The Journal of Analysis

https://doi.org/10.1007/s41478-022-00469-z
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Some fixed point theorems in regular modular metric

spaces and application to Caratheodory’s type anti-
periodic boundary value problem

Ali Ganjbakhsh Sanatee1 · Laxmi Rathour2 · Vishnu Narayan Mishra3 ·

Vinita Dewangan4

Received: 17 October 2020 / Accepted: 21 May 2022

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Forum D’Analystes 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we define the concepts of /-contraction and point-wise U-contraction
in modular metric space. Next we give some conditions that guarantee the existence
and uniqueness of fixed points of self-mappings in modular metric spaces. Finally we
give an application to Caratheodory’s type anti-periodic boundary value problem.

Keywords Fixed point · /-Contraction · Pointwise U-Contraction · Modular

metric space

Mathematics Subject Classification 47H09 · 47H10 · Primary 54H25 ·

Secondary 55M20 · 58C30

Communicated by Samy Ponnusamy.

& Vishnu Narayan Mishra

[email protected]
Ali Ganjbakhsh Sanatee
[email protected]
Laxmi Rathour
[email protected]; [email protected]
Vinita Dewangan
[email protected]
1
Department of Mathematics, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
2
Ward number - 16, Bhagatbandh, Anuppur, Madhya Pardesh 484 224, India
3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Indira Gandhi National Taribal University,
Lalpur, Amarkantak, Anuppur, Madhya Pardesh 484 878, India
4
Department of Mathematics, MATS School of Engineering and Information Technology, MATS
University, Raipur C.G., India

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 A. G. Sanatee et al.

1 Introduction

Banach contraction principle is one of the most essential theorems in fixed point
theory. Many mathematicians have studied the Banach contraction principle and
extend it. In 2012, Wordowski [21] extended the Banach contraction principle.
Definition 1 [18] A function / : ½0; þ1Þ ! ½0; þ1Þ is called a comparison
function if it satisfies the following conditions:
– / is increasing,
– the sequence ð/n ðtÞÞn2N converges to 0 as n ! þ1, for all t 2 ½0; þ1Þ.

We recall that a self-mapping T on a metric space (X, d) is said to be a /contraction

if
dðT ðxÞ; T ðyÞÞ  /ðdðx; yÞÞ
for any x; y 2 X ; where / is a comparison function.
Remark 1 If / is a comparison function then
– /ðtÞ\t for any t 2 ð0; þ1Þ,
– /ðtÞ ¼ 0 if and only if t ¼ 0.

Rus presented the following theorem (see [18]).

Theorem 1 Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and f : X ! X be a /-
contraction, i.e., / : ½0; þ1Þ ! ½0; þ1Þ is a comparison function and
dðf ðxÞ; f ðyÞÞ  /ðdðx; yÞÞ for all x; y 2 X :
Then f has a unique fixed point x 2 X and limn!þ1 fn ðxÞ ¼ x , for all x 2 X .
The concept of Modular Metric Space was defined by Chistyakov [6] in 2010. He
proved fundamental results on this topic. Many mathematicians have investigated the
fixed point property for self mapping on metric modular spaces (see [1, 2, 11, 15] and
[16]). In [8], Chistyakov defined a contraction like condition for self mapping and
proved a fixed point theorem for convex modular metric spaces.
In this paper, we define /-contraction and pointwise U-contraction mappings in
the modular metric spaces. The goal of this paper is to prove the existence and
uniqueness of fixed point for such mappings.

2 Preliminary concepts

Throughout the paper X is a nonempty set, k [ 0 and the function w : ð0; þ1Þ 
X  X ! ½0; þ1 will be written as wk ðx; yÞ ¼ wðk; x; yÞ for all k [ 0 and
x; y 2 X .

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Some fixed point theorems in regular modular...

