The Z-Transform and its Application

to the Analysis of LTI System

1
 Contents
 Introduction to the Z-Transform of a discrete-time
signal
 Its Convergence properties
 Inverse Z-transform
 Properties of the z-Transform
 Rational z-Transforms
 Inversion of z-Transform
 LTI system in z-domain
 One-sided z-Transform

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 Introduction

 Z-transform is an alternative representation of a

discrete signal.
 Z-Transform is important in the analysis and
characterization of LTI systems
 Z-Transform play the same role in the analysis of
discrete time signal and LTI systems as Laplace
transform does in the analysis of continuous time
signal and LTI systems.
 Z-transform provides us with a mean of characterizing
an LTI system and its response to various signals by its
pole-zero locations.

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 The Z-Transform
 The z-transform of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as
∞

𝑋(𝑧) ≡ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
where, z is a complex variable.
The Direct z-transform
- as it transforms the time-domain signal x(n) into its complex
plane representation X(z)
 The z-transform of a signal is also denoted by
𝑋 𝑧 ≡𝑍 𝑥 𝑛
Whereas relation between x(n) and X(z) is indicated by
𝑧
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋(𝑧)

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 The Z-Transform
 Since the z-transform is an infinite power series, it is
exists only for the series convergence.
 The region of convergence (ROC) of X(z) is the set of
all values of z for which X(z) attains a finite value.
 For finite-length x(n), ROC is entire complex plane
except possibly for z=0 or z→∞
 In many cases , the sum of the finite or infinite
series for z-transform can be expressed in a
closed-form expression
 Offers compact alternative representation of the signal
 While citing z-transform, should indicate its ROC

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 ROC for The Z-Transform

Lets express the complex variable z in polar form as

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃

where 𝑟 = 𝑧 and 𝜃 = ∡𝑧. 𝜃

The z-transform of x(n), 𝑋(𝑧) ≡ ∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 can be

𝑛=−∞
expressed as
∞

𝑋 𝑧 |𝑧=𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝑥(𝑛)𝑟 −𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑛

𝑛=−∞
The z-transform exists (or converges) if 𝑋(𝑧) < ∞
But 𝑋(𝑧) = ∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 ≤ ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛

[According to triangle inequality]

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 Math Review
 Triangle inequality
If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, then

This is called the triangle inequality. Geometrically, it says that the

length of any side of a triangle cannot be larger than the sum of the
lengths of the other two sides.
More generally, if z1, z2, ..., zn are n complex numbers, then

 Absolute value of complex exponential

Euler's Formula:
Trig Identity:

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 ROC for The Z-Transform

𝑋(𝑧) = ∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 ≤ ∞ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
= ∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑟 −𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑛 ≤ ∞ 𝑟 −𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑥 𝑛
∞ ∞

= 𝑥(𝑛)𝑟 −𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑛 ≤ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑟 −𝑛

𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
[putting 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑛 = 1]
Hence, 𝑋(𝑧) is finite if the sequence 𝑥(𝑛)𝑟 −𝑛 is absolute
summable

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 ROC for The Z-Transform
 To find the ROC of X(z), determine the range of values of r for
which the sequence x(n)r −n is absolute summable

𝑋 𝑧 ≤ ∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑟 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
−1 ∞

≤ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑟 −𝑛 + 𝑥(𝑛)𝑟 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0
∞ ∞
𝑥(𝑛)
≤ 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑟𝑛 +
𝑟𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=0

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 ROC for The Z-Transform
∞ ∞
𝑥(𝑛)
𝑋 𝑧 ≤ 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 +
𝑟𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=0

 In the first sum, there must be exist values of r small enough

so that 𝑥(−𝑛)𝑟 𝑛 , 1 ≤ 𝑛 < ∞ is absolutely summable.
Therefore, the ROC for the first sum consist of all the points
in a circle of some radius r1, where 𝑟1 < ∞.
 In the second sum, there must exist values of r large enough
𝑥(𝑛)
so that 𝑟 𝑛 , 0 ≤ 𝑛 < ∞ is absolutely summable. Therefore,
the ROC for the second sum consist of all points outside a
circle of some radius r2, where 𝑟2 > 𝑟.
 Since the convergence of X(z) requires that both sums, the
ROC of X(z) is specified the common region where the both
sum are finite.
 If there is no common region , then X(z) does not exist.

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 Properties of the ROC
 The ROC of X(z) is a ring or
disk in the z-plane, centered
on the origin
 Properties of the ROC depend
on the nature of the signal.

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 The z-Transform (Example)
Since the z-transform is an infinite power series, it is exists only for the series
convergence. The region of convergence (ROC) of X(z) is the set of all values of z for
which X(z) attains a finite value.

