Cell sectoring

R2

R1
R1  Radius of coverage of co-channel micro cell
R2  Radius of coverage of co-channel macro cell

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Channel allocation methods

1 2 3
Fixed channel Dynamic channel Hybrid channel
allocation allocation allocation

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 DCA algorithms

1 2 3
Centralized Cell based Measurement based
DCA DCA DCA

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Phase jitter
with continous
changes

1
1 , 2
Two sized cells
3 2

3
4 2
4 1 2
5 7
6

5 7

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge




TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 

n 1 sin  1 n 2 sin  2
sin  1 n2
sin  2 n1

n1 
n2 
 
2 

m 1 dm 2

Input signal to noise power ratio

Output signal to noise power ratio

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Edge excited cell Center excited cell

Corner excited cell





1
N

i 2  ij  j 2

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 A

i
A
j A
i

3 3
4 2
4 2 1
1 5 7
5 7 6
6

(a) Circular cells (b) Hexagon cells

arrangement arrangement
No. of cells = 7 No. of cells = 7

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 






8 Level 8

Signal
strength

1 Level 1

Time

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 
4


4


4
5
4

4
5
4

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Channel Modulator Filter
coder and
Input Speech
A/D and RF
coder  DQPSK
interleaver Amp
unit 4

Antenna

  

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Mobile
data
communication

Terrestrial Satellite

Wireless LAN LEO

Specialized MEO
networks
Mobility in GEO
internet

Public networks

Wireless ATM

Low power systems

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Cluster
3 with K = 4
4 2
1

3 D = Distance
4 2 between two
1 co-channel
cells

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Cluster
2 with N = 7
1 4
3
7 5
6

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Frequency (f)
f5

f4

f3

f2

f1

Time (t)

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

0.1095
D2



TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Positive
gain hit

+(3) dB
0 dB

(–3) dB

Negative
gain hit
(–12) dB

Dropout
(>4 msec)

T R
S S
R T
R, T  Receiver, Transmitter
S  Station

A
T R
A
S S
R T
R, T,  Receiver, Transmitter
A,S  Amplifier,Station

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 A1 A2
Wireless media

Phone Phone
Radio Radio
transceiver transceiver

S1 S2
A1,A2  Antennas
S1,S2  Stations

L
Zo  
C


Zo

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Td 


V max
V min



Source
end

Voltage Current Open end

(Z o )

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 LAN topologies

Star Bus Ring Tree Ring

Unique word Threshold Correlation spike

ntegrator
input detector output

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Six sectors
each with 60º
60º
60º 60º
60º 60º
60º

2
F2
1
F1

F1
F2

120º 3 sector
120º each with 120º
120º in a cell

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge



TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 (



TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Ei Er
Hi Hr

i r 1, 1, 1

t 2, 2, 2
Et

 1 ,  1 ,  1  Permeability, conduction

and   and permittivity of
 2 ,  2 ,  2  the two media

Er  2 sin  i   1 sin  t
r
Ei  2 sin  i   1 sin  t
1 2


 


1
B
 1  2

1 2

( r )
 r 1 1
B
 r 1 1  r

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 r
3.9  1 2.9 2.9
 2
( 3.9)  1 15.21  1 14.21

 0.204

T ELOS R

Er = Eg
Ei

Ground (g)


Eg 
E los 
Ei 

(s1 , s 2 etc)

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

T
d1
R
d2
T, R-Transmitter & Receiver
h1 K-Knife edge obstruction
h2 d1,d2-Two distances on two
sides of knife edge
obstruction with (T,R)

Ground





K1, K2-Two knife edge obstructions

K-One equivalent knife of K1& K2
T, R-Transmitter & Receiver


Tr Rr
Single
K1 knife edge K2

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 1   V  cos  
  
2  t  



 
t 
 
 

Source 'S'

l
 
1 2
point 1 D point 2
Velocity 

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 (200 km hr) (1000 m 1km)
3600 sec hr

d
V
16 km
55.56 m sec

16  10 3 m
55.56 m sec

NFdB
NFdB

NFdB
10

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 NFdB 
 log  
 10 
3
log    antilog (0.3)
 10 

