Syllabus : 1 1a tots Lott2 12 tot21 13 10134 14 tots 15 ta.154 16 164 10. 1.6.1 162 La.162 163 0.1.6.3 Historical Development. ...0 14 Basic Structure of Optical FIDE... fl Explain in brief basic structure of Optical IBCs erased Explain functions of cladding layer... Basic Block Diagram of Optical ‘Communication System (General System). . Explain the block diagram of optical ‘communication system. .. ‘Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication... ronennnnnsnn State advantages of optical fiber ‘communication. State disadvantages of optical fiber ‘communication. Rotractive Index (n) Define refractive index . Law of Reflection Define law of reflection 15 15 16 164 Snell's Law L0.1.64 Define Snes law... 1.65 Critical Angie .. UQ.1.6.5 Define citical angle (May 17, Dec. 18) 166 Fresnel Reflection. UQ.1.6.6 Define Fresnel Reflection (May 17, Dec. 17). 1.6.7 Extemal Reflection UQ.1.6.7 Define external reflection (May 17) 17 Total internal Reflection (TIF)... 1.1.7.1 Explain how Total intemal Retlection (TIA) takes place in optical cabl ATA ‘Acceptance Angle, UQ. 1.7.2. Deline acceptance angle, (May 17, Dec, 18).. 172 Numerical Aperture, UQ.1.7.3 Define numerical aperture (Dec. 17, Dec. 18) UQ, 1.7.4 Derive an expression for numerical aperture (May 17) 173 ‘Skew Rays. LQ.1.7.5 Explain the concept of skew rays. 174 ‘Solved Numericals on Total intemal Rotloction, UEx. 1.7.3 : (May 2016)... UEK. 1.7.4 : (May 2018)... Ex. 1.7.5: (Dec, 2012). Ex, 1.7.9; (Dec, 2018), 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 AB 19 19 19 1-10183 la122 19 lates La1s2 194 192 vo.193 vais 110 1a.1.101 1.401 14044 va. 1.102 v0. 1.103 10.1.104 104.105 10.1108 104.107 14012 va. 1.109 1.402 101.1014 ‘What do you mean by MFD ? What are its functions 7. ‘What is the use of spot size 7. List out advantages and disadvantages (Of single mode propagation. 1-16 ‘What do you mean by dispersion? How it is minimized 7. Multimode Step index Fiber Derive an expression for number of modes in SIF. (May 17) Relatonship between Number of Modes ‘and V Number. Derive relation between number of modes and ‘V number. ‘State advantages of multimode Propagation. State disadvantages of muttmode 118 118 Lo1814 112 u0.1.124 1721 10. 1.122 113 10.1134 114 to1s44 1.45 UEx 1.154: (May 2013) UEx. 1.15.10: (May 2018) Loss and Bandwidth Window 1.16 1161 Lo. 1.161 101.162 1.162 10.1.163 1163 u0.1.164 Define and explain Linearty Potasized (LP) Modes. ‘Solved Problems on Mode TheoryOptical Communication (MU-Sem 7-E&TC) (For Readin on In 1792, French scientist invented “Optical telegram”. — This system was in the form of series of semaphore mounted on towers. = Semaphore is a system which is used to convey information in the visual form, Later in 1880, Alexander Graham Bell discovered ‘optical telephone system, called as photophone. — But there were lot of disturbances, when the light was transmitted through air; so his invention of ordinary telephone became more popular. = In the 1900s inventors proved that bent quartz-rods can carry the light rays. = In the year 1920s A medical student in Munich, made use of optical cable bundles, to transmit medical images. His aim was to look inside in accessible parts of the body. = But the transmission of images through unclad fibers, was very poor. = In 1951, Lawrence Curtiss developed glass clad fibers. But such fibers were showing too much attenuation, For the use of communication. Basically he was working on the project to develop an endoscope to ‘examine inside of the stomach. = Inthe year 1970, glass fiber was developed, which was producing a minimum loss for signal transmission and it was 20 dBc, = That means, after losses, 1 % of light remained in the fiber, even travelling 1 km distance. ~The first commercial installation of optical cable was Step II: Calculation of solid acceptance angle (E) & = may 2 & = 04339 rad > Step IIl:Calculation of critical angle at core ‘Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors ingpire innovation A SACHIN SHAH Ventre= = 099 Now critical angle at core cladding interface is, 8, 21.8 Modes in Cylindrical Fibers For Reading Purpose only In case of an optical fiber, the innermost layer i core layer. = This layer is covered by another layer called as cladding. = For the proper propagation of light through an optical fiber the refractive index of cladding layer is made less than that of cor = \\ The light rays coming from one end of optical fiber ‘gets entered into it. For this an angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle (0). = Then itis possible for the light rays to cause the total intemal reflections in an optical fiber, — Incase of metal waveguides, the metal walls are acting as waveguides. Here the carriers are electrons. — But in case of optical fiber the fiber layers are acting as waveguides. Here the carriers are photons. — The fiber optic cable acts as eylindrical waveguide, Because the structure of an optical fiber is cylindrical in nature. LQ.1.8.1 What are ifferent fibers ? D ans. = The light ray undergoes the different modes when they are travelling through an optical fiber. Here fiber optic cable is acting as waveguide for these light rays. Because, optical fiber cable guides the light ‘wave passing through it = Now the order of mode means the number of field zeros across the mode = If we will consider the Transverse Bleetric (TB) mode, then the lower order modes are TB, TE, and TE, modes. ~ Thus for higher modes electric field gets penetr ~ This isthe power loss for the core layer. — In case of optical fiber if an incident light rays are in So the light rays cause several reflections and ~ Some of the light rays may fall at the interface of co These light rays starts travelling through the cladding = Now the core layer is designed in such a way that all = But as discussed earlier, some of the light rays are = The modes corresponding to these light rays passing Fig. 1.8.1: Electric field distribution across waveguide for lower order modes ‘As shown in Fig. 1.8.1, the field ‘mostly distributed along the core layer. But this ee field is not becoming zero at the core-cladd interface. = Some portion of an electric field is entering ‘cladding layer. Here TE, mode is having the lowermost order. field concentration for this mode is comp confined to the axis of optical fiber. — For another lower order mode, that means for TE, TE, modes, the fields are distributed at the core cladding interface. more in cladding layer. the acceptance cone of optical fiber, then the total internal reflections takes place. at the output. cladding layer. layer. the light rays (input signals) can pass only through it passing through the cladding layer. through cladding layer, are called as cladding modes. Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors inpire iasoration[| optical Communication (MU-Sem 7-€876) = Like the core modes, the cladding modes also enters {nto the core layer, = Thus as the light rays travels through optical fiber, at many place the coupling of modes takes place. That means the coupling of core and cladding modes takes place. = Thus the diffusion of optical power between core and cladding layer takes place. This means at one instant the optical power from core layer gets diffused into cladding layer. While at another instant optical power from cladding layer gets diffused into core layer, This is because the light rays are passing both through the core layer and cladding layer. For fiber optic cable, one more layer is used above the cladding layer. ~ This is called as jacket or protecting layer. Many times this protecting layer suppresses the cladding modes. If certain imegularities are present in the cladding layer, then the scattering of light rays takes place. ~ The modes travelling through core layers are bounded by this layer. — These modes are called as bottom modes. — While the modes created because of iefraction of light at core-cladding interface are called as refracted modes. Leaky modes - Some of the modes passing through the core layer continuously looses their energies. That means these modes get attenuated after travelling certain distance through core layer, = So a continuous power loss is taking place for such modes. ~The radiation of power from these modes outside the core layer takes place because of tunnel effect, — These modes are called as leaky modes. 412 [haa wt ou © ans. = The propagation constant is denoted by B. = For a mode, to remain as guided mode in the core layer the condition is, mK < B 1, Step index fiber optic cables — In this case, there is a sudden change in the refractive index while passing from core to cladding layer. — Because of this abrupt change in the refractive index the dispersion losses will be more. > 2. Graded index fiber optic cables — In this case, there is a variation in the refractive index while passing from core layer to cladding layer. — Thus dispersion losses are less comparatively. — This type of fiber optic cables allows greater bandwidth for the signal. The index profile of step index and ‘graded index fiber is shown in Fig. 1.10.1. — Now depending upon the mode of fiber optic cables and the variation in the refractive index the major types of fiber optic cables are = (Single mode step index optical fiber. (i) Multimode step index optical fiber. (ii) Multimode graded index optical fiber. Fig. 1.10.1 15 1. 