Definition 2 [6] A modular metric space is an ordered pair (X, w) such that X is a
nonempty set and w : ð0; þ1Þ  X  X ! ½0; þ1 is a function satisfying the
following conditions for all x; y; z 2 X ,
(M1) wk ðx; yÞ ¼ 0 for all k [ 0 if and only if x ¼ y;
(M2) wk ðx; yÞ ¼ wk ðy; xÞ for all k [ 0;
(M3) wkþl ðx; yÞ  wk ðx; zÞ þ wl ðz; yÞ for all k; l [ 0.

If instead of (M1), we have only the condition

(M10 ) wk ðx; xÞ ¼ 0 for all
k [ 0;

then we say that w is a pseudomodular metric on X. A modular metric w on X is said

to be regular if the following is satisfied:
x ¼ y if and only if wk ðx; yÞ ¼ 0 for some k [ 0:
The above condition plays a very important role in proving the existence of a fixed
point for contractive type mapping on regular modular metric spaces. Finally, we say
that w is convex if
k l
wkþl ðx; yÞ  wk ðx; yÞ þ wl ðx; yÞ
kþl kþl
for k; l [ 0 and x; y; z 2 X .
Remark 2 If x; y 2 X , 0\l\k, then the following inequality is implied by (M10 ),
(M2), and (M3)
wk ðx; yÞ  wkl ðx; xÞ þ wl ðx; yÞ ¼ wl ðx; yÞ:

Definition 3 [6] Let w be a pseudomodular on X. Fix x0 2 X . The sets

Xw ¼ Xw ðx0 Þ ¼ fx 2 X : wk ðx; x0 Þ ! 0 as k ! þ1g

and

Xw ¼ Xw ðx0 Þ ¼ fx 2 X : 9k ¼ kðxÞ [ 0 such that wk ðx; x0 Þ\1g

are said to be modular spaces around x0 .

It is easy to check that Xw is a proper subset of Xw . It follows from [ [6];
Theorem 2.6] that if w is a modular metric on X, then dw is a metric on Xw in which
dw ðx; yÞ ¼ inf fk [ 0 : wk ðx; yÞ  kg;
and x; y 2 Xw . Moreover dw is a well-defined metric on a larger set Xw .
Xw ¼ Xw when w is convex ( [6]). In this case the metric dw given by
dw ðx; yÞ ¼ inf fk [ 0 : wk ðx; yÞ  1g x; y 2 Xw ;

is equivalent to dw .
Definition 4 [14] Let (X, w) be a modular metric space.

123
 A. G. Sanatee et al.

(i) The sequence ðxn Þn2N in Xw is said to be w-convergent to x 2 Xw if and only

if w1 ðxn ; xÞ ! 0, as n ! 1.
(ii) The sequence ðxn Þn2N in Xw is said to be w-Cauchy if w1 ðxm ; xn Þ ! 0, as
m; n ! 1.
(iii) A subset D of Xw is said to be w-complete if any w-Cauchy sequence in D is
a convergent sequence and its limit is in D.
(iv) A subset D of Xw is said to be w-closed if the w-limit of a w-convergent
sequence of D always belongs to D.
(v) A subset D of Xw is said to be w-bounded if for some k [ 0, we have
dw ðDÞ ¼ supfwk ðx; yÞ; x; y 2 Dg\1.
(vi) A subset D of Xw is said to be w-compact if, for any sequence ðxn Þn2N in D
there exists a subsequence ðxnk Þ and x 2 D such that w1 ðxnk ; xÞ ! 0:
(vii) w is said to satisfy the Fatou property, if for any fxn g w-convergent to x and
fyn g w-convergent to y, then w1 ðx; yÞ  lim inf n!þ1 w1 ðxn ; yn Þ:

Definition 5 [12] Assume that w satisfies the Fatou property. For any x 2 Xw and
r  0, modular ball is defined as follows
Bw ðx; rÞ ¼ fy 2 Xw : W1 ðx; yÞ  rg:
Note that since w satisfies the Fatou property, then modular balls are w-closed. An
admissible subset of Xw is defined as an intersection of modular balls. Denote by
Aw ðXw Þ the family of admissible subsets of Xw . Observe that Aw ðXw Þ is stable under
the intersection. For a subset A of a modular metric space Xw , set:
covw ðAÞ ¼ \fB : B is a modular ball and A  Bg.
Note that if A is w-bounded, i.e., rw ðAÞ ¼ supfw1 ðx; yÞ : x; y 2 Ag\ þ 1, then
covw ðAÞ is well defined and covw ðAÞ 2 Aw ðXw Þ.
Definition 6 [12] We say that Aw ðXw Þ is compact if any family fAa ga2C of elements
of Aw ðXw Þ has finite intersection property.
Lemma 1 [12] Let (X,w) be a modular metric space. Then Xw is w-complete when
Aw ðXw Þ is compact.