 Example
Determine z-transform of the∞
following finite duration signals
Solution: 𝑋(𝑧) ≡ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑍 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

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 The z-Transform (Example)

In many cases , we can express the sum of the finite or infinite

series for z-transform in a closed-form expression.

 Example u(n) is the unit

step function:
Determine z-transform of the signal, • u(n) = 1 for n ≥ 0
• u(n) = 0 for n < 0
Solution:

𝑋(𝑧) ≡ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑍 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞

This is an infinite geometric series

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 The z-Transform (Example)
A closed form of the geometric series written as

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 Try your self

 Example- 3.1.3
 Example- 3.1.4
 Example- 3.1.5

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 The Inverse z-Transform
 Procedure of transforming z-domain to the time domain (i.e.,
obtaining x(n) from X(z)) is called the inverse-z transform
 The inverse z-transform can be derived based on a special
case of the Cauchy’s theorem: Important theorem in the theory
of complex variable

1 𝑙−1
𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝛿(𝑙),
2𝜋𝑗 𝑐
where C is a counterclockwise contour that encircles the origin.
 The z-transform of a discrete time signal is defined as
𝑋 𝑧 = ∞ 𝑘=−∞ 𝑥 𝑘 𝑧 −𝑘 [z is a complex variable]

Multiplying both side by 𝑧 𝑛−1 and integrate both side with a closed
contour within ROC of X(z) which encloses the origin
∞
1 𝑛−1
1
𝑋 𝑧 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑧 −𝑘 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 2𝜋𝑗 𝐶
𝑘=−∞

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 The Inverse z-Transform
∞
1 𝑛−1
1
⇒ 𝑋 𝑧 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑧 𝑛−𝑘−1 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 𝑘=−∞

Interchanging order of integration and summation of R.H.S.

∞
1 𝑛−1
1
𝑋 𝑧 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑧 𝑛−𝑘−1 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 2𝜋𝑗 𝐶
𝑘=−∞
∞
1
⇒ 𝑋 𝑧 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝛿(𝑛 − 𝑘)
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 𝑘=−∞
[According to Cauchy’s theorem]
1
⇒ 𝑋 𝑧 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥(𝑛)
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶
Any arbitrary signal x(n) can be decomposed into weighted sum of shifted unit sample sequence
(See Lecture- Discrete-Time Signals & Systems, Slide- 45, 46)

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 The Inverse z-Transform

Therefore, the inverse z-transform of X(z) is defined as

1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶
𝑋 𝑧 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑗
where C is a counterclockwise closed contour in the ROC
of X(z) encircling the origin

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 Properties of z-Transform

 Linearity:

Example: Determine z-transform and ROC of the signal

Solution: Let, and

1
𝑋1 𝑧 = 1−2𝑧 −1, ROC: 𝑧 > 2

1
𝑋2 𝑧 = 1−3𝑧 −1, ROC: 𝑧 > 3

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 Properties of z-Transform

 Time Shifting:

ROC: same as X(z) accept for |z|=0 if k>0 and |z|=∞ if k<0
Example:
𝑥 𝑛 = * 1, 2, 5,7, 0, 5+
𝑋 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑧 −1 + 5𝑧 −2 + 7𝑧 −3 + 5𝑧 −5 ROC: |𝑧|≠0

Shifting 2 unit in left

𝑥 𝑛 + 2 = *1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 5+
𝑋 𝑍 𝑛+2 = 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5 + 7𝑧 −1 + 5𝑧 −3 ROC: 𝑧 ≠ 0 and 𝑧 ≠ ∞

𝑧 2 𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 1 + 2𝑧 −1 + 5𝑧 −2 + 7𝑧 −3 + 5𝑧 −5
= 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5 + 7𝑧 −1 + 5𝑧 −3
=𝑋 𝑍 𝑛 + 2

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 Properties of z-Transform

 Scaling in the z-domain:

for any constant a, real or complex

 Time reversal:

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 Properties of z-Transform

 Differentiation in the z-domain:

 Convolution of two sequences:

ROC: is the intersection of X1(z) and X2(z)

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 Properties of z-Transform

 Correlation of two sequences:

 The initial Value Theorem:

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 Properties of z-Transform
 Multiplications of two sequences:
𝑧 𝑧
If 𝑥1 (𝑛) 𝑋1 (𝑧) and 𝑥2 (𝑛) 𝑋2 (𝑧)
𝑧 1 𝑧 −1
Then 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛 𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑋 (𝑣)𝑋2 𝑣 )𝑣 𝑑𝑣
(
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 1