Tequ

Tequ
 Tequ 288.63 

 1  5 
(Pt ) G t  log  10 

(G t )   log 1 (0.5)
Expressing G t as G  3.162
  t
 Gt
a ratio then  

Effective isotropic 
  EIRP G t Pt
radiated power 

EIRP
PD
4 r 2
347.8 W
4  (9  10 3 ) 2

 PD W m2
PD nW m 2

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Gp
B RF
Gp ; B RF  RF bandwidth
B BS
1.228 MHz
Gp B BS 
19.2 kHz
1.228  10 6
Gp
19.2  10 3  10 log 64  G p dB

 G p dB  18.06 dB

Gp
Gp G p d(B)
B RF 1.228 MHz
Gp 
B BS 9.2 kHz

1.228  10 6
9.6  10 3

G p (dB)

 sec.
fh (min) fh (max)
1
fh (min)
5 (625  sec)

1
5  625  10  6

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 1
fh (max)
625  sec

1
625  10  6

In Reed  Solomon (RS codes)

  n 2m  1
the block length is 

22  1

2m  1
m(2 m  1) bits
2(2 2  1) bits
 2(3)  6 bits

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 The area of hexagon cells
 r2 3
of radius r is 

1.5 (1.4) 2 3;
1.5 (1.96) 3  5.09 km 2
Total area covered 

will be (A T ) 

AT Km 2

Number of traffic channels 343

 49 ch
7 7
 Total number of 
 (CT )   (Number of cells)
 channels 

 CT

1  10 7

1
–1
10
–2
10
–3 ASK, BFSK
10
BER –4
10
–5
10 BPSK QPSK
–6
10
–7
10
0 1 2 11 12 13 14 15

(Eb/N0) dB

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Eb   R  
N0 SNR   B  
  T  dB 

Referring the graph given  Eb

  11.2 dB (approx)
for BPSK technique N0

Eb
N0

 R 
 
 B T  dB

  R 
 
 B T  dB


  R 
 
 BT 
Eb
N0
Eb
N0

Eb  R  R
  20 log  1.2
N0  B T  dB BT

 R  log
R
  0.06
 
 B T  dB BT

 R  R
 10  0.06
 
 B T  dB BT

 0.87
R

BT

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 2
2 7 3 Cochannel cells
7 3 1 (All cells with number 2)
1 6 4
6 4 5 2
5 2 7 3
2 7 3 1
7 3 1 6 4
1 6 4 5
6 4 5 2 Cochannel cells
5 2 7 3 (All cells with number 1)
7 3 1
1 6 4
6 4 5
5

Minimum distance between 


centres of cochannel is (D) 

D
 3N
R

D
3N
R
D
N
R 3
18
N
3 3
6
N
3

N
(3.47) 2


TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 i
S i (t)  4 cos  c t  
 2
0  t  Ts

S i (t)   t  i 
 c 2
 
i
4 cos  2fc t   c  2 fc
 2

2Ps S i (t)
2Ps
 Ps

  t  i  , i    
 c 2 2 i m
 

0

1
2
2 
3
3
2
2Ps cos 0 t   m 
2Ps cos 2 f0 t   m 

S i (t)
E s (Symbol energy)  PsTs
Ps Ts
 Es  Ps Ts

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 2(t)

90º=/2

1(t)
PsTs

PsTs 8 Ts and Ps  8

Ans. : Given : The height of 

 h t  45 m
transmitting antenna 

Height of receiving 
 hr  5m
antenna 

fc

A(h r ) (1.1 log fc  0.7) h r  (1.56 log fc  0.8)

(1.1 log 950  10 6  0.7)5  (1.56 log 950  10 6  0.8)
[1.1 (8.98)  0.7]5  [1.56 (8.98)  0.8]

A(h r )

(L dB ) 69.55  26.16 log fc  13.82 log h t  A(h r ) 

(44.9  6.55 log h t ) log d
69.55  26.16 log 950  10 6  13.82 log 45  32.67 

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 (44.9  6.55 log 45) log 10

L dB

2fb
N
1
fb
Tb

fb

2fb 2(120  10 6 )
  30  10 6
N N
2(120  10 6 )