10.4 Modes of Step Index Fiber Depending upon the number of modes; step index is clasified as, aT © ans. : = The refractive index profile of step index fiber is defined as, a, ra... core n() = % n >a... cladding = Itis shown in Fig. 1.103. Fig. 1.10.3 : SMSI type of optical fibers ~ As the name indicates these optical fibers allows a single mode of data transmission. = And there is an abrupt change in the refractive index. = Here the core layer is made from dopped silica material and a cladding is made from borosilicate material, = This type of optic fiber provides a high bandwidth bout 500 MHz. = The cladding is coated with silica, = The pair of jacket layers are used to provide the protection, Tech-Neo Publication’ wou Where Authors ingpie ianovatonical Communication (MU-Sem 7-E&TC) D1 Ans. = These fibers have narrow core diameter. It is only from 8 umto 12m. = The diameter of cladding is much larger than core. ~ When the light ray enters into the cable; the core layer allows only a single ray (mode) to propagate through it. ~ Now the term cut off wavelength () is defined as the smallest operating wavelength. ~ The single mode fiber operates above the cut off ‘wavelength. ~ We have the equation of *V" in terms of ‘A* as, 1 2n = V = 5 an, (ay (1.10.1) 2n 4 a = VY an, (2a)? (1.10.2) — Here Ais the operating wavelength. — In terms of cut-off wavelength, Equation (1.10.2) can be written as, 2n 1 de =e am (ay ...0.10.3) Here V¢ is called as cut-off normalized frequency; and for step index fiber V¢ = 2.405. ~ Dividing Equation (1.103) by Equation (1.10.1) we pet, |= But, since V¢ for step index fiber is 2.405 we get, (1104) ~ This is the equation of cut-off wavelength for single mode step index fiber. Mode field diameter @ Ans. : In order to decide the distribution of light, in single ical Fiber and thei ties ameter (MFD) parameter is 16 ‘mode fibre; Mode Field used. ~ This parameter is determined from the mode field distribution of fundamental fiber mode, MED is function of following factors : (Wavelength of source (ii) Core radius (iii) Refractive index profile of fiber. — This parameter gives an idea about how much light gets penetrated inside the core layer ~The different fiber properties, such as splice loss, bending loss, etc. can be decided using MFD. Spot size Ans. Spot size is used to measure the diameter of scanning spot. = Itis related to the width of fundamental mode, — _ Itis used to characterize the single mode optical cable. — To calculate the spot size, following things need to consider : (Type of fiber (Single mode or multimode) Gi) The structure of fiber. Advantages and disadvantages propagation of ‘single mode propagation Z ans.: Advantages 1, Since only one mode is propagated; there is no loss of energy through leakage due to the higher modes 2, At the output; there is less broadening (dispersion) of pulse. That means less intermodal dispersion. 3. Less attenuation of signal in the fiber. ‘The duration of output pulse is same as that of input pulse. 5. The data can be transmitted with higher bandwidth (above 400 MHz / km). Disadvantages 1. Since the core diameter is very small, the coupling of light ray from light source inthe core layer is difficult. 2. The relative refractive index difference between core ‘and cladding is less; so fabrication of such fibers is dificult ‘Teeh-New Publicaliont..-a-.-Where Authors inspire innovation ‘ond SUCHIN SHAH VentureOptical Communication (MU-Sem 7-E8TC) Dispersion modified or dispersion shifted single mode fibers © ans. : ~ Dispersion is basically broadening of the output pulse ~ _ Incase of single mode fiber; ifthe spreading of pulse at the output takes place then it is called as intramodal dispersion. — It may happen that, the refractive index of core layer, cchanges with the wavelength of signal. It is called as the material dispersion, Due to the variation in core radius, index profile and refractive index difference; again the dispersion takes place. It is called as waveguide dispersion. — By changing the design parameters: the dispersion can be minimized. — Usually to minimize the dispersion; two types of ‘modifications are done in the designing of single mode step index fibers. - These are Dispersion shifted single mode fibers. () Matched cladding Fig. 1.10.4 : Dispersion shifted single mode fiber > (@ Matched cladding = The refractive index profile of matched clad single ‘mode step index fiber is shown in Fig, 1.10.5. = Ithas refractive index ny, which is greater than ny but = Such a matched cladding and depressed cladding = Insome fiber optic designs; the dispersion is distributed. Here ‘a” isthe core radius and nj isthe refractive ‘of core, which is uniform. ‘The index difference from core to cladding is 37. — The refractive index of cladding is denoted by a, this refractive index is also uniform throughout cladding. > (i) Depressed cladding ~The depressed cladding single mode step index has two cladding layers. ‘The refractive index profile of such fier is shown Fig. 1.10.6. ~The core to cladding refractive index difference is 25%, — The core radius is ‘a’ and it has uniform refractive index n, = The core is surrounded by two cladding layers. The inner cladding is having radius °b’. = The refractive index of inner cladding isn, . which is slightly les than refractive index of eore n,. Inner cladding is surrounded by outer cladding I hhaving radius ‘c’ Fig. 1.10.6 Jess than n,. design fibers are called as dispersion shifted fibers or dispersion modified fibers. over a wide spectral range. Such fibers are called as dispersion flattened fibers. j cond SACHIN SHAHHee 4 = Wavelength of incoming light Diameter of core layer . 1, = Refractive index of core n, = Refractive index of cladding Propagation in Multimode Step Index Fibers As the name indicates; the number of modes travel through the core layer. The number of modes that can propagate through the fiber, depends on following factors : @ Wavelength of incoming light (ii). The diameter of core (ii) The refractive indices of core and cladding layers, Mathematically, the number of modes, that propagate through the fiber is given by, w =[2] l-) Basically the ‘V’ number of multimode fiber is greater than 1.1505; so the fiber supports different modes. The refractive index profile and number of modes propagating through multimode step index fiber, is shown in Fig. 1.10.7. ‘The core diameter is larger than single mode fibers and the core to cladding refractive index ratio is efficient. ‘The number of guided modes depend on relative refractive index difference, core radius and wavelengths. ‘There is a cut off value of normalized frequency (V) below which the guided modes do not exists ‘It does not mean that, the propagation will be stopped; F s x " Fig. 1.10.7 = In case of multimode fibers; the different modes follow, the different paths in the core layer. = Because of this, all the modes do not arrive at the ‘output; atthe same time, It produces dispersion, In case of multimode step index fiber, the cut off condition is given by, mK < Bavaton A SOHN SHAH Veatareptloal Communication (MU-8¢m 7-E&TC) nin, © fara) (110.7) Wut generally 0, is small sind, © 0 (1.108) Now the solid acceptance angle of an optical fiber is denoted by 0 It given as, a ene (L109) Blut we have, ” Thus Equation (1.10.9) becomes, Q = n(ni—ny) (L010) Let A be the area of mode, ‘That means it is the ross sectional area of core. Thus (110.11) = Radius of core layer Aen’ Here, The plane waves are having two polarized conditions. ‘The number of modes (M) per unit solid angle is given by 2 AIR (1.10.12) Here, A= Wavelength of light coming from source A = Areaof mode Q = Solid acceptance angle. = Putting value of @ from Equation (1.10.10) in Equation (1.10.12) we get, Mes (110.13) Bul A= na aMs ae (a) 0) 10.14) Now} —n,= (NA) Ms 202 cuay (10.15) ‘The equation of Vis, “M eo(1-10.16) v = Bava) ie "F = This is the relationship between the number of modes and V number in case of multimode step index fiber. © Ans. : 1, Dye to large core radius; the launching of o in the fiber is easy. 2, Connecting two fibers is easy compared to, fibers. 4, LED can be easily coupled to the fiber; as a source, 4. Compared to single mode fiber; there is large refi index difference between core and cladding layers, fabrication of such fibers i easy. Disadvantages © Ans. 1, The different mode follow the different paths. They not reaching the output at same type. It produc intermodal dispersion. 2. ‘The spreading of output pulse takes place. For multimode step index fiber; bandwidth is limited is only 6 to 50 MHz/km. 4, Due to large amount of intermodal dispersi multimode fibers are not suitable for long dis communication. 1 Comparison between Single Mode and Multimode Fibers Propagation of only ‘one mode takes place. Due to small core diameter; launching of ‘optical power is difficult ‘eck-Neo Publications... Where Author inp innovation SS aDue to single mode, there is no intermodal dispersion, Many modes travel with different speeds; so intermodal dispersion occurs, ‘The refractive index goes on decreasing with the radial distance as shown in Fig. 1.12.1. Duration of input and | Output pulse is output pulse is same. | spreadout compared to input pulse. 5. ] LED cannot be used as | LED can be used as light source. light source. 6. | At850 nm; attenuation | At 850 nm; attenuation is about 2t0 5 dB/km. | is about 2.6 10 50 ¢B/km, 7. | Higher bandwidth Less bandwidth (greater than (6 to 50 MHz / km) 400 MHz. / km) 8. |V number is tess | 'V number is greater than 1.15. than 1.15, 9. | Applicable tolong | Applicable for short distance distance communication, communication, 10. | Applications : Applications : Long distance LAN networks and telephony, Video surveillance, multichannel televis Index Fibers TRA The refractive index of core layer is not constant, It varies smoothly and continuously over the diameter of core layer. ‘The refractive index changes proportionally as the distance varies from core axis to the cladding layer. Since the refractive index of core is varying; itis called 4s inhomogeneous core fiber, (On the axis of core; the refractive index is maximum, It Fig. 112.1 ‘The reduction in refractive index takes place from core axis to the cladding layer. But in the cladding layer; the refractive index is constant, denoted by ny. Due to continuously changing refractive index; the Propagation of light rays is not along straight line paths. Consider the propagation through multimode graded index fiber as shown in Fig. 1.12.2, Cladding Light in >, Fig. 112.2, For the curved path; the velocity of propagation goes ‘on changing with respect to change in refractive index. At the centre of core; the refractive index is maximum. So, axial ray passing along centre of core is having slowest speed. Due to the difference in speeds of different paths; even though the distance travelled by each path is different, all paths reach the output at the same time. Let ‘a’ denotes the profile parameter, which gives the characteristic refractive index profile of core layer. ‘The value of c decides the shape of the refractive index. profile curve, 4 SOHN SHAH VentureThe relative refractive index difference is denoted by A. Then index variation in graded index fiber is given BY> i-2a(Z), rsa. (corelyen n=} a >a (cladding layer) — As the value of «x changes, the shape of refractive index: profile also changes as shown in Fig. 1.12.3. erect nae) = Poa [-resusenen Sac Fig. 1.123 = For =I; the refractive index profile is triangular. For a =2; the profile is parabolic and when c becomes =, ‘we will get step index profile instead of graded index profile 3. 