Where, C is a closed contour that encloses the origin and lies within the
region of convergence common to both X1(v) and X2(1/v)
Proof: The z-transform of x(n) is
∞ ∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
1 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑣
Inverse transform, 𝑥1 𝑛 = 𝑋1 𝑣 𝑣
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶
1
Substituting, 𝑋 𝑧 = ∞ 𝑛=−∞ 2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 𝑋1 𝑣 𝑣
𝑛−1 𝑑𝑣 𝑥 𝑛
2 𝑧 −𝑛

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 Properties of z-Transform
∞
1
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑋1 𝑣 𝑣 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑣 𝑥2 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶
𝑛=−∞
Interchanging order of summation and integration,
∞
1
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑋1 𝑣 𝑣 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑣𝑥2 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶
𝑛=−∞
∞
1 𝑧 −𝑛 −1
= 𝑋1 𝑣 , 𝑥2 𝑛 ( ) -𝑣 𝑑𝑣
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 𝑣
𝑛=−∞
∞ 𝑧
Here, 𝑛=−∞ 𝑥2 𝑛 ( )−𝑛 is transform X(z) evaluated at z/v
𝑣
1 𝑧 −1
Therefore, 𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑋 (𝑣)𝑋2 𝑣)𝑣 𝑑𝑣
(
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶 1
For complex-valued sequence,
∗
𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2∗ 𝑛 𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑋1 (𝑣)𝑋2∗ ( ∗ )𝑣 −1 𝑑𝑣
2𝜋𝑗 𝑣
𝐶

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 Properties of z-Transform

 Parseval’s Relation:
If x1(n) and x2(n) are complex-valued sequences then
∞
1 1
𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2∗ 𝑛 = 𝑋1 (𝑣)𝑋2∗ ( ∗ )𝑣 −1 𝑑𝑣
2𝜋𝑗 𝑣
𝑛=−∞ 𝐶

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Properties of z-Transform

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 Rational z-Transform

 Why Rational?
X(z) is a rational function iff it can be represented as the ratio of
two polynomials in z −1 (or z):
𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑧 −1 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑀 𝑧 −𝑀
𝑋 𝑧 =
𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑧 −1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑁 𝑧 −𝑁

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 Poles and Zeros of z-Transform
 zeros of X(z): values of z for which X(z) = 0
 poles of X(z): values of z for which X(z) = ∞

If X(z) is a rational function,

𝑀 −𝑘
𝐵(𝑧) 𝑏0 +𝑏1 𝑧 −1 +⋯+𝑏𝑀 𝑧 −𝑀 𝑘=0 𝑏𝑘 𝑧
then 𝑋 𝑧 = = = 𝑁
𝐴(𝑧) 𝑎0 +𝑎1 𝑧 −1 +⋯+𝑎𝑁 𝑧 −𝑁 𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝑧
−𝑘

𝑏1 𝑀−1 𝑏𝑀
𝑏0 𝑧 −𝑀 𝑧𝑀 + 𝑧 + ⋯+
𝑏0 𝑏0
= , -[Here, a0, b0 ≠ 0]
𝑎0 𝑧 −𝑁 𝑎 𝑎𝑁
𝑧 𝑁 + 1 𝑧 𝑁−1 + ⋯ +
𝑎0 𝑎0
𝑏0 −𝑀+𝑁 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑧 − 𝑧2 … (𝑧 − 𝑧𝑀 )
= 𝑧
𝑎0 𝑧 − 𝑝1 𝑧 − 𝑝2 … (𝑧 − 𝑝𝑁 )
[ Factored form of polynomials]

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 Math Review

 Example:
Let us take a polynomial equation:
x2−2x=0
Factored
Or, x(x-2)=0 Form
Hence, x=0 or x=2

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 Poles and Zeros of z-Transform
𝑏0 −𝑀+𝑁 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑧 − 𝑧2 … (𝑧 − 𝑧𝑀 )
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑧
𝑎0 𝑧 − 𝑝1 𝑧 − 𝑝2 … (𝑧 − 𝑝𝑁 )
𝑀
𝑘=1(𝑧−𝑧𝑘 ) 𝑏0
=𝐺𝑧 𝑁−𝑀 𝑁 (𝑧−𝑝 ) ,𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐺 = ]
𝑘=1 𝑘 𝑎0
 X(z) has M finite zeros at z = z1, z2, . . . , zM
 X(z) has N finite poles at z = p1, p2, . . . , pN
 For 𝑁 − 𝑀 ≠ 0
 if N − M > 0, there are |N − M| zeros at origin, z = 0
 if N − M < 0, there are |N − M| poles at origin, z = 0
Total number of zeros= Total number of poles

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 Poles and Zeros of z-Transform

 Can represent X(z) graphically by pole-zero plot

(pattern) in complex plane, which shows location of
 Poles by crosses (⨯)
 Zeros by circles ( ◯ )

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 Rational Z-Transform

 Example:

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 Rational Z-Transform
 Pole Location and Time-Domain behavior for Causal Signals

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 Rational Z-Transform
 The system Function of a Linear Time –Invariant System

X(z) is the z-transform of x(n)

Y(z) is the z-transform of y(n)
H(z) is the z-transform of the unit sample response, h(n)

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Rational Z-Transform

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 Rational Z-Transform

 Example

The system has one pole at z=1/2and one zero at the origin

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 Inversion of z-Transform

 Formal inverse z-transform is based on a Cauchy

integral
1
i.e., 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑋 𝑧 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑧 … … … (𝑖)
2𝜋𝑗 𝐶
where C is a counterclockwise closed contour in the ROC
of X(z) encircling the origin
 Less formal ways sufficient most of the time

 Partial fraction expansion

 Power series expansion

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Inverse Z-Transform by Partial Fraction Expansion
 Assume that a given z-transform can be expressed as
M

 k
b z k

Xz  k 0
N

 k
a
k 0
z k

 Apply partial fractional expansion

M N N
Ak s
Cm
Xz   B z r
  
r 0
r
k 1,k  i 1  dk z
1

m 1 1  d z
i
1

m

 First term exist only if M>N

o Br is obtained by long division
 Second term represents all first order poles
 Third term represents an order s pole
o There will be a similar term for every high-order pole
 Each term can be inverse transformed by inspection

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Inverse Z-Transform by Partial Fraction Expansion
M N N
Ak s
Cm
Xz   B z r
   
r 0
r
k 1,k  i 1  dk z 1

m 1 1  d z
i
1

m

 Coefficients are given as

 
Ak  1  dk z1 Xz z  d
k

Cm 
1
s  m!  di  s m
 ds m
 s m
 s
 
1 
1  diw X w 
 dw w  di1

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Inverse Z-Transform by Partial Fraction Expansion
(Example)
1 1
Xz  ROC : z 
 1 1  1 1  2
1  z 1  z 
 4  2 
 Order of nominator is smaller than denominator (in terms of z-1)
 No higher order pole
A1 A2
Ak Cm Xz 
M N N s
Xz   Br z  
r
1 
 
r 0 k 1,k  i 1  dk z m 11  diz 
1 m  1 1   1 1 
1  z  1  z 
4 2
   
 1  1
A1  1  z 1 Xz    1
 4   1  1 
1

 
1
Ak  1  dk z1 Xz z  d 1    
z
4
 2  4  
k

 1 1  1
A 2  1  z Xz   2
 2  1  1  1  
1
z
2  1  
 4  2  
 

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Inverse Z-Transform by Partial Fraction Expansion
(Example)
1 2 1
Xz   z 
 1 1   1 1  2
1  z  1  z 
 4   2 
 ROC extends to infinity
 Indicates right sided sequence

n n
1 1
xn  2  un -   un
2  4

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 Inverse Z-Transform by Power Series Expansion
 The z-transform is power series

Xz   xn zn
n  
 In expanded form
Xz    x 2 z2  x 1 z1  x0  x1 z 1  x2 z 2  

 Z-transforms of this form can generally be inversed

easily
 Especially useful for finite-length series
 1 n  2
 Example  1
 n  1  2
 1
2



Xz   z2 1  z 1  1  z 1 1  z 1  
xn    1 n0
2 1  1 1
1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑧 −2 = 𝑧 2 1 − 𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −3
=𝑧
2
1 2
1 1 2  1
2
 z  z 1 z  2 n1
12 2 1  0
xn  n  2  n  1  n  n  1  n2
2 2

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 LTI Systems in z-Domain

 Lets consider a pole-zero system described by the

general linear constant-coefficient difference equation
N M
y (n)   ak y (n  k )   bk xn  k 
k 1 k 0
𝑌(𝑧) 𝐵(𝑧)
and corresponding system function, 𝐻 𝑧 = =
𝑋(𝑧) 𝐴(𝑧)
Assume, input signal x(n) has a rational z-transform,
𝑁(𝑧)
𝑋 𝑧 =
𝑄(𝑧)
Here, B(z), A(z), N(z) and Q(z) are polynomials.

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 LTI Systems in z-Domain

 Suppose, system contains simple poles p1, p2, … , pN and

z-transform of input signal contains poles q1, q2, … , qN
where 𝑝𝑘 ≠ 𝑞𝑚 for all k=1, 2, …, N and m=1, 2, …, L.
 Also, assume there is no poles-zero cancellation
 Partial-fraction expansion of Y(z) yields,
𝑁 𝐿
𝐴𝑘 𝑄𝑘
𝑌 𝑧 = −1
+
1 − 𝑝𝑘 𝑧 1 − 𝑞𝑘 𝑧 −1
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
 Apply inverse-z:
y 𝑛 = 𝑁 𝑘=1 𝐴𝑘 𝑝𝑘
𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 𝐿
𝑘=1 𝑄𝑘 𝑞𝑘 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

Natural Response of the system Forced Response of the system

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 Transient and Steady-State Response
 Natural response of a casual system has form:
𝑁

𝑦𝑛𝑟 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑘 𝑝𝑘 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

𝑘=1
Where {pk}, k=1, 2,…, N are the poles of the system and Ak scaling factor
 If |Pk|<1 then ynr(n) decays to zero as n approaches infinity, which refers natural
response as the transient response
 Forced response of a casual system has form:
𝐿

𝑦𝑓𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑄𝑘 𝑞𝑘 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
𝑘=1
Where {qk}, k=1, 2,…, L are the poles of forcing function and Qk scaling factor
 If all poles of input signal falls inside circle then ynr(n) decays to zero as n
approaches infinity
 If casual input signal is sinusoid, the poles fall on the unit circle and consequently
the forced response is also a sinusoid that persists for all 𝑛 ≥ 0. Thus the forced
response is called the steady state response.

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 Causality and Stability
Recall
 h(n) is stable if h(n)=0, n<0

 ROC of z-transform of the casual system is the exterior of circle

So, LTI system is casual iff ROC of system function is the exterior of circle of
radius, 𝑟 < ∞, including the point 𝑧 = ∞

Recall
H is BIBO stable iff Σ|h(n)|<∞
Let’s evaluate H(z) on unit circle:

So, LTI system BIBO stable iff ROC contains unit circle
 Causal system is BIBO ⟶ROC has form {|z|>r}, 0<r<1
o ROC must include unit circle and outside
 Anti-causal system BIBO ⟶ ROC {|z|1
o ROC must include unit circle and inside

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 More about zeros and poles

 Zeros and poles can cancel out

 Multiple order poles
 Pole on unit circle has response polynomial * exponent
 Order of polynomial = multiplicity
 Exponent is actually oscillation
 Response will blow up (polynomial * oscillation)

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 One-sided z-Transform
 The one-sided or unilateral z-transform of a signal x(n) is defined
by
∞

𝑋 + (𝑧) ≡ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑧+
Also denoted by 𝑍 + *𝑥 𝑛 + and 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑋 + (𝑧)

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 Example

 Determine the one-sided z-transform of following

signals:

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 Properties of one-sided z-transform

 Time delay:
𝑧+
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋+ 𝑧
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑘
𝑧+
𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘) 𝑧 −𝑘 ,𝑋 + 𝑧 + 𝑥(−𝑛)𝑧 𝑛 -, 𝑘 > 0
𝑛=1

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 Example

 Consider x(n)=an and x1(n)=x(n-2)

We will compute X1 +(z)
𝑘
𝑧+
𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘) 𝑧 −𝑘 ,𝑋 + 𝑧 + 𝑥(−𝑛)𝑧 𝑛 -, 𝑘 > 0
𝑛=1
𝑧+
Hence, 𝑥(𝑛 − 2) 𝑧 −2 ,𝑋 + 𝑧 + 𝑥 −1 𝑧 +𝑥(−2)𝑧 2 -
= 𝑧 −2 𝑋 + 𝑧 + 𝑥 −1 𝑧 −1 +𝑥(−2)
Since, x(-1)=a-1 and x(-2)=a-2,
𝑧 −2
𝑋2+ 𝑧 = + 𝑎 −1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑎 −2
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1

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 Properties of one-sided z-transform

 Time advance:
𝑧+
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋+ 𝑧
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑘
𝑧+
𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑘) 𝑧 𝑘 ,𝑋 + 𝑧 − 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 -, 𝑘 > 0
𝑛=1

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 Summary

 Z-Transform of a discrete-time signal and its

convergence properties
 Properties of the z-Transform
 Rational z-Transforms
 Inversion of z-Transform and its evaluation methods
 LTI system in z-domain
 One-sided z-Transform and its properties

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 Book

 John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis, “Digital Signal

Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications”,
Prentice Hall, Fourth Edition
Practice exercises and problems of the Chapter

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Questions or comments?

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