30  10 6
24
 8 bits
3

2N
28


TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 MHz  890 905 915 935 950 960
Services Services
already Initial already Initial
existing GSM existing GSM

Mobile station's Base station

transmission transmission

200  10 3

The number of carriers possible  Frequency of allocation of a band


in the system (NC)  Frequency spacing / carrier signal

25 MHz
200 kHz / Carrier signal

25  10 6
200  10 3
 Nc
Rate of transmission

Frequency spacing / Carrier signal

270.8  10 3

200  10 3
 

20  10  3 sec

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 (Number of channels)(Speech of block length)
R b (min)
Coding delay

(12) (488)
R b(min)
20  10  3
R b (min)

292 

Nt



Nt
Nt

Nt (12  10 6 )

Nt

290 

Eb
N0

1  10  4



SR
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

  Eb  S  10 log R  10 log K  10 log T
 
 N 0  dB

SR

SR  E b   10 log R  10 log K  10 log T

 
 N 0  dB

SR (8.2)  10 log (2500)  10 log (k)  10 log (290)

SR
SR
 SR

[E c  E m sin m t]  sin c t


Ec Em 
c m 

(fc )
(fm )

Ec  2 3 V  4.24 V
E m  2 1 V  1.41 V

c  2fc  2 (1.6  10 6 )  10.05  10 6 rad/ sec

m  2fm  2 (600)  3.77  10 3 rad/sec
(E c  E m sin m t) c t

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

  
[4.24  1.41 sin (3.77  10 3 t)] sin 10.05  10 6 t V

Ec
Em
c 10.05  10 6
m 3.77  10 3
Em 1.41
  0.33
Ec 4.24
(E c  E m sin m t) sin c t

E
E c  1  m sin m t  sin c t
 Ec 
Em
Ec

E c (1  m sin m t) sin c t

[1  0.33 sin (3.77  10 3 t)] sin (10.05  10 6 t) V


mf 
fm

 
fm 


mf
fm

11 kHz
500 Hz

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 11 kHz
0.5 kHz

mf


mf
fm

11 kHz
3500 Hz
11 kHz
3.5 kHz

mf

fb1
fb 2
fb 3

(fb )

fb1  2 kHz
fs  fb1
fs  fb1

fb2  4 kHz
fs  fb2
fs  fb2

fb3  6 kHz
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 fs  fb3
fs  fb3

(fs  fb1 )
(fs  fb1 )
(fs  fb2 )
(fs  fb2 )
(fs  fb3 )
(fs  fb3 )

PCDPD (x) 1  x  x6

P( )
P( ) 1   6
 6  1

6  1
6


 5   27  5 XOR  27
x5   5 5

(x5  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1) ( 5   4   3  x 2  x  1)
x 27  27 (x 6 ) 4  x 3
((x  1) 2 ) 2  x 3 (a  b  c) 2  a 2  b 2  c 2

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 (x 2  2x  1) 2  x 3  2ab  2bc  2ac
(x 4  4x 2  1  4x 3  4x  2x 2 ) x 3 x6  x  1  6   1
x 7  6x5  4x 6  4x 4  x 3 
(x 6 )x  6x5  4(x  1)  4x 4  x 3
(x  1)x  (6x5 )  (4x)  4  (4x 4 )  x 3

6x5  4x 4  x 3  x 2  5x  4

x 27 x 3  x 2  5x
 27  3   2  5
 27  27

a 5  a 27  100000
 XOR
001110 
101110  It corresponds to  55

  5   27  55

R xx () C  e 3||


S yy ()  R yy ( ) e  j d


S xx ()  R xx () e  jt d


R xx ( ) C  e 3 
; in S xx () then,

S xx ()  C  e 3 |  |  e  j d

0 
C  e(3  j)  d  C  e( 3  j)   d
 0
x
e
 ex
x
;
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 0 
 e (3  j)    e(  3  j)  
S xx () C   C   (3  j) 
 3  j     0
 C   C 
 3  j    3  j 