3 Main results

In this section, we first define the concept of /-contraction mappings in modular

metric space in which / is a comparison. Then define the concept of comparison
producer and present another category of contraction-like mappings in modular
metric space, called point wise w-U-contraction mapping in which U is a comparison
producer. Finally, we introduce two new fixed point theorems for this class of
mappings in modular metric space.
Throughout this section, X is a modular metric space with modular metric w.
Definition 7 We say that the self mapping T : X ! X is a w- /-contraction if
/ : ½0; þ1Þ ! ½0; þ1Þ is a comparison function and
w1 ðT ðxÞ; T ðyÞÞ  /ðw1 ðx; yÞÞ
for all x; y 2 X .

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Some fixed point theorems in regular modular...

Theorem 2 Assume w is regular on X. Let D be a nonempty subset of Xw . Suppose

that D is w-complete and w-bounded. Then w-/-contraction mapping T : D ! D
has a unique fixed point x0 .
Proof Since T is a w-/-contraction, then
w1 ðT ðxÞ; T ðyÞÞ  /ðw1 ðx; yÞÞ
for any x; y 2 D. We fix x0 2 D. Then we have
w1 ðT nþm ðxÞ; T n ðxÞÞ  /ðw1 ðT nþm1 ðxÞ; T n1 ðxÞÞ:
Since w1 ðT nþm1 ðxÞ; T n1 ðxÞÞ  /ðw1 ðT nþm2 ðxÞ; T n2 ðxÞÞ and / is comparison
we have



/ w1 ðT nþm1 ðxÞ; T n1 ðxÞÞ  /2 w1 ðT nþm2 ðxÞ; T n2 ðxÞÞ and so


w1 ðT nþm ðxÞ; T n ðxÞÞ  /2 w1 ðT nþm2 ðxÞ; T n2 ðxÞÞ :
By continuous this process
we mget 
w1 ðT nþm
ðxÞ; T ðxÞÞ  / w1 ðT ðxÞ; xÞ :
n n

Since T is a w-bounded and
/ is comparison, we have

w1 ðT nþm ðxÞ; T n ðxÞÞ  /n rw ðDÞ :
for any n  1 and m  1. So fT n ðxÞg is w-Cauchy. Therefore fT n ðxÞg w-converges
to some point x0 2 D. Next, let us show that x0 is a fixed point of T. Indeed, we have
w2 ðx0 ; T ðx0 ÞÞ  w1 ðx0 ; T n ðxÞÞ þ w1 ðT ðx0 Þ; T n ðxÞÞ,
so

w2 ðx0 ; T ðx0 ÞÞ  w1 ðx0 ; T n ðxÞÞ þ / w1 ðx0 ; T n1 ðxÞ ,
for any n  1. Since fT n ðxÞg w-converges to x0 , we get w2 ðx0 ; T ðx0 ÞÞ ¼ 0 which
implies T ðx0 Þ ¼ x0 since w is regular.
Now, we prove the uniqueness of x0 . Let y0 2 D be another point such that
T ðy0 Þ ¼ y0 . then we have
w1 ðx0 ; y0 Þ ¼ w1 ðT ðx0 Þ; T ðy0 ÞÞ  /ðw1 ðx0 ; y0 ÞÞ:
Since / is comparison and w1 ðx0 ; y0 Þ\1, so w1 ðx0 ; y0 Þ ¼ 0, which implies x0 ¼
y0 because w is regular. h