1.12.1 Propagating Modes in Multimode Graded Index Fiber Fora pao ev dex role a 7 ame (Fa)? a .Mer ‘This is the equation of number of modes in ty =45 guided modes. 2 = 2.04pm &x.1.15.3 A graded index fiber has a core diameter of 45 jum. Core has parabolic refractive index profile. The fiber has NA of 0.22 and operating at wavelength of 1.2 um. Estimate total ‘umber of guided mode propagating in the fiber. Soln.: Ve 2591 virco dance = 5 radivs = $< 095um ‘The mode volume for | patos is E = Se = 167.93 = 168 modes: wn = (ea? = (1.482 1.4743)” NA = 01537 6, = sin” NA ol) Acceptance angle Ex. 1.15.5, Compute the cut-off parameter and the number of mod supported by a GIF n, = 1.54 and n, = 1.5, Core radius j 25 jm and operating wavelength is 1300 nm. © sotn, : Given, n,= 1.54, n,=15, a= 25pm and 4= 1300am eh ease « NA= (nj-n,) =(154?-15") 0.3487 2B (NA), where a = 2EX25x10* x 0.3487 Now, V. radius =25 pm 1300 x 107 = 4213 = 43 ‘The total number of guided modes ye 42.13)" My = PSE nasa ~ =800 Hence there are about 800 guided modes (approximated), Ex. 1.15.15 A step index fiber in air has a numerical aperture of 0.16, a core refractive index of 1.45 and a core diameter of 60 jum. Determine normalized frequency for the fiber when light at 4 wavelength of 0.9 jim is transmitted, further estimate the ‘umber of guided modes propagating in the fiber. A SUCHIN SHAH Venture‘The normalized frequency is, V = Fanaa x30 107x016 09x 10 oV = 351034 ‘The number of guided modes, [email protected]? M, = =". 56146=562 Ex. 1.16.16 Determine the cutoff wavelength for a step index fiber to exhibit single mode operation when the core index and radius are 1.46 and 4.5 jum respectively, with the relative index difference being 0.25 %. 1 som.: Given, n, Wehave, V= 22am, 2a)? ol) But for step index fiber, V = 2,405 Thus from Equation (1), cut-off wavelength can be written as, de = an, cay? i de = F145 x 10% 1.46 x 2 x 0.0025)? she = 12137 um Ex. 1.6.17 ‘An engineer selects a fiber with a 25 um core radius, a core index n, = 1.48 and A=0.01. (@ If A = 1310 nm, what is the value of normalized frequency V and how many modes propagate in the fiber ? (Gi) What percent of optical power flows in the cladding ? (ii) If the core - cladding difference is reduced to ‘4 = 0.003, how many modes does the fiber support and ‘what fraction of the optical power flows in the cladding ? Z son: @ Given: a=25 ym, n,= 1.48, 4=001 axnx25 x10" «148% 2x00) 13101 nV = 250925 f ‘Total number of guided modes is given by, y?_25%25_ 625 2 Bee . Number of modes = 312 i) The total average cladding power is given by, (eG) fem = $01) =3125 Ms = 3 = $0566 = 0.075 Where,M, = Total number of modes Thus 7.5 percent of the power propagates in the cladding. 2nan, (24) ay ve 2xmx 25 x 10-* x 1.48 x (0.003 x2)" " 1310 x 10" av 13.74 = 14 Vole «Modes = ¥ =f 98 Prue’ 4 au mS) fen 13 percent optical power flows in the cladding. = $x(98)"7 =013 Ex. 1.16.18 A graded index fiber with a parabolic refractive index Profile core has a refractive index at the core axis of 1.5 and. Tefractive index difference of 1%. Estimate the maximum possible core diameter which allows single mode operation ‘at wavelength of 1.55 um. © son: ‘The maximum V value for a fiber which gives single mode operation is 2.4. VA __2.4x1.55x 10° mn, (2A)'? ~ 2m x 1.5 x (0.02)? as where A, 155pm A=1% 15 + 24= 0.02 Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors inspire innovation A SACHIN SHAHCptcal Communication (MU-Sem 7-E&TC) core radius = 2.8 um = Core diameter = 5.6 4m a Ex 1.15. A step index fiber has core refractive index 1.5 and ‘4 = 13% with core diameter of 100 jum. The operating ‘wavelength is 850 nm. Calculate assuming that the fiber is Kept in air, the: @) Numerical aperture of fiber and acceptance angle. (ii) V parameter and number of modes (ii) Does the number of modes in the fiber increase or decrease if (A) 1, increases and (B) if wave length increases, BH som: Given: n= 1.3%, a= 100 pm, 2= 850 nm Since A= A = 0013.» 0013=—= 0013-1, = nm, m = m,~(0013-m,)=15- (0.013 x15) a, = 148 @) NA = am -VOs aay = ¥225-219° = 0245 ‘Acceptance angle, 6, = sin’ = sinr 0.245 = 14.18° (i) V parameter (28) -) a _ 2x nx 100 10x 1.5 x(20.013)" 850% 10 Hence there are about 16000 guided modes 28 Fiber and theit Ex. 1.15.20 A single mode step index fiber has core and cladding refractive indices of 1498 and 1.495 respectively. Determine the core diameter required for the fiber to permit its operation over the wavelength range 1.48 to 1.60 um. Calculate the new fiber core diameter to enable single mode ‘transmission at a wavelength of 1.30 um. © son. : @ Wehave, v =22ana va ry o For step index fiber, V = 2.405 The step index operation starts at wavelength 1.48 um. ee NA Putting these valves in Equation (1) we get 2.405 x 1.48 x 10"* > ‘2m x 0.09476 = 5.9782 10° ‘Thus core diameter = 2a = 11.96 um (i) Given, A = 1.30 um, Thus from Equation (1), 2.405 x 1.30 10° ‘2m x 0.09476 ‘Thus core diameter = 2a = 10.5 pm Ex. 1.18.21 ‘A multi mode step index fiber with core diameter of 80 um and relative index difference of 1.5% is operating at a wavelength of 0.85 jum. Ifthe core refractive index is 1.48 estimate the normalized frequency for the fiber and the ‘number of modes guided. © somn.: Given, Core radius = 40 um A 107° m_ 5% = 0.015 (approximated). (iii) (A) If m, increases the number of modes will also nm, = 148 increase according to Equation (1) A.= 08S umaiasscit:*m (B) If wavelength increases the number of modes will decrease. A SACHIN SHAH VentareThe normalized frequency is, V = Fan, 2ay 4 ye ee 6 0.015)? V = Faso? X40x 10x 1.48 (2x 0.015) » V = 78,798 Number of guided modes, M,= >= 2872.44 » 2873 Ex. 1.15.22 A graded index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index profile which has a diameter of 45 jm. The fiber has numerical aperture of 0.25. Estimate the total number of guided modes propagating in the fiber when it is operating at a wavelength of Sum. DZ som: Here, 4%, 2 NA = 0.25, d= 1.5 ym, The normalized frequency, core radius (a) = >= 22.5 um. FS 02510 x0.25 15x10 23.56 = 24 a Number of guided modes, M, = “= 144 modes. Ex. 1.15.23, For a single mode fiber with core and cladding refractive indices 1.49 and 1.47 respectively, calculate (@ Cutoff wavelength if core radius is 2 um. Gi) Maximum core diameter for cut off wavelength of 1310 mm wavelength of 1310 mm Z soin. Given, ny =1.49, n= 147 @ — Coreradius,a = 2m 2n We have, v= Tana Py a= Bana For step index fiber, v = 2.405 Here NA = 4[n,-n, =ViA0 14? = 02439 1 Cut off wavelength, «2 100.249 A= 5408 oh, © a2 yn Wehuve, v= Mana he “8 © Tana A= 13100m 405 110% 2m x 02489 = 2,0609 juin », Maximum core diameter = 2am 41219 jum % 1.16 Loss and Bandwidth Window Before discussing the operating wavelength of ‘optic cable; we will study electromagnetic spectrum, %® 1.16.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Gor hoading Pureose o1lyud ‘The discrete packet of energy called as photons, the electromagnetic radiation, ‘And the energy contained by these photons ist electromagnetic energy. ‘The motion of electromagnetic energy is continuous in the space, This wave motion is in the form of an altemating electric filed in the space, ‘The electric field produces the magnetic field which is perpendicular to it, And these two fields viz electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular tthe direction of propagation ofthe electromagnetic energy wave, ‘The full range of wavelengths of light emitted from the hot body is called is ‘spectrum’, ‘This covers both visible and invisible regions, Given, : Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors inspire innovationOptical Communication (MU-Sem 7-86) wavelengths from 10* meters to 1 A°, (1 A® referred as cone Angstrom = 10"* em) = This electromagnetic spectrum is shown in Fig. 1.16.1. — _ Theenergy contained by the photons is given by, EB =hf she/A ~ Thus energy and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other, So as the wavelength goes in increasing, the energy goes on decreasing, - As shown in Fig. 1.16.1, °X° rays and ‘y* rays are having very small wavelengths viz, 10° !° cm and 10" “cm respectively. ~The visible light represents only a small portion of clectromagnetic spectrum. It generally covers the range from 380 mt to 780 my. — At nearly 4000 A® extreme violet region is present and at 8000 A® extreme red region is present. 1-30 = The ultraviolet re Fiber and their Properties. starts from 185 mpt upto the visible range. ~ Infrared region covers wavelengths above the visible range. And after the infrared region the microwaves and radio waves are present. © Advantages of electromagnetic spectrum 1. By studying the spectrum of the element, the exact n of the substance can be determined. 2. By studying the spectrum, the exact analysis of the ‘mixture can be done. 3. The properties of the molecules can be studied by the use of spectrum. 