6C
S xx () ; C  constant
9  2

S yy () 


1
R yy ( )
2  S yy ()  e j  d


C
1
2  A  e j  d
C
C
A  e j 
2  j 
C
A
[2j sin   C]
2 jt
A
R yy ( )  sin C


TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Q

 


1  10 6

(SNR) dB
 25 
 10 
 


log 2 10 6 (log e 317  log e2 )

10 6 ( 8.3)
log 2 (1  316)
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 log 2 M Log 2 M  log e M  log 2 e
log e M
log e 2
log 2 M
8.3  10 6 2  1  10 6 log 2 M
0.693
8.3  10 6 log 2 M
 log 2 M  4.15
2  10 6 0.693
log 2 M log 2 M
 M  log 2 1 (2.876)  17.7

20
10

B RF 40  10 3
Maximum possible  S
  C B log 2  1  
data rate   N 

40000 log 2 (1  100)

40000 log 2 101
 1 
 40000 log e 101  log 2 a log e a  log 2 e
 log e 2 

4.6151  1
40000   log e a 
 0.6931  log e 2

1
log y x
log x y
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Bt
12.8  10 6
Bc
30  10 3
BG
10  10 3

Bt  2 BG
Bc

(12.8  10 6 )  2(10  10 3 )
30  10 3







Probability when  
M
   
SNR drops   P  1  e    
 
below 10 dB is  

(1  e  0.1 ) 4
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 (0.0952) 4
 8.2069  10  5

(1  e  0.1 )1
(0.0952)1


Maximum 
possible data  S
  C B log 2  1  
rate is   N 
given as 

B log 2 (1  10)
log 2 (1  10)
10 3 log 2 11
300,000 log 2 11 log 2 a  log e a  log 2 e
1
300,000 log e 11  log 2 e log b a 
log a b

1
300,000 log e 11 
(log e 2)

2.39789 
300,000  
 0.69315 

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 t  10 sin 300 t

f1  2 f1  t t
2 f1 
 f1
f2  2 f2 t t
2f2
 f2

f2

 2  150

fs
fs


4

c

f
3  10 8
900  10 6



4
0.333
m
4

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 4 A e
2

G  2 (G) (0.333) 2
 Ae 
4 4  3.14 10 log G  2.55 dB
2.55
log G  dB
(1.798) (0.333) 2 10
Ae
(4  3.14) G  10 0.255 G  1.798

Ae m2
sin (500  t)
t
sin (500  t)
t
1
[sin ( 500 t)]
t


t 500 t
2f 500 

fmax

NR
NR
1
NI
2(250)

1
500
NI

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 x(t)  5 cos 600 t  3 cos 1800 t

1 t t
2f1 
2f1
f1
2 t t
2 f2 
2f2
f2

fmax
fmax f2  900 Hz

fs 2 fmax
1 1
 Ts 
fs 1800

5.55  10  4
555.5  10  6

s(t) t

t
5 cos (2 t fm )
2  fm t t
2fm 
2fm
fm

2fm

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 2fm
2fm  fs  300 Hz
1 1
Ts  sec
fs 300

 Ts

Minimum sampling
rate (SM)

SN

rb
0.1  10 6
1
 10 s
0.1  10 6
85  10 3
rb 2B 2 (85 kHz)
(1   )  1    
2 rb 0.1  10 6

 2  85  10 3  
   6
  1  0.7 
 0.1  10  

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

  Eb No
10  5

Tc 1 sec  1  10  6
Tb
Tb 4.085  10  3
Tb 4.085  10  3
 PG 
Tc 1  10  6

 PG 4085

PG
Eb N0

JM (Jamming margin) dB
JM (PG ) dB  10 log 10 (E b N 0 )
(4085) dB  10 log 10 (10)
10 log 10 4085  10 log 10 10
10 (3.611)  10 (1)
26.112 dB

c 3  10 8

f 1200  10 6
2D 2 2 (1.5) 2
df =
 0.25
 df
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 
E  0.004 V m
Intrinsic 

impedance of   120  
free space 

 377 
2
Power flux E
Pd
density 

(0.004) 2
377
1.6  10  5
Pd
377
 Pd 4.244  10  8 W m 2

H1
2
a
1 H2


Ground plane H2
L = 5 km

 