Example 1 Let X ¼ fðx; 0Þ 2 R2 j0  x  1g [ fð0; yÞ 2 R2 j0  y  1g. Define the

mapping wk : ð0; 1Þ  X  X ! ½0; 1 by

 4jx1  x2 j
wk ðx1 ; 0Þ; ðx2 ; 0Þ ¼ ;
3k

 jy1  y2 j
wk ð0; y1 Þ; ð0; y2 Þ ¼ ;
k
and

 4x y
wk ðx; 0Þ; ð0; yÞ ¼ þ :
3k k
If k ! þ1, then X ¼ Xw and also Xw is a complete modular metric space. T :


 y
Xw ! Xw is defined by T ðx; 0Þ ¼ ð0; xÞ and T ð0; yÞ ¼ ð ; 0Þ: Simple compu-
2
tation shows that for any ðx1 ; y1 Þ; ðx2 ; y2 Þ 2 Xw we have

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 A. G. Sanatee et al.



 

wk T ðx1 ; y1 Þ ; T ðx2 ; y2 Þ  / wk ðx1 ; y1 Þ; ðx2 ; y2 Þ ;

3
in which /ðxÞ ¼ x, is a comparison. Thus, T is a w-/-contraction mapping with
4
3
/ðxÞ ¼ x. Therefore, T has a unique fixed point that is ð0; 0Þ 2 Xw .
4
Remark 3 In the classical fixed point theorem for /-contraction mappings, the
metric space is not necessarily bounded. In the case of modular metric space, the
contractive condition does not result in the boundedness of the orbit. Therefore, the
boundedness of modular metric space is necessary.
Definition 8 A function U : X  ½0; þ1Þ ! ½0; þ1Þ is called comparison
producer if for any x 2 X the function Ux : ½0; þ1Þ ! ½0; þ1Þ with
Ux ðtÞ ¼ Uðx; tÞ, is comparison.
Definition 9 Let (X,w) be a modular metric space. Let D be a nonempty subset of
Xw . A mapping T : D ! D is called a pointwise w-U-contraction mapping if there
exists a comparison producer U : X  ½0; þ1Þ ! ½0; þ1Þ such that
w1 ðf ðxÞ; f ðyÞÞ  Uz ðw1 ðx; yÞÞ
for any x; y 2 D, and z 2 X .
Theorem 3 Let D be a nonempty w-closed subset of Xw and U : X  ½0; þ1Þ !
½0; þ1Þ be a comparison producer. Assume that Aw ðDÞ is compact. Then the point-
wise U-contraction mapping T : D ! D has a unique fixed point a 2 D. Moreover
the orbit fT n ðxÞg w-converges to x0 , for each x 2 D.
Proof Since Aw ðDÞ is compact, therefore there exists a minimal nonempty G 2
Aw ðDÞ such that T ðGÞ  K. It is easy to check that covw ðT ðGÞÞ ¼ G.
Claime:
rw ðGÞ ¼ supfw1 ðx; yÞ : x; y 2 Gg ¼ 0g, i.e., G is reduced to one point.
Indeed, since d is w-bounded, then rw ðGÞ\ þ 1, i.e. G is also w-bounded. As T
is a pointwise U-contraction,


w1 ðT ðxÞ; T ðyÞÞ  Ux w1 ðx; yÞ for any x; y 2 D:
For any x 2 G, set rx ðGÞ ¼ supfw1 ðx; yÞ : y 2 Gg. We have rx ðGÞ  rw ðGÞ, for
any x 2 G. Let g 2 G. Since

U is comparison

producer, we have
w1 ðT ðgÞ; T ðxÞÞ  Ux w1 ðg; xÞ  Ux rx ðGÞ :
So 

T ðGÞ  Bw T ðxÞ; Ux rx ðGÞ ,
for any x 2 G. Hence


covw ðT ðGÞÞ  Bw T ðxÞ; Ux rx ðGÞ :
So


rTðxÞ ðGÞ  Ux rx ðGÞ ;

for any x 2 G. Next, we fix x0 2 G and define

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Some fixed point theorems in regular modular...

