SCADA

.
Application in
Grid Management
Presentation by

A N I L G. P A T I L

Area Load Despatch Centre, Ambazari

MSETCL, Nagpur
email: [email protected]

2008-09
 SCADA ?

Supervisory
Control
And
Data
Acquisition
 Formation of National grid
NR-WR-ER-NER parallel operation
NR

Sasaram HVDC b-
Vin HVDC b-to-b
to-b (500 MW)
(500 MW)
WR 400 KV Rourkela-RaipurD/C
ER+NER
220 KV Budhpadar-Korba T/C
(1000 MW)

Bhadravati HVDC Talchar-Kolar

b-to-b (1000 MW) HVDC b-to-b
SR (1500 MW)
• The term SCADA refers to a large-
scale, distributed measurement and
conrol system. It is usually a central
system that monitors and controls a
complete site.
• SCADA system comprises of
software package interfaced with
the hardware.
 SCADA SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• Central Control Room with Host

Computers/workstations/Task
servers.
• Transducer Panel
• Multiple Remote Terminal Units
(RTUs) or Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC)
• Communication Infrastructure
 DAC:
Generation overview Transmission
Power Plant Substation Switchyard
Trans
former Breaker
Boiler Turbine
CT, PT, CVT, Optical sensor

GPS Power plant Control Room GPS Substation Control Room

receiver receiver
Panels: Panels:
•Transducer RTU •Transducer •RTU
•Control •IED •Control •IED
•Relay •PLC •Relay •PLC

Generation: Transmission:
Data & Load Despatch Data &
Control Control Centre Control
 SCADA

• SCADA system contains all

functions of data acquisition, data
processing, data storage and
retrieval, data output / display and
supervision.
 Applications
• Electricity Generation
• Power Transmission and
Distribution
• Chemical Industries
• Steel Industries
• Gas Pipelines
• Railways
SCADA for Power System Control
 SCADA for Power System
Control
• SCADA is a powerful tool for the Load
Dispatchers to monitor the power
system parameters in real time mode
thereby maintaining the security and
stability of power system.
• Data is acquired from various power
stations/ EHV sub-stations, processed
in real time mode and displayed for
Load Dispatchers in various formats /
single line diagrams.
 SCADA----IMPORTANCE
• The main task of the load
dispatcher is to ensure quality
and reliable power at an
economical rate. To fulfill this
commitment, LD must have upto
date and reliable information of
power stations and important EHV
sub-stations under control.
 Why SCADA System is
needed?
• Now a days with the increasing capacity of
the integrated power system day by day, the
complexity has also increased and controlling
and monitoring of the power system has
become a cumbersome task due to dynamic
variations of system parameters such as
active power, reactive power, voltage,
frequency etc. which needs close monitoring.
• SCADA is the powerful tool to monitor the
system parameters in real time mode and
give readymade solutions to LDs for taking
corrective measures to maintain stability/
security.
 Remote Tele-Metering Units
(RTUs)
• In M.S.E.T.C.L. Siemens make RTUs are
installed at power stations and important sub-
stations to acquire the data. These RTUS are
differentiated as per protocols. The RTUs
which functions on Siemens standard
protocol are called as SINAUTs and the RTUs
which functions on IEC ( International Electro-
technical Commission) protocol is called as
SICAM. SINAUT means System Network
AUTomation and SICAM means Sub-station
Integration Control Automation Monitoring.
RTU
 SINAUT 1024 RTU
• RTU consist of following modules.
• Telecontrol processor(FWP) : Consists of two processors, memory
such as RAM, EPROM and EEPROM and trans-receiver. Parallel to
serial conversion of information in outgoing direction and serial to
parallel conversion in incoming direction. It also generates check bits
in outgoing direction and checks the message in incoming direction.
• Digital input card (DE) : The static input module DE has floating
inputs for 32 binary signals of 48 Volts.
• Analog input card (AE) : Analog input module AE is used for
conversion of up to 32 measurands (-10 mA …..+10 mA) into digital
values with 8 bits and one bit for sign.
• GTS : Control and monitoring module for SINAUT.
• TRS : Used for conversion of information from the transformer tap
position to a code which is suitable for the system.
• BAR / BAG : Command input / output module.
• Power supply :
 SINAUT 1024 RTU
• SINAUT operates on minimum 200 Baud to 600 Baud PLCC
channels. Two types of data traffic modes are used for data
transmission between SINAUT RTU and ALDC Ambazari.
• Point to point.
• Master to multi-station.
• Data transmission from master (SCADA system) to SINAUTs is
called control direction and that from SINAUT to master is called
as monitoring direction.
• Message transmission is by pulse trains with pulse duration
modulation. Measured values are transmitted cyclically while
alarms, indications and transformer tap positions are transmitted
spontaneously to master station. Spontaneous transmission is
initiated whenever there is change in any of the indication.
Cyclic transmission is resumed after transmission of
spontaneous block of information. Measurands are updated
after every 10 seconds or less.
 SICAM RTU
• At present, one SICAM RTU is commissioned on IEC
870 as well as SINAUT protocol .
• IEC protocol works with the minimum speed of 600
baud to 64 KBPS.
• In IEC 870 protocol, the telegram structure is pulse
code modulated and has a very short reaction time.
Therefore IEC offers faster communication.
• SICAM RTU consists of more or less the same
hardware modules as in SINAUT.
• In order to interface SINAUT/ SICAM RTUs with
communication medium i.e. PLCC, Voice Frequency
Telegraphy (VFT) is used.
 How measurands are tele-
transmitted?
• Measured values such as MW, MVAR,
Hz, KV, Amps are input to the SINAUT
system as unipolar ( 0-10 mA) or
bipolar currents (-10 –0- +10mA). The
source of transmission is transducer
where the actual signal conversion
starts. Transducers are basically
• Monopolar with output range (0 to 10
mA)
• Bipolar with output range (-10 -0-
+10ma)
 How Measurands are tele-transmitted?