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 H1  49 m
H2  3 m

(Summation of heights of antennas) 

 tan  1  
 L 
(49  3)
tan  1
5000
tan  1 (0.0104)
 0.596
1
 height of cell site antenna 
1 tan  1  
 L 
49 
tan  1  
 5000 

tan  1 (0.0098)
1 0.561
2
 height of cell  height of mobile 
 site antenna antenna
 
 1  
2 tan
 L 
 
 

(49  3) m 
tan  1  
 5000

tan  1 (0092)
2 0.53

10 13 W
1.2  10  14 W

fb
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 N
N 0 (dBm) 10 log  10 log B
0.001
N(dBm)  10 log B
 109.21 dBm  10 log 120 kHz

N 0 (dBm) 160.002 dBm

Eb
10 log C N  10 log B fb
N0

Eb C 120 kHz
10 log  10 log
N0 N 65 kB sec

 (E b N 0 )

C C
10 log
N N
10  13
10 log
1.2  10  14

fT 1  N  866
fT 

fT
fT

fR fT  45 MHz
fT fR
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 fT 990  N  1023
 fT

fT
fR fT  45 MHz
fT fR
fR
4

4

3  48.6 kB sec

30 kHz
145.8
30


2m
2m

d min
2m
23  3  1

23  1

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 d min

aR b 


ah av bh bv

av bv
aR b a v R bv
0.167 (156)1.000

a v R bv
0.310 (156) 0.929

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 130  1000
ms
3600

D 20  10 3 m

v 36.11 m s
20  10 3
36.11

1 hr
PT 10,000 
24 hr

PT
30 min
PT 10,000 
60 min

PT
416.66
(A T )
120
AT
PT

Number of cells

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 PT
120
5000
120
PT

18 

35 

(Antenna gain  Losses upto the reference point)

 loss in dB 
antilog  
 10 
0.4 
antilog  
 10 

(L  1) 290  t sky
ta
L
(1.096  1) 290  18
1.096
ta 42 
G
(dB) G r (dBi)  10 log (t a  t equ )
T

G
(dB)
T

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 


T
P
2500
(3 60)

Qi t
Erlangs
60
Qi

3500  1.76

60

Qi

Qi . t
60
28000  1.76
60

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Qi

10
Total number of calls
in one hour
 Qt   Qi
 i 1
10
Qi 
i 1

c
Then total user  17200
 Ut 
traffic will be  0.7

28 

14 

 L (dB) 
antilog  
 10 
1
antilog  
10
 

The antenna noise  (L  1) 290  t sky

 ta 
temperature  L

(1.259  1) 290  28
1.26
ta 82 

t a  t equ
96 

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 0

90

 90 

180

Q
I,Q Inphase and
Quadrature
phase

0

180

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Old cell radius (O r )
(N r )
2
8
Nr 4m
2
Old cell area (O a )
(N a )
4
O 2r
Na
4
(8) 2
Na
4
Na 50.24 m 2

6m

C1 2m C1
F1 F1

C1 F1

Cochannel interference D 6
q 3m
reduction factor R 2

PT
PT 76 dB PR

PR
PT

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Total bandwidth
(BW)

Channel bandwidth
(B c )

30 kHz 2
60 kHz per duplex channel
Total available channels BW 60 10 3 kHz
(A c ) Bc 60 kHz

Ac

1000
250 channels
4

1000
50

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

The received carrier 4
R
power pc

4
pc 2 (79)
6
pc 0.051 10 W
pc

16 4

log 2 64
log 64
e
log 2e

4.158
0.693

300 10 6
f

c
f

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 300 10 6
13.04 m
23 10 6

300 10 6
1m
300 10 6

300 10 6
0.66 m
450 10 6

300 10 6
6000 m
50 10 3
400

400

N0

400
23
N0 1.38 10 J K 400 K
23
552 10 W Hz
21
5.52 10 W Hz

Power
density
–21
5.52 X 10 W/Hz

0 f (MHz) 1 MHz

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Power
density
–21
5.52 X 10
W/Hz