Gx0 ¼ fx 2 G : rx ðGÞ  rx0 ðGÞg:

Since x0 2 Ga , Gx0 is not empty. Moreover, we have

T

Gx0 ¼ x2G Bw x; rx0 ðGÞ \ G:


Since rT ðxÞ ðGÞ  Ux rx ðGÞ , for any x 2 G, we get T ðGx0 Þ  Gx0 . In particular, we
have rx ðGÞ ¼ rx0 ðGÞ, for any x 2 G. Hence
rw ðGÞ ¼ supx2G rx ðKÞ ¼ rx0 ðGÞ;


for any x0 2 G. Therefore rw ðGÞ  Ux0 rw ðGÞ . Since Ux0 is comparison, we get
rw ðGÞ ¼ 0, i.e G is singleton and so T ðx0 Þ ¼ x0 .
Let y0 be another
fixed point  of T. Then
w1 ðx0 ; y0 Þ  Ux w1 ðx0 ; y0 Þ  w1 ðx0 ; y0 Þ:
Since Ux is comparison w1 ðx0 ; y0 Þ ¼ 0. So x0 ¼ y0 by regularity of w. h

4 Application to first order Caratheodory’s type anti-periodic

boundary value problem

In this section, we present a theorem that guarantees the existence of a solution for
first-order Caratheodorys type anti-periodic boundary value problem as an applica-
tion of Theorem 2.

4.1 Metric modular on the class of anti-periodic mappings of bounded

generalized /-variations

Let / : Rþ ! Rþ be a given continuous, convex, nondecreasing and unbounded

function satisfying /ðxÞ ¼ 0 iff x ¼ 0. Let X be the set of real valued functions on
[0, L] for some L [ 0, that is,
X~ :¼ fu j u : ½0; L ! Rg:
Define function w as follow
8
< w : ð0; þ1Þ  X  X ! ½0; þ1;
 
P
n j½uðti Þ þ vðti1 Þ  ½uðti1 Þ þ vðti Þj ð1Þ
: wk ðu; vÞ ¼ sup u ðti  ti1 Þ
P i¼1 kðti  ti1 Þ
where the supremum is taken over all partitions P ¼ fti gni¼0 of the interval [0, L], in
which, 0 ¼ t0 \t1 \t2 \ \tn ¼ L. Then wk ðu; vÞ is a convex pseudomodular on
X (see [6, 7]).

Definition 10 [7] Let X~ w be as follow

X~ w ¼ fu 2 X jwk ðu; u0 Þ\1 for some k ¼ kðuÞ [ 0g:

The space X~ w is denoted by GVu ð½0; LÞ and is called the space of mappings of
bounded generalized u-variations.

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 A. G. Sanatee et al.

It is well known that

  !
 X
n
juðti Þ  uðti1 Þj
u 2 X~ w ¼ GVu ð½0; LÞ , wk ðu; u0 Þ ¼ sup u ðti  ti1 Þ\1 :
P i¼1 kðti  ti1 Þ

It is obvious that wk ðu; u0 Þ is independent of u0 . We define X as the set of all anti-

periodic real valued functions on [0, L] for some L [ 0, which means that,

X :¼ fu j u : ½0; L ! R; uð0Þ ¼ uðLÞg  X~ :

Then wk defined in (1) is a convex pseudomodular on X.

Lemma 2 [3] The function wk defined in (1) is a convex metric domodular on X.
Let Xw as follow

Xw ¼ X~ w \ X ¼ GVu ð½0; LÞ \ X ¼ fu 2 GVu ð½0; LÞ j uð0Þ ¼ uðLÞg:

Then, Xw is a w-complete regular metric modular space [3].

Let the function u satisfies the following implication
uðyÞ
y!1 ¼) ! 1:
y
Then w1 ðu; 0Þ is said to be u-variation of the function u : ½0; L ! R; the mapping u
with w1 ðu; 0Þ\1 is said to be bounded u-variation on [0, L] and
uv
wk ðu; vÞ ¼ wk ðu  v; 0Þ ¼ w1 ð ; 0Þ: ð2Þ
k
It is known that
 u
u 2 X~ w ¼ GVu ð½0; LÞ , w1 ð ; 0Þ\1 for some k ¼ kðuÞ [ 0
k
Z L  0
0 ju ðtÞj 
, u 2 AC½0; L; u 2 L ½0; L with wk ðu; 0Þ ¼
1
u dt\1;
0 k
in which AC[0, L] is the space of all absolutely continuous real valued functions on
[0, L] and L1 ½0; L is the space of Lebesgue integrable functions on [0, L].

4.2 Existence theorem for the solution of first order Caratheodorys type anti-
periodic boundary value problem

In this part, we will present an application of the Theorem 2 to existence of solution

of the following anti-periodic boundary value problem for Caratheodory’s type
nonlinear first order ordinary differential equations:

123
Some fixed point theorems in regular modular...

8 pffiffiffi
< 31
u0 ðtÞ ¼ f ðt; uðtÞÞ a.e. t 2 ½0; ; ð3Þ
: 2
uð0Þ ¼ uðLÞ;
pffiffi
in which f : ½0; 321  R ! R is a Caratheodory’s kind function that satisfies the
following conditions:
pffiffi
(C1) For any u 2 R the function f(., u) is Lebesgue measurable on ½0; 321 and
there exists a point v0 2 R such that
Z pffi31 
2 jf ðt; v0 Þj 
u dt\1
0 k
for some k ¼ kf ð:; v0 Þ [ 0, where u is a comparison function satisfying the
Orlicz condition at infinity.
(C2)
  pffiffiffi
31
jf ðt; uÞ  f ðt; vÞj  w ju  vj a.e. t 2 ½0;  and u; v 2 R:
2

(C3)




jf t; uðtÞ  f t; vðtÞ þ ðu  vÞ þ Fu  Fvj  u2 juðtÞ  vðtÞj :

Problem (3) is equivalent to the following integral equation

Z pffi31 h
i
2 
uðtÞ ¼ Gðt; sÞ f s; uðsÞ þ luðsÞ ds; ð4Þ
0

in which G(t, s) is defined by

8 p ffi pffiffiffi
>
> elð
31
2 þstÞ 31
>
> ffi 0st ;
< p
l 231
2
Gðt; sÞ ¼ e þ1 ð5Þ
pffiffiffi
>
> elðstÞ 31
>
> pffi 0ts :
: 31
el 2 þ 1 2

The function G is known as Green function in literature.

pffiffi pffiffi
A function u : ½0; 321 ! R is a solution of (3) if u 2 GVu ð½0; 321Þ and satisfies
(3) or, equivalently (4).
Suppose that Xw be the modular metric space (2) produced by the metric modular
(1).
Assume that l ¼ 1 in the integral equation (4). We define the operator F as
follows

123
 A. G. Sanatee et al.

Z pffi31 h
i
2 
FuðtÞ ¼ Gðt; sÞ f s; uðsÞ þ uðsÞ ds: ð6Þ
0

Let u be a fixed point of F. Then u is a solution of (4) and so it becomes a solution of

(3). The following theorem guarantees the existence of a fixed point for the operator
F. We prove the following with the proof technique used by Chistyakov in [7] and
[9].
Theorem 4 Assume that the conditions (C1) to (C3) is valid for the function f. Then
the mapping F defined by (6) maps Xw into itself and


wk ðFu; FvÞ  u wk ðu; vÞ ð7Þ

for all u; v 2 Xw , k [ 0.

pffiffi
31
Proof Suppose that u 2 Xw . By definition of Xw we have uð0Þ ¼ uð 2 Þ.
pffiffi
consequently uð0Þ ¼ uð 321Þ and so
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
31 31
Fu 2 X ¼ fv j v : ½0;  ! R; vð0Þ ¼ vð Þg:
2 2
By (C2) we implies that

jf ðt; uðtÞÞj ¼ jf ðt; uðtÞÞ  f ðt; v0 Þ þ f ðt; v0 Þj

 jf ðt; uðtÞÞ  f ðt; v0 Þj þ jf ðt; v0 Þj
 uðjuðtÞ  v0 jÞ þ jf ðt; v0 Þj
 juðtÞ  v0 j þ jf ðt; v0 Þj:
pffiffi
Since uð0Þ ¼ uð 321Þ, we have
pffiffiffi Z t
31
uðtÞ ¼ uð Þ u0 ðsÞds
2 0
pffiffi
31
for a.e. t 2 ½0; 2 and so we conclude that
Z pffi31 pffiffiffi
2
0 31
f ðt; uðtÞÞ  ju ðsÞjds þ juð Þ þ v0 j þ jf ðt; v0 Þj:
0 2
Because of u 2 Xw we have
Z pffi31
2 ju0 ðtÞj ð8Þ
wk ðu; 0Þ ¼ dt  1
0 k1
for some k1 ¼ k1 ðuÞ [ 0. By condition (C1) we have

123
Some fixed point theorems in regular modular...

Z pffi31 !
2 jf ðt; v0 Þj
u dt  1 ð9Þ
0 k2

for some k2 ¼ k2 ðf ðt; v0 ÞÞ [ 0. pffi

pffiffi
ð 321Þk1
Let k0 ¼ ð 2 Þk1 þ k2 þ 1. Hence we obtain that k0 þ kk20 þ k10 ¼ 1 and so we
31

get
" Z pffi31 pffiffiffi #!
1 2
0 31
u ju ðtÞjdt þ juð Þ þ v0 j þ jf ðt; v0 Þj ¼
k0 0 2
pffiffi
Z pffi31 0 ! pffiffiffi !
ð 321Þk1 2 2 ju ðtÞj 1 31 k2 jf ðt; v0 Þj
u pffiffiffi dt þ juð Þ þ v0 j þ 
k0 31 0 k1 k0 2 k0 k2
pffiffi
Z pffi31 0 ! pffiffiffi  
ð 321Þk1 2 2 ju ðtÞj 1 31 k2 jf ðt; v0 Þj
u p ffiffi
ffi dt þ uðjuð Þ þ v0 jÞ þ u :
k0 31 0 k1 k0 2 k0 k2

Since u is monotone and by (8) and (9) we have,

Z pffi31  
2 jf ðt; v0 Þj
u dt 
0 k0
Z pffi31 " Z pffi31 pffiffiffi #!
2 1 2
0 31
u ju ðtÞjdt þ juð Þ þ v0 j þ jf ðt; v0 Þj dt 
0 k0 0 2
pffiffi
Z pffi31 ! pffiffi pffiffiffi
ð 321Þk1 2 ju0 ðtÞj 31
31
u dt þ 2
uðjuð Þ þ v0 jÞ
k0 0 k1 k0 2
Z pffi31  
k2 2 jf ðt; v0 Þj
þ u dt :¼ K1 \1:
k0 0 k2
By Jensen’s inequality we have
 Z pffi31  Z pffi31 
2 2 2 2 jf ðt; uðtÞÞj  2K1
u pffiffiffi jf ðt; uðtÞÞjdt  pffiffiffi u dt  pffiffiffi
ð 3  1Þk0 0 ð 3  1Þ 0 k 0 31

which yields
Z pffi31  2K 
2 2k0
u1 pffiffiffi
1
jf ðt; uðtÞÞjdt  pffiffiffi \1:
0 ð 3  1Þ 31
pffiffi
Hence f 2 L1 ½0; 321 and we have

123
 A. G. Sanatee et al.

Z pffi31
2

jFuðtÞj  jGðt; sÞjjf s; uðsÞ þ uðsÞjds:
0
pffi
31
e
2 pffiffi
Since jGðt; sÞj  pffi31 for any t; s 2 ½0; 321 and
pffi
e 2 þ1
R pffi31
31
e 2 1
0
2
jGðt; sÞjds ¼ 31 p ffi  1, we conclude that
e 2 þ1
Z pffi31
2
jFuðtÞj 
u dt
k3
Z 31  h Z pffi31
pffi
0
2 1 2
 i
 u jGðt; sÞjjf s; uðsÞ þ uðsÞj ds
k3 0
Z pffi31 Z pffi31
0
pffiffi pffiffi
31
ð 2 Þk0 2
jf ðt; uðtÞÞj  ð 321Þ2 k1 2
ju0 ðtÞj 
 u dt þ u dt
k3 0 k0 k3 0 k1
pffiffi pffiffiffi
ð 31Þ2
31 
þ 2 u juð Þj :¼ K2 \1
k3 2
pffiffi pffiffi
in which k3 ¼ 321 ðk0 þ 321 k1 þ 1Þ.
We can represent the operator F as follow
Z t pffi
 321 Z pffi31
e 2
FuðtÞ ¼ et es ½f ðs; uðsÞÞ þ uðsÞds þ pffi
31
et es ½f ðs; uðsÞÞ þ uðsÞds
0 1þe 2  0

pffiffi
so Fu 2 AC½0; 31
2  for all u 2 Xw and ðFuÞ0 ðtÞ ¼ f ðt; uðtÞÞ þ uðtÞ  FuðtÞ.
Now we get
Z pffi31 
2 jðFuÞ0 ðtÞj 
wk ðFu; 0Þ ¼ u dt
k
pffi
0
Z 31 
2 jðf ðt; uðtÞÞ þ uðtÞ  FuðtÞj 
¼ u dt
k
pffi
Z pffi31
0
Z 31 p ffiffi
k0 2
jf ðt; uðtÞÞj  ð 321Þk1 2
ju0 ðtÞj 
 u dt þ u dt
k 0 k0 k k1
pffiffi
0
pffiffiffi
ð 31Þ2
31 
þ 2 u juð Þj :¼ K\1
k 2
pffiffi
in which k ¼ 321 k1 þ k0 þ k3 þ 1. Consequently, F maps Xw into itself.
Assume that u; v 2 Xw and k [ 0, then

123
Some fixed point theorems in regular modular...

w2ðpffi31þ1Þðpffi31Þk ðFu; FvÞ

Z pffi31 
2 2

2 jðFu  FvÞ0 ðtÞj 

¼ wk ðFu  Fv; 0Þ ¼ u dt
k
pffi
0
Z 31 
2 jðf ðt; uðtÞÞ  f ðt; uðtÞÞ þ u  v þ ðFu  FvÞj 
¼ u dt:
0 k
On the other hand, by condition (C3) we have
pffi
 jðf ðt; uðtÞÞ  f ðt; uðtÞÞ þ u  v þ ðFu  FvÞj  Z 321 jðu  vÞ0 ðsÞj 
u Þu 2
ds
k 0 k
pffiffi
for a.e. t 2 ½0; 321. Since u is a comparison function and by Jensen’s inequality
implies
pffi
 Z 321 jðu  vÞ0 ðsÞj 
u 2
ds
k
pffi
0
 Z 321 jðu  vÞ0 ðsÞj 
u ds
k
pffi
0
Z 31 
2 jðu  vÞ0 ðsÞj 
 u ds
k
0 
u wk ðu  v; 0Þ
 
u wk ðu; vÞ :

Hence we conclude that

Z pffi31  
2 jðf ðt; uðtÞÞ  f ðt; uðtÞÞ þ u  v þ ðFu  FvÞj
u dt  uðwk ðu; vÞÞ
0 k
and so
 
wk ðFu; FvÞ  u wk ðu; vÞ :

h
Corollary 1 If k ¼ 1 then the set solutions of Caratheodory’s type anti-periodic
boundary value problem (3) is non-empty.
Proof By Lemma 2 and Theorem 4 it is obvious that the mapping F : Xw ! Xw
satisfies the conditions of Theorem 2. So F has at least one fixed point and
equivalently, the set solutions of Caratheodory’s type anti-periodic boundary value
problem (3) is non-empty. h

123
 A. G. Sanatee et al.

Ethical approval This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed
by any of the authors.

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