4. In case of gases, the nature of vapour and the conditions under which it is excited can be determined by studying the spectrum. Fiber optics communications own 17 um / Sum 300m lectromagnetic spectrum (eine ema © ans. : = Whenever an electron falls from higher energy level to lower energy level, a photon of definite energy is emitted ~ This amount of energy contained by photon depends on the energy level difference between the two orbits in which the electron transition is taking place, Tech-Neo ot SACHIN SHAH Venture‘Since wavelength is related with the energy a8, he E So, as energy changes the wavelength of light also goes on changing ‘The visible spectrum for different wavelength of light is as shown in Fig. 1.16.2. ~ goes on changing; the radiation or emission of different wavelength produces different colours. ~ Thus the human eye can sense the different colours. Here the maximum sensitivity of the eye is at approximately 5500 A°. ii) poe 8 8 Palate sonst (X) —» & Jono’ so00x* —eoco.a” 7000" —_—aco0 A” | ua) —> Fig. 1.16.2 : Visible spectrum = This les between green and yellow colours. ~ But this maximum sensitivity is not fixed. — _ Itvaries from person to person. ~ Here since with change in the energy, the wavelength ~The eye sensitivity curve becomes asymptotic at both ends of spectrum as shown in Fig. 1.16.2. — So the range of visible spectrum is increased over the wavelengths where the eye sensitivity becomes 1% of its maximum value. So the visible spectrum ranges from 4000 A? to 8000 A’. ~ But the ultraviolet region is smaller than the visible region and infrared region is greater than visible region; s0 the part of ultraviolet region and infrared region can be covered into the visible region, = This visible spectrum is also affected by temperature variations. is a part of radiant energy from a sy ih oct the vil seal, part of energy. , = And as temperature (or energy) goes on increasing wavelength becomes shorter. When the emitted light becomes white then it all the visible wavelengths from extreme red to violet. So. as the temperature goes on increasing, wavelengths become shorter and enters into ultraviolet region ‘This isthe invisible region for the human eye, © ans: - An optical region forms an important region in electromagnetic spectrum, ~ Optical region consists of three major types namely Visible, infrared and ultraviolet, ~The optical spectrum ranges from about 50am: Ultraviolet to about 10 jum for infrared. ~The visible spectrum is from 400 nm to 700 nm. ~ Early technology made the use of wavelength from 00 nm to 900 nm, ~ Because for this band of wavelength; an optical sources. and detectors were easily available. ~ Similarly an attenuation of data passing through optical fiber was also low. ~ This particular band of wavelength is also called as first window. = Later on the manufactures were able to fabricate optical ‘waveguides in the 1100 nm to 1600 nm region, = These waveguides were having very low losses. ; ~ Here two windows are present. The second window is entered around 1300 nm and the third window is ‘centered around 1500 nm. Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors ingpire innovation oA SACHIN SHAH |ical Communication (MU. Z:&TO) 1 = Now-a-days, new types of fiber materials are used the 3 jim to 5 jum wavelength band, — These materials are having very low losses, ~ But itis difficult to manufacture the Jong lengths of these fibers. = The total optical spectrum is ranging from 300 GHz 0 ©. This optical spectrum is again subdivided into the sub spectrums as shown in Table 1.16.1. Table 1.16.1 Infra-red | 300 GHz to 375 x 10° GHz (b) Visible | 375 x 10° GHz to 790 10° GHz (©) Ultraviolet | 790 x 10° GHz to 225 x 10° GHz (@) X-rays: 225 x 10° GHz.to 450 x 10' GHz | © y-rays 450 x 10° GHz to 270 x 10” GHz (Cosmic rays | 270 x 10” GHz.to o % 1.16.4 Bands Assigned by International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Gor Reading Purpose only.) ‘The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has designated six spectral bands for use in optical fiber communications. They are as follows : 1. band (Original) 1260 - 1360 nm 2. Eband (Extended) 1360 - 1460 nm 3. Sand (Short) 1460 - 1530 om 4. Chand (Conventional) 1530 1565 nm 5. Land (Long) 1565 - 1625 nm 6. (Ultra long band) U band 1625 - 1675 nm 3 1.17 University Questions and Answers: "> Dec. 2012 2.1 The velocity of tight in is 2.01 « 10° mis, clad interface. Fiber and their for in ‘aperture and the acceptance angle for the ‘ir, assuming it has a coré diameter suitable for consideration by ray analyte, (Rofor UEx. 175) Marks) "> May 2013, a2 Fi te coe. sacus acon ler oe mode ration at 820 nm of step index peetaB2 and ny = 1474. What o the numerics! ‘aperture and maximum acceptance angle of this fiber 7 Also calculate the corresponding sold anigie. (Refer UEx. 1.154) (10 Marks) ‘mh May 2016 a4 A silica optical fiber with a core diameter large ‘enough to be considered by ray theory analysis has @ core relractve index of 1.50 and cladding refractive index of 1.47. Determine : () The critical angle at the core-ciadding intortace, (i) The numerical aperture for fiber, (i) The acceptance angie in air forthe fiber. (Rotor UEx. 1.7.3) (10 Marks) Derive the expression for cut off wavelength for single mode transmission. (Reefer Section 1.10.1.1) (10 Marks) => May 2017 Define Critical Angle, Acceptance Angle, Fresnel Reflection and External Reflection. (Refer Sections 1.6.5, 1.6.6, 1.6.7 and 1.7.1) (5 Marks) ‘Sketch the Refractive index Profle of SIF and GIF. Derive an expression for Numerical Aperture and ‘Number of Modes in SIF. and 1.12) \™> Dec. 2017 Q.7 Define Fresnel Reflection. Numerical Aperture and V-number. (Refer Sections 1.6.6, 1.72 and 1.9.2) (5 Marks) ‘> May 2018 @.8 A silica fiber has core refractive index of 1.4 and Cladding index of refraction is 1.35. Determine () Critical angleas Optical Communication (MU-Sem 7-E&TC) (ii) Numerical aperature (ii) Acceptance angle. (Refer UEx. 17.4) (10 Marks) Calculate the number of modes at 1.3 um wavelength in GIF having index profile a = 2, core radius 25 um, core refractive index 1.48 and Cladding refractive index 1.46, (Refer UEx. 1.15.10) (10 Marks) Explain three operating windows in optical communication. (Refer Section 1.16.3) (4 Marks) (mh Dec. 2018 an a2 Define Critical Angle, Acceptance Angie Numerical Aperture. (Roter Sections 1.6.5,1.7.1, 1.72) 4g ‘A typical refractive index difference for an fiber designed for long distance transmission ¢ Estimate NA and solid acceptance angle in ar the fiber when core index is 1.46. Further ¢ critical angle at core cladding interface wihin fiber. It may be assumed that the concept geometric optics hold forthe fiber. (Refer UEx. 1.7.9)Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber Syllabus : Attenuation, absorption, ronlinearties , Stimulated Raman Scattering, linear and nontinear scattering losses, bending losses, modal dispersion, waveguide spersion, dispersion and pulse broadening, dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers. General Overview of ‘Stimulated Brilouin Scattering , Self Phase modulation , Cross-Phase ‘modulation , Four wave mixing and its mitigation , Solitons. Measurements of attenuation, dispersion and OTD Bs va.21.4 0.2.1.2 va. 2.1.3 244 va. 2.1.4 212 vo.24.5 213 22 ho.221 224 La.222 222 La.223 23 ‘Attenuation... ead Explain the various factors responsible for optical signal attenuation and dispersion. (May 14), es What are the factors that are responsible for optical signal attenuation and dispersion during signal propagation through optical 24 fiber. (Dec. 14) 24 Explain the signal attenuation in optical fiber. (May 18). 24 Attenuation Coefficient. aes Explain material attenuation in optical fiber communication. (Dee. 16) . 24 Optical Transmission Windows... at Explain the plot the three windows in signal attenuation. (May 18) an Solved Problems of Attenuation 22 Material Absorption Losses 23 What are the factors responsible for material 23 Linear and Non-linear Scattering Losses 10.231 234 ua.23.2 va. 23.3 23.1.4 234.2 232 0.23.4 va. 2.3.5 2324 2.3.22 24 va. 2.4.1 244 va. 2.4.2 24.2 va. 2.4.3 ‘What do you mean by scattering loss ? How itis classified 2... 24 Linear Scattering sod Explain linear scattering losses. (May 11) ...2-4 Explain the Linear scattering in optical fiber. (Dec. 18) Rayleigh Scattering... Mie Scattering... Non Linear Scattering i Explain nonlinear scattering losses. (May 11) e ie Explain the Nonlinear scattering in optical fiber. (Dec. 18).. 25 ‘Stimulated Brilouin Scattering (SBS). ‘Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS). Fiber Bending Losses... Write short note on bending losses. (Dee. 11). Macroscopic Bending Losses. : Explain Macroscopic loss, (Dec. 17). Micro bending Losses or Mode Coupling Losses. What is macrobending loss ? Explain with ‘neat diagram. Explain how to minimize ‘microbending losses. (Dec. 18).[Re cpica communication MUseom-E8TO) UG. 2.4.4 What are the sources of micro bending loss ? How it can be overcomed 2 (May 16) ...0-2-7 Ua. 2.4.5 What is micro bending oss ? Explain how to minimize the these losses with neat sketch: (Bee. 16). 24:3 Solved Problems on Bending L083@8 nun 2-7 2.4.3.1 Fiber Joint Losses. UQ. 2.4.6 Explain the sources of loss ata fiber joint. (May 16, May 18) 28 25 Dispersion. a = 29 UQ. 2.5.1 Write a short note on : Dispersion. (Bec. 16), 254 Types of Dispersion.. {Ua. 2.52 Discus difrentypes of Dlpersion in optical fiber. (Dee. 17)... 29 UG. 2.5.3 Discuss intra modal dispersion. (May 11)...2-10 UQ. 2.5.4 Explain intramodal dispersion. (May 19, Dec. 13). se BAO UQ, 2.5.5 Describe the intramodal dispersion in optical fiber. (May 15) V0. 2.56 What do you undertaned by inamodal dispersion ? Derive the expression for material dispersion. (Dec. 12, May 14).. UQ, 2.5.7 Discuss inter modal dispersion. (May 11). Ua. 2.5.8 Explain intermodal dispersion. (May 13, Dec. 19) nnnnnsn UQ. 2.5.9 Describe the intermodal dispersion in optical fiber. (May 15) 244 25.2 Difference between Intermodal and Intramodal 212 Dispersion UQ. 2.5.10 Compare between intermodal and intramodal dispersion. (May 16, Dec. 16, May 17, May 18, Dec. 18) 2.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). [email protected] What do you mean by polarized mode dispersion 2. 26 Dispersion and Pulse Broadening .. UQ. 2.6.1 How does dispersion affect the transmission bandwidth of optical fibers. (May 13, Dec. 13) 212 2.6.1 Pulse Broadening in Multimode Fibers... 2-15 UG. 2.6.2 Derive the expression for pulse spreading in intermodal dispersion. (Dec. 16) 2415 Tech-Neo Publication one Where Authors inipire innovation } Derive an expression for Time Delay in 1 . 2.6.5 12 nermodel Dispersion. (May 1 262 Bandwidth Distance Product o.2.64 Explain bandwidth distance product, (Dec. 12, Dec. 13, May 14) 203 Solved Problems on DISPETSION na EX. 26.3 (Dee. 15). 27 Dispersion Shifted and Dispersion Fibers : La.27.1 Write a short note on dispersion shifted and ispersion flattened fibers ? 28 General Overview of Non-Linearites.. La. Explain the following terms 1, Scattering effect 2, Kerr effect. 29 Self Phase Modulation (SPM) UQ.2.9.1 Explain SPM. (Dec. 16) 2.9.1 Mitigation Techniques in DWDM (Dense ‘wavelength Division Muttiplexing) .. 2.10 (Cross Phase Modulation (XPM). LQ.2.10.1 Write short note on : cross phase modulation(XPM).. = 2.10.1. Mitigation of XPM. ant Four Wave Mixing UQ. 2.11.1 Write short note on : Four Wave Mixing ( (Dec. 17, May 18) 2414 Four Wave Mixing Mitigation. 242 Solitons. ft UG. 2.12.1 Explain how SPM is mitigated by GVD. 2a24 LO. 2.12.2 Explain soliton parameters... 213, Measurement of Attenuation 2.18.1 Basic Requirements for Measurement of ‘Attenuation . LQ.2.13.1 Explain requirements for measurement of attenuation. eat. UG. 2.13.2 Write short note on mode coupling, (May 15). 2132 Mode Scramblers..Optical Communication (MU-Sem 7-E&TC) C Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber UG. 2.18.2. Explain with diagram the setup for making pulse dispersion measurements in time domain. 2133 Mode Fitering... “ (May 15).. 2-38 L0,2.184 Explain the concept of mod tering 2.182 Frequency Demin intermodal Depesion 2.14 Total Attenuation Measurement : Movetrernons ; hE (Cut back Method). zs 10.2183 Crawand expla the requeney domain UO, 2.14.1. Explain measurement of spectra loss in optical tenn ocal person ees ee fiber using cutback technique, (May 11).....2-27 ] 2.18.3 Chromatic Dispersion Measurement ren 208 UO. 2.14.2. Explain the techniques for measurement of UQ. 2.18.4 Draw and explain the test-set up for measuring attenuation, dispersion. (De. 18).ercrniin 227 the chromatic dispersion. (May 12)... 39 2.141 Solved Problems on Total Attenuation 2.184 Measurement of Polarized Mode Dispersion Measurements. 12-80 (PMO). : 2A 245 Spot Attenuation Measurement... 2.91 | LO.2.18.5 Draw and explain the test-set up for U0, 2.15.1. Explain the techniques for measurement of ‘measurement of polarized mode dispersion 2-41 attenuation, dispersion. (Dec. 13), 231 | 219 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer 2.15.1 Comparison between Spectral Loss (oTOR). : at Measurement and Spot Attenuation UQ. 2.19.1. Write short note on OTDR. ‘Measurement. 32 (May 11, Dec. 11, Dec. 12, May 13, Dec. 13, La. 2.182 Compare betwoen Spectral loss measurement May 14, Dec. 14, May 15, De. 16) ..cunu.2-41 ‘and Spot attenuation measurement. 12-32 | 2.19.4 Operating Principle. wend 2.152 Non-destructive Method for Attenuation UG. 2.19.2 Explain OTDR with neat sketch. Measurement (Insertion Loss Method). 2-32 (Dee. 15, May 16) Bet Ua. 2.18.3 Discuss a popular non-destructive technique | [email protected] Explain OTDR working principle in detail for attenuator measurement. (May 13)... 282 (May 17, DEC. 17) neu BA 2.16 Absorption Loes ‘Measurement. 22 | UO.2.194 explain advantages and applications of OTA UQ, 2.16.1 Explain the techniques for measurement of (Dec. 15, May 16), attenuation, dispersion, (Dee. 13).snmm2-32 | UQ.2.19.8 Explain limitations of OTDR, (Dee. 17). LO, 2.16.2 Explain calorimetric technique, 202 | 2192 — OTDR Display... 2.16.1 Solved Problems on Absorption Loss 2193 Caloulation of Fiber Fault Location inn Measurement. [email protected] Explain how the location of fiber fault can 217 Scattering Loss Measurement. Ua. 2.17.1. Explain the techniques for measurement 2194 i of attenuation, dispersion. (Dec. 19)... 236 | LO.2.19.7 What is dead zone in OTOR, 2.17.1 Solved Problems on Scattering Loss 2.19.5 Attenuation Measurement using OTDR w...243 Measurement. LQ. 2.19.8. How attenuation is measured using 2.16 Measurement of Dispersion OTD? vero x Va, 2.18.1. Explain the techniques for measurement 220 University Questions and Answers, 244 ‘of attenuation, dispersion. (Dec. 13). © Chapter Ends 245 2.18.1 Time Domain Measurement “Tech-Neo Publication nnn Where Authors ingpie innovation ol SUCHIN SHAH Venturetical Communication (MU-Sem 7-E&TC) Maso, COSaD OT ~ Basically, attenuation represents the reduction in amplitude of signal ~ Incase of fiber optic cable, attenuation is also called as the transmission loss and it represents the reduction in intensity of light rays propagating through it. ~ This attenuation is measured with respect to the distance travelled by light rays in optical cable. ~ Thus, attenuation is basically related to the losses in the signal and in case of fiber optic cable, attenuation is ‘caused due to scattering and absorption of light rays. ~ Attenuation is usually expressed in decibel (dB). ~ Let input power launched into the fiber is P, and the fiber output is P, then attenuation in dB is, ES Attenuation (a2) = 10 logo ~ In case of optical cable, attenuation is expressed in terms of decibels per unit length that means dB/km. an 7G = 10logi9 BE Here a= Attenuation of signal per unit length L = Length of fiber optic cable ~ The signal attenuation produces losses in the system, The different factors responsible for attenuation are as follows : (Material absorption losses (For details Refer section 2.2) (@) Intrinsic (b)_Bxtrinsic Transmission Characteristics of Fiver (i) Linear scattering losses (For details Refer section 2.3) (iii) Losses due to non-linear scattering(For details Refer section 2.3) iv) Losses due to stimulated Raman scattering(For details Refer section 2.3.2.2) (v) Fiber benaling losses(For details Refer section 2.4) (vi) Dispersion (For details Refer section 2.5) (@) Chromatic dispersion (©) Material dispersion (©) Waveguide dispersion (@) Intermodal dispersion Polarized mode dispersion, 2 2.1.1 Attenuation Coefficient WZ ans: In the optical fiber; attenuation loss is expressed in terms of decibels per kilometre (4B/km) It is called as attenuation coefficient of optical cable Here P (2) is optical power at a position 2 from the starting point and P (0) is the power at the starting point. For a length ‘L’ of optical cable if P,is the input power launched into the cable and Pay is the output power ES (2.1.2) ‘The attenuation in optical cable is a function of ‘wavelength as shown in Fig, 2.1.1, Tech-New Pablcationsn.Where Authors inpre inoration A SICHLY SHAH VentreBt manufsctunng whic can aso cause the absorption. Bis called 8 Optical " Optical power = 5 mW (output) z = p.= 1002. piy=spw. | 2= 10m P@ sx10* + @ o t0l0g Fay 128 100 x10 na = 13016 @ «qaB / km can also be found bY 1 Ree a= | SPO 10 sxi0* = 70 870% 10" a = 134B/km Gi 12 km optical link, -- 11 splices at 1 kan interval . Total splices attenuation = 11x054B = 554B a Since = 13dB/km windows. 13x12 = 15.64B “Fo wer molecales present is optical cable causes the ‘Total sttenvation = 15.6+5.5=21-1dBe dpewpice of photoes. It shows dhe attenuation Peak around 1400 am. ei _ Fora standard fiber optic cable, fiber atieauation 25 * 200 nW fonction of wavelength gives 0.5 dB/imn at 1310 om 4.200 uW power is launched into the fiber, find the our and 03 dBm at 1550 0m ; . © sotn.: If the water molecules are completely eliminated theo ‘of absorptioa at 1440 nm is reduced and Given: Fiber length = 30 km, attenuation = 0.8 dB/cm, = 1300 nm, input power = 200 HW We has ee [ES ey oaereltre .os = 2 (a= ex ae rel P@ 244 200 nW ‘When the optical power launched into a 10 km length fiber Pe 1* 24 js 100 pW, the optical power at fiber ourput is 5 uW: ox 10 Calculate A nae @ Overall signal attenuation is a = * P@ = 0.7962 4W (Gi) Signal attenuation per km Gi) The overall signal attenuation for a 12 km optical = Where echorsixpere aration29 nts A sootinwous 40 km long optical fiber link has a loss of od avin, What is the minimum optical power level that must be taunched into the fiber to maintain an optical power level of 2 AW at the receiving end ? (ii) What is the required input power if the fiber has a loss of 06 dtv km? © sotn.: Given : Length ofthe fibre = 2 = 40 km, «t= 0.4 dB/km Onical power at output = P (2) = 2 uW, Optical power P@ at input =P) =? pty Pe $2] 10 P@ 0 om [ Fo] ro 16 = Antilog (1.6) = 39.81 39.81 XP (2) =3981x2x 10° 79.62 uW The minimum optical power of 79,62 yW must be launched to maintain 2 wW optical power at receiving end. @ @ = 0.6dB/km 4 ,.[ P@ a= Poel Fa] 10,,.[ PO 06 = phe Fa] PO) _ > ve FO] es [Fo] Pq) .2@ “P@ PO 502.38 x 10° P@ ~ During the fabrication process of fiber optic cable; Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber some of the transmitted light is dissipated as heat. It is called as material absorption loss. = *The major factors responsible for material absorption loss are as follows (D Intrinsic absorption due to basic atoms of fiber material. (ii) Extrinsic absorption due to impurity atoms, (iii) Absorption due to atomic detects in the glass material, D1 ane.: Fig. 2.2.1 shows attenuation spectra for intrinsic losses in a pure glass — Wnt yn Pron erey iM) Fig. 2.2.1: Attenuation spectrum In near infrared region, the intrinsic absorption takes place due to the basic fiber material properties. Usually, pure silica glass shows low intrinsic absorption, At the short wavelengths (ultraviolet region); intrinsic absorption is more dominant. In IR region, the absorption peaks are present around the operating wavelength range 700 nm to 1200 nm. Basically an interaction between vibrating SiO band and electromagnetic field of optical region takes place and it produces intrinsic absorption. ‘Tech-Neo Publicatons...\Where Authors inspire innovation =A SUCHIN SHAH Venture2.2.2 Extrinsic Absorption Ans. : Optical fibers are manufactured using melting techniques. During this process, the metallic ions like Cu”, Fe”, Ni* etc. gets deposited These are metal element impurities, which causes absorption of incoming photons and it is called as extrinsic absorption. Similarly the OH ions or hydroxyl dissolved in the {lass also produces extrinsic absorption Basically OH ions form SiOH bond and it has fundamental absorption at 2700 nm. But the harmonics ofthese fundamental frequencies at 1380 nm, 1250 nm and 950 nm also produces extrinsic absorption. This type of absorption can be reduced by reducing amount of impurities and by reducing the level of OH. Due to the non uniformities in fiber optic cable; a straight line path of light rays gets deviated. It is referred as scattering. In case of optical eable; some of the optical power from cone propagating mode gets transferred to another mode. This transfer of power takes place through the leaky or radiation mode. This leaky mode does not continue to propagate with in the fiber core, but itis radiated out from the fiber. It roduces the scattering loss. ~ These losses are mainly caused by interaction of light with density fluctuations within a fiber. This density fluctuations occur when the fiber is produced, erwork of molecules, which is made up of ‘oxides and it increases the compositional fluc in case of multimode fibers, there is a higher do ‘ ‘and greater compositional fluc concentration ‘Thus scattering losses are more. ‘The scattering losses are classified as follows Seating —o is ic Non-Linear scaring can ‘scattering Brilouring: oo aylogh seating CVE CEPree eo © ans. In case of linear scattering; optical power transferred from one mode to another mode. But there is change of frequency on the scattering. 2%. 2.3.1.1 Rayleigh Scattering The light from the sun is scattered in atmosphere to give the sky color blue. Rayleigh scattering in the glass is having same phenomenon and this scattering takes place in all: directions, The Rayleigh scattering produces attenuation in - light rays and this attenuation is proportional to 53; ‘where 2 is optical wavelength. ‘Thus if we transmit the data through the fiber optic attering is minimized. = _ Basically the glass is composed of randomly connected 3 Pa VOX P_ Conttert unk 4 ae Raw erring NE a aa a, “8 PEAOptical Communication (MU-Sem 7-£8T0) The Rayleigh scattering coefficient is denoted BY 1 and itis given by, 8x Ye = ge 8 PB K-T, Here A = Optical wavelength n = Refractive index of the medium Average photoelastic coefficient Isothermal compressibility of fictive temperature K = Boltzmann's constant Tr = Fictive temperature = The temperature at which the glass can reach a state of ‘ermal equilibrium is called as fictive temperature ~ _ The transmission loss factor is called as transmissivity ofthe fiber. 1 is denoted by W and it is related to Rayleigh coefficient as, veen where L = Length of optical cable a 2 Mie Si ing - The scattering caused by homogenetics which are comparable in size with guided wavelength; are called 4s Mie scattering. ~ This is a linear scattering, which is always in forward direction. ~The different factors, responsible for Mie scattering are as follows (i) The cylindrical structure of optical cable is not perfect. Gi) Imperfections or irregularities in the core cladding interface. (Gli) Core-cladding refractive index differences, along the fiber are not uniform. (iv) There are fluctuations in the core diameter. (v) There can be presence of bubble or strain in the fiber material. Thus, Mie scattering can cause significant attenuation jn optical signal, depending on the fiber material, ‘manufacturing process and design. Tech-Neo Publications......Where Authors inspire innovation Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber = Mie scattering can be reduced by performing following steps : () Removing imperfections during glass manufacturing process. i) Controlling the coating of fiber. (iii) Increasing the relative refractive index difference between core and cladding. ons DD an = When the optical power is transferred from one mode to another mode or same mode, but at different frequencies; then itis called as non linear scattering. ~ This scattering takes place either in forward or backward direction, ~The non-linear scattering mechanism actually produces optical gain but there is a shift in frequency. — When the light is transmitting through the fiber optic cable at a specific wavelength then due to nonlinear scattering there is change in frequency; so it produces attenuation, ~ There are two types of nonlinear scattering as follows @ Stimulated Brilliouin Scattering (SBS) (ii) Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) % 2.3.2.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) — When the laser light beam is travelling in optical cable; there are variations in an electric field of this beam. These variations in electric field produces acostic vibrations in the optical cable. = That means incident photon produces a phonon (vibrational quanta) of acostic frequency as well as it produces a scattered photon. This type of scattering is called as stimulated Brillouin Scattering and this scattering is usually in opposite direction to that of incoming beam. =A SACHIN SHAH Veatare= The scattered light looks like upper and lower sidebands, which are separated from the incident light by the modulation frequency. During this scattering, a frequency shift is produced which varies with the scatering angle. This frequency shift is maximum in the backward direction. 2.3.2.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) inelastic Raman scattering basically represents scattering of photons. = When a laser light is travelling through optical cable; the spontaneous scattering takes place. = In this process; some of the photons are transferred t0 the near frequencies = When the scattered photons lose their energy then it is called as stokes shift and when the scattered photons sain the energy then itis called as antistoke shift. — But if the photons of other frequencies are already, present then the scatering of such photons takes place and in this case the two photons are generated. It is called as stimulated raman scattering. = This scattering is similar to Stimulated Brilliouin Scattering (SBS) but in SRS instead of acaustic photon; a high frequency optical phonon is created. = The SRS can occur in both forward and backward Tf there is sharp bend of the fl probability of mechanical failure of opel cable, ‘Usvally the higher order modes are not ightly bound the core layer so due tothe sharp bends, the radiaig Iosses of such modes take first. ‘There are two types of fiber bending 10sse8¢ “iy Macroscopic bending losses Gi) Microbendin loses or mode coupling losses Macroscopic Bending Losses Dans. : ‘There is a radiation loss, when the radius of curvature of bend is greater than the diameter of fiber. ‘Such losses are also called as large radius losses. 'As the radius of curvature of bend decreases, such losses increase exponentially. ‘There is a certain critical value of radius of curvature ‘upto which such losses can be observed. Jn optical cable; the wavefront perpendicular to the direction of propagation must be maintained; to achieve this the part of mode, which is on the outside of beni directions. has to travel faster. — In SRS, optical threshold power is higher than SBS and | - It indicates that, the light rays travelling through itis given by, cladding; should travel faster. | Pa = 59x10 dha = Itis not possible, so the energy associated with that pat Hered = Diameter of core layer (in umm) is lost through radiation. j 4. = Operating wavelength = Themscroscopis bending los is shown in Fig, 24.1. ce = Attenuation in €B/km Radatontoss Core TeCreOe Ans. Me:241 = If there is abrupt change in the radius of curvature of fiber; then the radiation loss takes place from the fiber. “Tecb-Neo Publicationtinnn Where Authors inspire innovation oA SACHIN SHA Vetaical Communication (MU-Sem 7-€&TC) IR is the radius of curvature bend then, the radiation Joss is expressed as, 6, oy = Gea” (24.1) Here Gq = Radiation attenuation coefficient Cand C, = Constants independent of R In case of multimode fibers, at a particular value of radius of curvature; large bending losses occur. This radius of curvature (Rg) is, 3a - —- *" Tame n, = Refractive index of core 1, = Refractive index of cladding This loss can be reduced if the fiber has large refractive index difference (n, - n,) and if such fibers are | opertod a shorec witeiagl (2.4.2) Here and In case of single mode fibers; the radius of curvature, for which large bending loss occurs is, 2.748 -0.996 = x] recall ny Here := cutoff wavelength for single mode fiber Res (= 2% 2.4.2 Micro bending Losses or Mod: Coupling Losses yeti) ’ +243) ans. ~ These are the losses due to small bending or small distortions. If there are small fluctuations in the radius of curvature of fiber axis, then microbends are created and light rays radiate out from these microbends. Tech-Neo Publications...» Where Authors inspire innovation 2. ission Characteristics of Fiber The microbends are formed because of two major reasons as follows (i) Non uniformities in the core radius, while ‘manufacturing the cable. Gi) During the cabling of fibers, non-uniform lateral pressure can be created ‘The microbending losses are as shown in Fig. 2.4.2, Cladding Lona a Fig. 24.2 ‘To minimize the losses following precautions are taken Te (While manufacturing the cable; a precise control of core diameter is maintained. Gi) A compressible jacket is fitted over the fiber, 50 that when the external pressure is applied then the deformation of jacket takes place and there will not be creation of microbends in the core layer of fiber. % 2.4.3 Solved Problems on Bending Losses Ex.2.41 Estimate the critical bend radius of curvature at which large bending losses would occur for a 62.5/125 um MMSI fiber with core refractive index of 1.5 relative refractive index difference A = 3% and operating wavelength of 820 nm. © soin.: Relative refractive index difference is given by, 2 2 2n4= non fh = n}~2n; = 225-006 x2.25 od SUCHIN SHAH VentureFor multimode fiber, radius of curvature is, 3n\; Re = a tn 242) _ —3x2.25 820 x10" 4xnx( (15) = 2115) Re = 8879 um Ex. 242 A multimode fiber has a core and clad refractive indices of 1.46 and 1.45 respectively. The critical radius of curvature ‘at which large bending losses occur is 84 jum when the fiber is transmitting light of a particular wavelength. Determine the wavelength of the transmitted light. © son, In multimode fibers, large bending losses occur at a critical radius of curvature Re. 3m Ree oe «@aa) Given, 9, = 1.46; n= 145 ¢ = 213:m% 20 anh Now Re = (-8) 2 nxn (GEE 3n, 84x 10-*x4 xmx {213-2107 3x213 858.5 om = 859m 39 m2. Fiber Joint Losses D Ans. ~ These losses takes place while coupling the light sources to optical fiber or while spicing the two optical fibers. Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors inpire innovation Pa “The different types of these losses are as follows 5, Losses due to difference in diameter ©. Losses due to change in numerical aperture Fig, 24.3 : Types of Losses > 1. Core misalignment If the core layers of two optical fibers to be joined not exactly at the centres then the data may lost wii connecting the two optical fibers. = This situation is as shown in Fig. 2.4.4, me ay eS coe Fig. 2.4.4 : Core misalignment — Similarly in case of single optical fiber after length the core is at OFF-axis then there may be stretches of core. > 2. Lateral misalignment ~ This situation occurs if there is a lateral dis of core layer as shown in Fig. 24.5. Fig. 2.4.5 : Lateral misalignment Here, L = Lateral misalignment D = Diameter of core In this case all the light rays coming from one optical fiber may not enter into the second; some of them may Bet escaped into the environment. ‘= SACHIY SHAH Reatareical Communication (MU-Sem 7-€8&76) Gap losses This situation is as shown in Fig, 2.4.6, Fig. 24.6 : Gap losses = These losses takes place if certai between the two optical to be joined, - The allowable gap losses are 0.0002 to 0.0003. — Gap losses are proportional to the value of numerical perature of optical fiber, in gap is. present = Ifthe value of NA is less the gap losses are also les, > 4. Angular losses ~ Ifthe ends of the optical fibers are not symmetrically cut then these Losses takes place, — These losses are expressed in decibels ~The allowable angle should be less than 0.25°, = This schematic is as shown in Fig. 2.47. ~ Here @ is an angular displacement, Fig. 2.4.7: Angular losses > 5. Losses due to difference in diameter ~ If the two optical fibers to be joined are having different diameters then some of the light rays may gets ‘escaped into the environment. ~ This loss is expressed in dB and is given by, Dr Joss in 4B = - 100g pp Where Dr = Diameter of receiving optical fiber. Dt = Diameter of transmitting optical fiber. > 6. Losses due to change in numerical aperture ~ If the values of numerical aperatures of two optical fibers are different then there is a loss in the optical energy. 29 ‘Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber ~ This toss is given by, NAr losin dB = 10log Nar Where NAr = Numerical aperature of receiving fiber. NAt = Numerical aperature of transmitting fiber. a Dispersion Dan = Dispersion is basically one of the limiting factors which decides, how much data can be transmitted through optical cable, ~ Due to dispersion, broadening of the output pulse takes place as well as there can be Inter Symbol Interference asp. ~All these factors, limit the information carrying capacity of optical cable, ~The two major sources of dispersion are material dispersion and waveguide dispersion ~ Material dispersion arises due to frequency dependent response of a material used to manufacture the cable. When the speed of wave in a waveguide (optical cable) depends on its frequency then waveguide dispersion takes place. 2%. 2.5.1 Types of Dispersion (VERA Dan Broadly there are two types of dispersions, They are as follows (A) Intramodal dispersion (B)_ Intermodal dis Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors igpire innovation ‘nd SUQHIN SHAH VenturePEERS ees ~ The light source is used at inpot side. This converts an clectricl signal into optical signal. = Butthis light source doesnot emit a single wavelength. In actual practice, this light sources emits band of ‘wavelength. If the LED is used as light source then this problem is more saviour. = So the different spectral components will reach atthe ‘output at different times. — This gives the spreading of output pulse. This is called as intramodal dispersion. — This intramodol dispersion is again divided into two types: 1. Material dispersion _2._ Wave guide dispersion D1. Material dispersion — The material dispersion depends on the refractive index of material used to manufacture the fiberoptic cable. = The group velocity is the function of wavelength of light and the group velocity is also the function of refractive index ofthe material. = Now depending on the light source, each spectral component of input source will be having different wavelength. Thus each component is travelling with different speed through optical fiber. ~ This gives the spreading of the output pulse. — Thus is called as the material dispersion. It is denoted byDy. = tis givenas, ‘Transmission Characteristics of aoa Lo, O51) ‘Width of pulse spread because of dispersion L = Length of fiber optic cable ‘a, = spectral width of source Interms of wavelength, 0. = [1-(3)] Here Sy = Zero dispersion slope Xo = Zero dispersion wavelength It is also given by, Here = Operating wavelength © = Speed of light n = Refractive index of core > 2. Waveguide dispersion = Whenever the optical signals are passing through fiber optic cable, then the optical cable is acting wave guide. = Now there is a variation in the wavelength of spectral component emitted from the source. - As well as the angle made by each light ray respect to the axis of optical cable will be different. Because this angle is the function of wavelength light. = Since there is variation in the angles, all the light, are not reaching tothe output atthe same time, = This gives dispersion at the output. This is called ‘waveguide dispersion. = Incase of multimode fibers almost all the light rays travelling away from cut off axis. = Soin this case the waveguide dispersion is negligible. Incase of single mode fiber, the waveguide dispersi given as, (2. Here, TTech-Neo Pblications Where Authors inpie innovationtical Communication (MU-Sem 7-£8rC) L = Length of optic fiber = spectral width of source > (B)Intermodal dispersion COT 13, 10 Marks CE REROIC - This type of dispersion is also called as ‘modal dispersion’ ~ This dispersion takes place in case of multimode fiber optic cables. Here the different mode are travelling with different ‘g10up velocities inside an optical fiber, — Some modes are travelling with maximum speed, while some are travelling with minimum speed, — Thus there is difference between the transit time of these modes. So all the modes are not coming to the output at the same time. This gives the spreading of output pulse. - This type of dispersion is called as intermodal dispersion. Incase of multimode step index fiber this dispersion is more. ~ It can be reduced by choosing an optimum refractive index profile. = In case of graded index multimode fibers, this distortion is less by a factor of 100 than multimode step index fiber. ~ Fora single mode fibers this distortion is almost zero. ~ Thus in case of single mode step index fiber, only one mode is propagating. Because of this very less intermodal dispersion is obtained. For multimode step index fiber = In case of multimode step index fiber we will consider the two modes. Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors ingpie ianoration ' isslon Character 1 Tra cof Optical Fiber These are fastest and slowest mode. Fig. 2.5.1 : Axial and meridional rays ~The light ray which is passing along the axis of optical fiber is corresponding to the fastest mode. ~ While the light ray which is incident atthe interface of core cladding layer is having slowest mode. This ray is making an incidence angle equals to the critical angle. This arrangement is as shown is Fig. 25.1 - This ray making an angle equal to critical angle is, called is extreme meridional ray. The axial ray requires less time to reach at the output. This time period is given by, 1, = Sistanee ma = Yelocity im Tan = Gap +(2.53) Here, L = Length of fiber optic cable; © = speed of light 1a, = refractive index of core layer = As compared to this fiber, the multimode graded index fiber is having less dispersion, ‘Overall dispersion in optical fiber ‘The overall dispersion in the fiber is the summation of intermodal and intramodal dispersion. The total rms pulse ‘broadening 0, is given by, i or = [eet] Here, 0,= Intramodal broadening , = Intermodal broadening 5.4) =A SUCHIN SHAH Venture°% 2.5.2. Difference between Intermodal and Intramodal Dispersion Cae a Cane It is the pulse spreading | It is pulse spreading in insingle mode fiber. _| multimode fibers. 2. | Ittakes place because | It takes place due to ‘group velocity variation in group function of wavelength. | delay for individual mode at single 3. | In single mode fiber; this dispersion is dominant. 4, | The material dispersion | It is due tothe delay is due to variation of core | difference between refractive index with _| fastest and slowest respect to wavelength. | modes. Waveguide dispersion takes place because mode propagation constant is function of core size. 5s. | Material dispersion is | This dispersion can be reduced by selecting | minimized by source of narrow spectral | choosing optimum width and operating it at | refractive index Jonger wavelength. profile. Ani ‘The orientation of electric field of light signal is, as polarization. ‘The polarization varies significantly throughout length of fiber optic cable. ‘Two orthogonal polarization modes are shown Fig. 25.2. ‘The two modes travel with slightly propogation velocities and because of this, dispersion takes place. ‘The polarization orientation rotates or shifts distance. ‘The difference in propogation time (At) between orthogonal polarization modes, cause the spreading pulse. It is called as Polarization Mode Dis (PMD). ‘This polarization occurs because of birefringence along the length of fiber. IfB, and B, are different propogation constants and Ais the optical wavelength then the modal birefringence (B,) of fiber is given by, ae Fig. 2.52 Dispersion and Pulse Broadening TD ans.: ‘The dispersion is related to the broadening of input signal at the output sideOptical Communication (MU-Sem 7-£8TC) 2. Because of this the considerable error is produced at the output side, Consider the case of digital data transmissi fiber optic cable, ‘The amplitude of input signal is as shown in Fig. 2.6.1 ~ Here the input signal required to transfer is 101010. The amplitude levels and the time duration for each bit is as shown in Fig. 2.6.1 vusing Fig. 2.6.1: Input signal ~ Now the widening of input signals takes place as these signals starts passing through an optical fiber. ~ Sot the output side the mixing of signals takes place, Amplitude time Inter symbol interference Fig. 2.6.2 : Output signal ~ It is difficult at the output side to distinguish the different signal. ~ Thus an interference of symbols takes place at the output side, This is calle as inter symbol interference. This is as shown in Fig. 2.6.2. ~ Now let ‘T" be the duration of input pulse. Then if we ‘Want to avoid the dispersion taking place in an optical fiber then we will have to limit the bitrate (B,). This is given by, B se (26.1) ~ Here 27 represents the time period of broadened pulse when the dispersion occurs. tical Fiber Tran = Thus Equation (2.6.1) gives the value of maximum bit rate, = Whenever an input signal is passing through an optical fiber then the dispersion depends on the distance between input and output side. = The dispersion also depends on the time period. = Incase of multimode step index fiber, the dispersion is maximum. = So the bandwidth is comparatively less. It is of the order of tens of megahertz. = The dispersion in multimode graded index fiber is as shown in Fig. 2.6.3. \ -ES-Ia.. Fig. 2.6.3: Dispersion is multimode step index fiber prince ~ As compared to multimode step index fiber; in case of multimode graded index fiber less dispersion is obtained. This is shown in Fig. 2.6 = The minimum dispersion occurs in case of single mode step index fiber. — So higher transmission bandwidth are obtained. This bandwidth is in the range of gigahertz, ~The dispersion in case of single mode step index fiber is as shown in Fig. 2.6.5. = We know that in order to transfer on electrical signal Using fiber optic communication, it is necessary to convert this signal into optical signal. = Forthis the light source is used, - That means we are getting an optical signal corresponding to an electrical signal. = Thus an electrical signal modulates an optical source. Tech-Neo Publications......Where Authors apie innovation A SACHIN SHAH Venturetical Communication (MU-Sem ‘Amplitude ‘rput Amplitude ae Input time Fig, 2.6.5: Dispersion for single mode step index fiber = This modulated signal excites all the modes at an input, of fiber optic cable. = Bach mode contain an optical component, And this ‘optical component is equivalent to an electrical component of input signal. — Whenever there optical components are travelling through the optical fiber then a time delay is produced for each optical component. — Thus there is a group delay per unit length. = This is denoted by (T,) fiir cee ater. 62) Here L = length of optical fiber V, = Group velocity = Here group velocity is the velocity with which the energy of pulse is passing through an optical fiber. = This group velocity is given by eo “@ x. Here, ¢ = Velocity of light in free space = 3 x 10" m/s i = Propogation constant along axis of optical fiber 2.6.3) and. I F mn K = constant= 5 Where A is the wavelength of optical signal. Since the group velocity given by Equation (2. contains the factor k; this velocity depends on the wavelength. ‘Thus every spectral component takes different amount of time period to reach at the output. Because the group. velocity depends on the wavelength. It means the group delay given by Equation (2.6.2) is also dependent of the wavelength. Thus all the spectral components are not reaching atthe ‘output at the same time. This gives spreading of pulse atthe output side. ‘The amount by which the spreading of optical signal takes place is called as dispersion, Itis given by, Ld D=iT AT (2.64) Here, L = Length of optical fiber i ‘A. = Wavelength of optical signal Group delay. Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors inspire innovationEe MU - May 17,5 Marks WD ans.: = The intermodal distortion is dominant in multimode fibers. = Basically, in multimode fibers, the maximum pulse broadening is the difference between the travel time of the highest mode (Ty...) and the travel time of lowest mode (Tia) = If L is the length of optical cable then the delay siteence is gvenby, af Lm ain = Cae delay difference = Braog = Ta Refractive index of core layer Refractive index of cladding speed of light Ln, [a, eee: sf La, fn,- bom HL] ee by, (2.6.5) mieea) ™ ee ‘The numerical aperature is related to ‘A’ as, NA = n,\/24 “+28 = (NAY «ay eae Or Ae (2.6.6) +(26.7) Transmission Characteristics of Optic Putting Equation (2.6.7) in Equation (2.6.6) we get, +L foay Bia 1 ([] (2.6.8) 2n, Lay 2,6 ‘The rms pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion. is given by, Sons ‘The maximum bit rate is given by, Bras aaa 11(2.6.10) +269) ‘The rms pulse broadening due to material dispersion is, 2 o, = Sh i 2.6.11) Here L = length of optical cable 2 = operating wavelength 1 = refractive index of core layer ©, = rms spectral width of source ~ _Interms of dispersion parameter (Mp) itis given by, Oy = ,LMy (26.12) 3.2.6.2 Bandwidth Distance Product DZ ans.: Dec. 13, May 14.5 [ors ‘The manufactures normally specify bandwidth of optical cable asthe bandwith length product. tis expressed in terms of MHz - km or GHz km. ‘This parameter can be used to predict the effective bandwidth for other fiber lengths. This parameter is also useful for comparing the performance of different types of fiber optic cables, ‘The amount of pulse dispersion per unit length gives limit for bitrate of optical cable, ‘The broadening of pulse increases with increase in the length of optical cable; that means the bandwidth of fiber optic cable is inversely proportional tothe length, ech-Neo Publiationswunu Where Authors inypire innovation od SHOHIN SHAH VeaareOptical Communication (Mt 2. mn 7-E8TO) ~ For multimode step index and graded index fibers; ‘deal values of bandwidth length product are 20 MHz - km and 1 GHz - km respectively. For optical cables; bandwidths are usually specified ‘over 1 km length of cable and itis optical bandwidth, Optical bandwidth is slightly greater than electrical bandwidth m2 Solved Problems on Di Ex.261 Calculate the pulse spreading caused by material dispersion for a graded-index multimode fiber working at 2. = 850 nm if the fiber’s length is 100 km and the light source is an LED whose rms spectral width is 70 nm. The given parameters are : Dispersion slope, Sy = 0.097 ps/nm* km and 2) = 1343 nm, Is the dispersion value positive or negative in this example ? State the interpretation of negative sign. HZ sotn.: Given: 4=850nm,L = 100 km; sms spectral width = 70 am ‘Sp. = dispersion slope = 0.097 ps /nm?- km. dy = 1343 am ps = a ‘The total first order dispersion for the fiber at the wavelengths mano 2-8] = $500.00 10" [i -(28)] ‘The unit of term AS, is nm - 1 = SSxiexa7x10 1-138) 2 = 85297210" 1625 = 206x107" [- 5.23] = -107 psnm~km™" ‘The dispersion exhibits a negative sign due to influence of the waveguide dispersion. RMS pulse broadening = Spectral width x L xM = 70x 100 km x 107 ps nm” km! 6 Ete Pulse broadening /km = 1999 ey : = 749 ps km” ' = 0.749 ns km” 262 ‘ & ‘A. multimode graded index fiber exhibits total pulse broadening of 0.1 ps over a distance of 10 km. Assuming RZ forma, estimate : ( (i) The maximum possible bandwidth on the Tink” assuming no intersymbol interference; : (Gi) The pulse dispersion per unit length; (ii) The bandwidth - length product forthe fiber. son Given: Multimode graded index fiber pulse broadening = 0.1 us over 10 km (@ The maximum possible optical B.W. which it equivalent to the maximum possible bit rate [for RZ pulses] assuming no ISI may be obtained is i 1 By, = Broz 1 aes OTSe aaa + Gi) The dispersion / nit length = 212 (Gi) The bandwidth length product length product By XL = SMHzx10km 50 MHz- km 10 ns/km_ tees © son: Given: Pulse broadening = 0.1 usec over 15 km (@ The maximum possible bandwidth assuming no intersymbol interference 1 By = Br=3 Tech-Neo Publications... Where Authors inpire innovationTO) “Tol x10 Dispersion / unit length m= 2d 10" ww iby © 6.66 00 / km (ii) The bandwidth length product is, ByXL = 510% 15% 10° = 75%10' Ham rc Ex 264 ‘A multimode graded index fiber exhibits total pulse broadening of 0.1 psec over a distance of 12 km, Calculate (i) the maximum possible bandwidth on the link assuming no inter symbol interference; (ii) the pulse broadening per unit length ; (ii) the bandwidth-length product ofthe fiber. & son: Given : Multimode graded index fiber pulse broadening = 0,1 psec distance = 12km () For no overlapping of light pluses down on an optical fiber link, the digital bitrate By must be equal 10 the reciprocal of broadened pulse duration (21), By = Brae 4 4 204 x 10 (ii) The dispersion / unit length Be tun = 5 MHz (ili) The bandwidth length product By XL = 5MHzx 12 km = 60 MHzkm Ex.26.5 ‘A MMSI fiber gives a total pulse broadening of 95 ns over a 5 kan length, Estimate the Bandwidth-length product for the fiber when 4 non return to zero digital code is used. An ‘engineer, not satisfied with this product plans to use a SMSI fiber that could give a bandwidth-length product of 10 GHz, Km, Estimate the rms pulse broadening of this fiber over a 40 km digital optical link (without repeaters) that uses RZ. code, Fibor (i) MMSI fiber has total broadening of 95 ns Skm length. 6, = 95 nskm! ‘The bandwidth length product is estimated from the relationship. eri O2 th Oy "95s K™ = 21% 10° 10° km= 21 MHz km (ii) The maximum possible optical B.W. which is equal to By XL = maximum possible bit rate for RZ pulses is >>. Bandwidth length product is 10 GHz km given, & By XL = 10 GHZ km 10GHHz km 40 km 40k 2 Bay = =0.25 GH Ls 4 ° Buy 3q = 0.25 x 10" 1 10 4B O25 x10 KD 05 22 +. Dispersion or rms pulse broadening is 2 ns/km. By = Determine the maximum bit rate for RZ and NRZ encoding for the following pulse spreading constants and cable lengths. (i) At=10ns/mm L = 100m (ii) Bt = 20:ns/m, L= 1000 m (ii). 8t 2000 ns/m, L= 2 km, © sotn. : To find maximum bit rate for RZ and NZR encoding. 0 At = 10ns/mm Since 1mm = 10°*km At = 1008 10°/km = 10ms/km Total dispersion for 100m = 0.1 kmis 1 ms ‘Thus pulse broadening of 1 ms over a distance of 100m ‘The maximum possible optical bandwidth = maximum possible bit rate for RZ is Ba = Braz Toeh Ne Palliationn Where Authors nie innovation ‘A SACHIN SHAH Venture