0 99.5 100 100.5 f (MHz)

300 10 6 m sec
f
c
f

300 10 6 300 10 6 3
cf 0.158 m
1.9 GHz 1.9 10 9 19

300 10 6 300 10 6 30
cf 0.351 m
850 MHz 850 10 6 85

300 10 6 300 10 6 3
cf 0.011 m
28 MHz 28 10 9 280

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 (100 km hr) (1000 m km) 100 1000
(3600 s hr) 3600

d 10 10 3
v 27.8

d 1 10 3 m
v 27.77 m s

Bv
B tv B ta where B tv
Ba

B ta B ta
Bv Bv
Ba Ba

B ta B v Ba B tv

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 4.5 MHz
B tv 10 kHz
3.6 kHz

4.5 10 6
10 10 3
3.6 10 3

B tv

vertical : 25 mV division
V

Emax

Emin
0 t

E min

E max (25 mV 6)
E max
E max E min
E max E min
150 50 100
150 50 200

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

105

Pt Pr
Pr pt
x
Pt 3
1 10
(x 10 3 )
(x 10 3 )
antilog (2.9)
10 3

Pt

Number of Usage time in

ta
users a day
0.5
ta 30000
24
ta
Number of Usage time in
tp
users busy hour
10
30000
60
tp
625 E
tA
120
tA
5000
tB
120
TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 (300 10 6 m s) (125 10 6
s)
300 125

L fs

L fs
L fs

L fs

6
0.6 10 V
V2
R
6 2
[0.6 10 ]
50
12
0.0072 10

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 P0
Ps
25 W 25
47 W 47

' '

P0
P0
Ps

P0 Ps
Ps
Ps
P0
Ps
26 W
48.3 W

6
0.5 10

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 12
0.005 10
1 10 3
6 2
[0.5 10 ]
Pr
50
12 5
Pr (0.005 10 )W 3
1 10

Pt

Pt

L fs
L fs

L fs
L fs

L fs

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 17 h t 17 h r hr ht

17 1 17 1

17 h t 17 h r

17 16 17 1.5

17 h t 17 h r

17 1.5 17 1.5

MHz

L mp

L mp

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 L mp
L mp

L mp

L mp

L fs
L fs

L fs

65 km 65 10 3 m 650 m
18.1 m s
hr 3600 sec 36 Sec

C
t pcs
2 fv
300 10 6
2 (1900 10 6 ) 18.1
300
t pcs = 0.0044 4.4 msec
68780
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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 C
t cell
2 fv
300 10 6
2 (850 10 6 ) 18.1

300
t cell = 0.0097 9.7 msec
30770

A
a
3.464 r 2

Regular
hexagon

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 A A
a 3.464 r 2

1100
3.464 (2 2 )