RTU

PT FWP
0 to 250
MW Binary value
O/P +/- 10 mA A.E.
TRANSDUCER
800-0-800 PLCC
VSAT
D.E.
Aux. Supply 48 V Radio

Aux. Relays OFS

Of CB/Isolator
 RTU
FWP VFT
0 to 250 2.4 – 4 KHz
MW PLCC
O/P +/- 10 mA Binary value 50 – 500 KHZ
TRANSDUCER A.E.
800-0-800

D.E.

Tele PLCC
Control 50 – 500 KHZ
Interface
VFT
2.4 – 4 KHz
MMI
220
L.D. Ambazari
 How measurands are tele-
transmitted?
• Suppose the bipolar transducer output is (-10 – 0 - +10 mA) and the
transducer range is 800-0-800 MW. The transducer output will be 10mA
at full load which is converted to 250 bits by SINAUT as raw value.
Some multipliers are defined in the processing software to display this
raw value in physical value (analog) and is defined by the equation
• Y=M*X+C
• Where Y is physical value, X is the raw value and M and C are
the characteristic constant.
• 800=M* 250 Here C is zero as the quantity is linear.
•
• M= 800/250 = 3.2
• Hence raw value multiplied by 3.2 will give you the physical value
which is displayed in real time. As KV and Hz are non-linear, hence M
and C both are defined.
 How Indications are tele-
transmitted
• The indications/ alarms are tele-transmitted through DE cards in the SINAUTs.
The static input module DE has floating inputs for 32 binary signals of 48 Volts.
There are basically two types of indications, single state and double state.
Isolators and alarms are defined as single state and circuit breakers are defined
as double state. Single state indications are represented through NO auxiliary
contacts and double state indications are represented by NO and NC auxiliary
contacts.

• Logic used for tele-transmission of single state and double state indications.
• Auxiliary contact NO Single state ON 1
•
OFF 0

• Auxiliary contact NO and NC Double state ON 01

•
OFF 10

• These logics levels are tele-transmitted on change of status. Faulty status of

breaker is transmitted as 00.
Major Applications of SCADA for Power
System Management

• EMS Applications
• Expert Systems
• Substation Automation
& Controls
• Distribution Automation
• Outage Management
 WRLDC

EMS
SCADA SYSTEM AT SLDC KALWA
SYSTEM

200 Baud PLCC Links

RTU 1 RTU 2 RTU 44

64 KBPS Leased line

SCADA SYSTEM AT ALDC AMBAZARI

200 Baud PLCC Links

RTU 1 RTU 2 RTU 21

 Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition
Overview of SCADA System GPS
GPS
Sinaut Spectrum SCADA, Kalwa Sinaut Spectrum SCADA, Ambazari

Ethernet Hub / Switch Data Links ICCP1

ICCP1 Ethernet Hub / Switch
......... 2 X 64 Kbps .........
ICCP2
ICCP2

TCI1 TCI2 .. ADM COM MMI ADM COM MMI .. TCI1 TCI2

DC 6 x 64 Kbps
4 Nos.
OPF Link DC
GEB
1 IEC
26 RTUs 10 RTUs 9 IEC RTU
RTUs MPEB
CSEB 13 RTU’s 7 RTU’s
GOA

MMI GCS .. NA
MMI
ICCP ..
Sinaut Spectrum EMS
Chandrapur – Padge .........
HVDC SCADA
ULDC SCADA at WRLDC
 Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
 Highlights of SCADA system
➲ Sinaut Spectrum SCADA functions are distributed among 64 Bit,
RISC, SUN Ultra 10 Servers on LAN.
➲ Huge memory capacity, faster speed and response.

➲ System supports Sinaut 8FW RTU protocol as well as

internationally accepted IEC -870 - 5 -101 protocol.
➲ 10 Nos. of IEC RTU are integrated in the system
The Front End processor is capable of acquiring data from
35 Direct RTUs, However, with the usages of Data Concentrator
560 RTUs can be connected to each system.
➲ ICCP protocol based on international standards for data exchange
between SLDC, Kalwa and ALDC, Ambazari as well as RLDC, Marol
➲ 200 % additional capacity for future expansion
 400 KV NETWORK OVERVIEW

400 KV
NE
GENERATION & EXCHANGE OVERVIEW
Maharashtra State Power System Real Time Overview
Typical Real Time Generation Overview

34
ADVANCED SCADA

FUNCTIONS
 EMS Applications
• SCADA is a prerequisite for EMS
(Energy Management System) which
offers several powerful functions to
ease the power system operations, to
raise the system security and to
facilitate the personal training. All
these functions serve to reach the
most efficient operations as quick as
possible.
• SCADA system can be extended by
following EMS servers
– Network Analysis (NA)
– Generation Control & Scheduling (GCS)
– Dispatcher Training Simulator (DTS) &
Power System Simulator (PSS)
 Network Analysis (NA) Server
• Network analysis functions such as
State estimator, on-line load flow
calculation, on-line short circuit
calculation, contingency evaluation
etc. forms an integral part of the
network control system in many power
utilities.
• Proven to be useful aids in operational
management of network enabling the
timely detection of work points in the
network and as decision making aids in
difficult situations.
 Functions of NA Server
LAN

Basic functions
NA Sequence control NA operation/display routines

External Network
Case Bus State
Network Status
Management scheduler estimator
modeling processor

On-line Penalty factor On-line Contingency

Load flow calculation Short-circuit evaluation

Optimal power flow

Emergency Active power Active power
Voltage/Var Voltage/Var
Constrained Remedial Remedial
scheduling dispatch
dispatch action action
 GCS Server
• The purpose of Generation Control &
Scheduling (GCS) server is
– Frequency maintenance & observations of
contracts by optimized generation dispatch
– Minimization of generation costs
– Calculation of demand
– Observation of generation costs in
comparison with optimized costs
– Definition & control of interchange contracts
– Wheeling loss calculation
 GCS Server
Unit commitment Water worth Interchange Short term
Hydro unit calculation Value Transaction Load
Hydro thermal coordination calculation Evaluation forecasting

Schedule Management System

Historical Data Management

Man Machine Interface

Interchange
Reserve Economic Production Interchange
Transaction
Monitor Dispatch costing scheduling
Evaluation

Automatic AGC
Energy
Generation Performance
Accounting
Control Monitor

Data Acquisition & Control

 Sub-station Automation &
Integration
• Sub-station automation is rapidly
increasing area of interest and benefit to
Power utilities.
• Sub-station automation goes beyond
traditional SCADA to provide added
capability and information that can further
improve operations and maintenance,
increase system & staff efficiency.
 Sub-station Automation &
Integration
• Applications and data of interest may include remote
access to IED/relay configuration ports, waveform, event
data, diagnostic information, video for security or
equipment status assessment, metering, switching,
volt/VAR management, and others.
• Newer microprocessor based relays and other intelligent
devices have interfaces such as DNP 3.0 over
TCP/IP/Ethernet. Additionally, more utilities are gaining
access to fiber optic based communication and /or IP
Wireless communication at sub-stations which can
greatly enhance sub-station automation possibilities and
benefits.
 Expert System
• Objectives :The expert system base provides
knowledge base for storing and maintaining all
relevant network data, communicates with a
SCADA system and controls all expert system
applications.
• System :The basic Expert system consists of a
knowledge base, an event manager module and
a set of SCADA interface functions.
 Expert System

• While the SCADA / EMS system provides basic

tools for efficient network operations, an expert
system can further expand the efficiency and
safety of operations.
• Applications of Expert System
– A disturbance analysis system identifies & locates
network faults.
– A remedial action system isolates faults, restores
unsupplied stations or removes overloads.
– Voltage control stability.
 Expert System
The functional features for Expert System covers all state of
the art functionality for following packages
1) Intelligent Alarm Processor (IAP)
2) Power System Restoration (PSR)

The Expert System operates in a real time environment

and covers on line processing of real time data and IAP as
well as automatic creation and update of knowledge base.
The PSR is a model based hybrid expert system combining
rules and algorithm. PSR supports the load dispatcher
sufficiently in case of emergency.
 SCADA SYSTEM
Input data

Expert IAP PSR

System
O/P Report List O/P Report List

Fault Comments/
Identification/ Interlock Advices/
Diagnostic Switching Sequence

O/P Result

User
Interface
 Expert System
Intelligent Alarm Processor (IAP) : This on line tool produces
automatically a diagnosis when a fault event occurs in the Energy
Network. Typically a fault event creates an alarm inrush and the system
operator would have to look up at up to hundreds of alarm messages.
Therefore IAP provides information about the fault location in case of
network disturbance. It informs to operator the nature and the
consequences of the disturbance quickly and exactly.

Input : The input data for IAP that comes from the SCADA for correct output
(diagnosis )is :
– The topology of the network
– The alarms from the automatism
– Logical working schema of the automatism.
Output (Diagnosis) :
– The date & the time of disturbance
– The faulty equipment (transformer, line, bus bars)
– The protection system which clears the fault.
– Additional information (e.g. breaker failure, automatic recloser successful /
unsuccessful etc. )
The report list shall be invoked on the Basic Signaling Display.
 Expert System

2) Power System Restoration (PSR) : This on-line tool, considering

all the situations occurring during a power system partial or
complete break down, presents restoration plan in all possible
scenario. It generates the switching sequence automatically and
delivers instructions in form of advices for the emergency
situation and therefore :
– Avoid critical situations
– Assures safe network operation
– Avoid stress
– Gives complete assistance when unexpected critical event
occurs
– Shortens the consumer outage time.
 Expert System
• The PSR shall run in the following phases :
– Fault isolation
– Situation identification
– Identification of Islands
– Energizing of islands
– Connecting of islands
– Pick up of load according to energizing of underlying networks
– Further meshing and connecting further power stations.
• The PSR have two different points of view
– Static Model described by the load flow calculation
– Dynamic model described by special formula sets or models.
 Expert System
User Interface:
The output results of the PSR are mainly
instructions for power system restoration
and can be displayed in reports and
switching jobs having following contents :
– Comments
– Advices
– Switching commands
 Expert System

• Advantages
– The expert knowledge is made available for any time
use.
– The cognitive load on operator can be reduced by
focusing his attention to compacted relevant network
information.
– Faster response to network event reduces the risk of
additional damages & the duration of outages.
– The potential of human errors is minimized.
– Some critical situations can be avoided at all.
 Expert System
• Now let us highlight the major advantage
of integration of real time Expert System in
SCADA, that could have averted blackout
on dt 09.11.2007 in Marathwada area of
MSETCL Power System considering the
following Case Study.
 NORMAL STATE

Date : 09.11.2007
Time : 17:26 Hrs Advice from
. Expert System :
Total Load shedding Watch out for
Withdrawn Being Diwali. any Gen. loss
The load of Marathwada Area and ready for
To the tune of 1200 MW implementing
was being catered from following conglomerated
Sources : Load
Total Parly Gen.: 750 MW Management
Plan for evening
Loading on Both 400/220 KV 315 MVA ICTs
peak demand
at Giravali s/s : 330 MW (560 Amps)
management.
220 KV Pusad-Parbhani Ckt: 55 MW
220 KV Pusad-Nanded Ckt.: 125 MW
 Advice from Expert
System :

ALERT STATE 1. Shift the load of 220

KV Dhamangaon s/s
being catered from
220 KV Wardha s/s
on 220 KV Amravari
s/s thus making 220
KV Wardha a strong
source for catering
Time : 17:27 Hrs
the load of 220 KV
Total Parly Gen.reduced to 570 MW Pusad s/s.
Due to withdrawing of Parly Unit 5.
2. Shift total load of 220
Loading on Both 400/220 KV 315 MVA KV Parbhani s/s on
ICTs at 400KV Girawali s/s 220 KV Pusad s/s OR
reached to: 430 MW (800) Amps shift partial load of
Nanded s/s on 220
KV Pusad s/s.
3. And Likewise steps
for reducing the
loading on both ICTs
at Girawali s/s.
 CRITICAL STATE

Advice from
Expert System :
Carry out
Time : 18:17 Hrs
Distress load
Overload alarms on both ICTs occurred. shedding in
Stage I alarm occurred at 95% of Full load Nanded,
Stage II alarm occurred at 105% of Full load Parbhani,
Harangul area to
Time : 18 : 23 Hrs the tune of 200
Parly Gen. Unit 6 tripped. Amps to control
Total load on both ICTs reached to 1080 Amps. the loading
 DISTURBANCE

TOTAL COLLAPSE
Advice from
Expert System :
Time : 18:28:20 Hrs Advice for
Both 315 MVA ICTs tripped at management for
400 KV Girawali s/s Causing tripping of remaining
remaining gen. units at Parly TPS. existing loads.
Switching
Sequence for
Time : 18:30 Hrs quick restoration
220 KV Pusad, Nanded, Parbhani s/s in dark.

Affecting about 1200 MW load in

Marathwada area
• Thus it can be very well seen that integration of
real time Expert System in SCADA could have
possibly averted such and similar types of partial
/ complete blackouts by advising load
dispatcher through set of instructions / switching
sequences, technical support etc under such
emergency condition, and avoiding total load
throw off to the tune of 1200 MW, a huge
revenue loss to the company, law & order
problems & as well as embarrassment to the
company.
 Conclusion

. It is emphasized that SLDC institution, which is

apex body for the grid operation in the state in
coordination with RLDC, has an important and
increasing role in operating the State Grid in an
economic, reliable and secure manner and
maintain coordination with the RLDC and all users
of the grid within the State . To take correct
decisions from Real Time System up-dation SCADA-
EMS is necessary
Thank You…