1100
13.856

3.464r 2

fc 1 MHz
fm 3 kHz
fLSB fc fm

f LSB
fUSB fc fm

fUSB

m Ec
E LSB E USB
2
0.5 (1)
2

r 7

r 1
B B
2
r 1

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 7 1 6
B
7 2
1 48

1
B sin 0.353

B 20.67 deg for r 7

S
B log 2 1
N

500 kHz log 2 1 10

log e m ln m
log a m
log e a ln a

ln 11
log 2 11
ln 2

BW 684 kbps
RT
RT
s
BW
1.152 Mbps
s
684 kbps

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 C
Bc
I min

C
2 Bc 17 dB
I min

C
Bc 11 dB
I min

C
Bc 8 dB
I min

2
C C Bc
I eq I min Bc

Bc Bc

C 6.25
I eq 25

C 6.25
I eq 30

C 6.25
I eq 12.5

C 6.25
I eq 6.25

C
I eq

TM

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 S
B log 2 1
N

40 kHz log 2 1 100

ln 101
40 kHz
ln 2

n
n
S D/R 3N
I i0 i0

3
S 4.583
I 6
S
I

D
R
S
I
1 4
4.583
6
S
I

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 C
Bc 25 kHz, 13 dB
I min

C
Bc 30 kHz, 17 dB
I min

C
Bc 12.5 kHz, 11 dB
I min

C
Bc 6.25 kHz, 8 dB
I min

2
C C Bc
I eq I min Bc

Bc Bc

C 6.5
13 20 log
I eq 25

C 6.5
17 20 log
I eq 30

C 6.5
11 20 log
I eq 12.5

C 6.5
8 20 log
I eq 6.5

C
I eq

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 c
f
3 10 8
0.38 m
800 10 6

2 D2
df

2
2 3
df
0.38
df

S
100
N

S
B log 2 1
N

log 2 1 100

1 2.14
log
10

D
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4 , 5, 6 and 7 volts

Em
Ec

Em
Ec

mt m12 m 22 + m 23 m 24

Em 4
m1 0.3
Ec 12
Em 5
m2 0.4
Ec 12
Em 6
m3 0.5
Ec 12
Em 7
m4 0.6
Ec 12

m total mt
2 2 2 2
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0.09 0.16 0.25 0.36 0.86

mt

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 c
f
3 10 8
2.5 10 9

c 3 10 8
f 845 10 6

2
I
2 1
Ic

2
20
2 1
18

2 1.23 1 0.46

PT

' PT '
m12 m 22 m 23 m 24
PT Pc 1
2 2 2 2

Pc
m1
m2
m3
m4

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 2 2 2 2
0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6
PT 28 1
2 2 2 2

0.09 0.04 0.25 0.36

28 1
2 2 2 2

28 1 0.045 0.02 0.125 0.18

PT

S S
dB m dB
N O N 1

S
N 1

S
N O

G t Pt

EIRP
PD
4 r2
601.2
4 (18 10 3 ) 2

PD nW m 2
TM

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 1500 kmph 1000 mpkm
3600 sphr

d 8 10 3
= 192.3 sec
V 41.6

d
V
10 10 3
41.6

c
f

3 10 8
125 10 6

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Semester - VI (CSE / IT) - (57492) Regulation 2013

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Semester - VI (CSE / IT) - (80598) Regulation 2013

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 5  16

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Semester - VI (CSE / IT) - (72056) Regulation 2013

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 5  16

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 
 1 m
m


m 
 Out
2 m


m 
3 m

(i) mM/M/I queue


m


 Out
m


m
(ii) M/M/m queue

(iii) M/M/I queue

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 MAC protocols used
for Ad Hoc wireless
networks

Contention Contention
Contention based based
based protocols protocols
protocols [With reservation [With scheduling
mechanisms] mechanisms]

E.g.: DPS

Sender Receiver
Synchronous Asynchronous
initiated initiated
protocols protocols
protocols protocols

E.g. : MACA - B1 E.g. : MACA - PR

E.g. : D - PRMA
Single Multi
channel channel
protocols protocols

E.g. : BIMA
E.g. i) MACA
ii) FAMA

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Neighbour Transmitter Neighbour
node 1 (or) sender Receiver node 2

RTS

CTS

Data
packet

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 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Semester - VI (CSE / IT) - (50767) Regulation 2013




TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Semester - VI (CSE / IT) - (41298) Regulation 2013

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Fixed-line Exchanger
phone end

Call
Mobile Access receiving
phone point system

PC
Control
Router
server
device
unit
Network

Taxi X1
Web
Taxi server
company Taxi X2 unit
server

Taxi Xn Taxi A1
Privately
owned
Taxi N1
Taxi Taxi A2
company server
Privately
owned
Taxi An Taxi N2

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TCP TCP TCP
state Packet state

SYN
Closed Listen

Sync-sent SYN-Received

Established SYN-Received

Established Established

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 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Internet

RSU
RSU

Infra structure
domain

IEEE 802.11 a/b/g

OBU/AU
Vehicle domain
Adhoc
domain
OBU/AU

OBU/AU
IEEE 802.11 P

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Cocoa touch

Media

Core services

Core OS

iPhone hardware

TM

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 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 

Z
S E
B F
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge