UNIT 1: GREAT EXPECTATIONS

1. VOCABULARY:
1.1 Education:
- Assignments → Treball, tasca - Disruption → Interrupció
- Ban → Prohibir - Drop out → Deixar / abandonar els estudis
- Behaviour →Comportament, Conducta - Extra - curricular activity → Activitat extraescolar
- Bullying → Assetjament escolar - Learn (...) by heart → Aprendres’ho de memòria
- Challenge → Repte, desafiement - Obey → Complir Obeir
- Cheat → Copiar enganyar - Pay attention → Parar atenció
- Compulsory → Obligatori - Punish → Castigar
- Confusing → Confús - Revise → Estudiar
- Demanding → Difícil, exigent - Skip classes → Fer campana

1.2 From page 8 (exercises 5, 6, 7)

- Achieve → Aconseguir, assolir - Lively → Animat
- Acquire → Adquirir - Poverty → Confús
- Amount → Quantitat - Roll one’s eyes → Girar els ulls (desaprovació)
- Emphasise → Destacar, insistir en - So far → Fins ara, de moment
- Enforce → aplicar, fer cumplir - Tough → Conflictiu, dur
- Knowledge → Coneixement/s - Turn round → Girar-se
- Up to → Fins a

COLLOCATIONS WITH “MAKE” AND “TAKE”:

- Make a decision → Prendre una decisió - Take advantage of → Aprofitar
- Make a mistake → Equivocar-se, cometre un error - Take someone for granted → Subestimar
- Make fun of → Burlar-se / riure’s de - Take notes → Prendre apunts
- Make progress → Fer progressos, avançar - Take part in → Participar en
- Make sense → Tenir sentit - Take place → Tenir lloc, produir-se
- Make sure → Assegurar-se de - Take pride in → Estar orgullos

1
 1.3 Verbs + Prepositions:
- Accuse of → Acusar de - Complain about → Queixar-se de
- Apologize for / to → Demanar disculpes - Concentrate on → Concentraar-se
- Argue about → Discutir sobre / per - Hear about → Assabentar-se
- Argue with → Discutir amb - Hear of → Sentir a parlar de
- Believe in → Creure en - Prepare for → Preparar-se per
- Blame (someone) for → Donar la culpa a… - Rely on → Comptar amb, confiar en
- Blame (something) on → Culpar a (alguna cosa) - Search for → Buscar, cercar
- Care about → Preocupar-se per - Stare at → Mirar fixament
- Care for → Tenir cura - Succeed (in) → Tenir èxit, aconseguir
- Compare with → Comparar amb

2. GRAMMAR:
2.1 Present perfect simple:
When we use present perfect simple?
➢ An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.
Example → I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
➢ An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.
Example → She has been to the cinema twice this week (=and the week isn't over
yet.)
➢ A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.
Example → We have visited Portugal several times.
➢ An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'.
Example →I have just finished my work.
➢ An action when the time is not important.
Example →He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result of his reading is important)
NOTE : When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past.
2.1.2 Structure:
S + HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE
S + HAVE NOT (haven’t) / HAS NOT (hasn’t) + PAST PARTICIPLE
HAVE / HAS + S + PAST PARTICIPLE ?

2
 2.2 Present perfect continuous:
When we use Present perfect contiuous?
➢ Actions that started in the past and continue in the present
Examples: - She has been waiting for you all day (= and she's still waiting now).
- I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= and I still
haven't finished it)
- They have been travelling since last October (= and they're not home yet).

➢ Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results
Examples: - She has been cooking since last night (= and the food on the table looks
delicious)
- It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).
- Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).
NOTE : With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the simple present perfect
instead (verbs such as: know, hate, hear, understand, want).
2.2.1 Structure:
S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V - ing
S + HAVE NOT (haven’t) / HAS NOT (hasn’t) + V - ing
HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN + V - ing ?

3. WRITING E-MAIL:

3
 UNIT 2: INTO THE FUTURE
1. VOCABULARY:
1.1 Technology
- Back up → Fer una còpia de seguretat - Gaming → Videojocs
- Browse → Navegar (per) - Go viral →Fer-se viral, difondre’s ràpid
- Capable of → Capaç de - Install → Instal·lar
- Cuting – Edge → Innovador, última generación - Tool → Eina
- Delete → Esborrar, eliminar - Update → Actualitzar
- Deny Access → Denegar l’accés - Upgrade → Renovar
- Device → Dispositiu, aparell - Upload → Penjar / Pujar (a internet)
- Enable → Permetre - User – friendly → Fàcil d’utilitzar
- Equipped with → Equipat amb, dotat amb - Wireless → Sense fil

2. GRAMMAR:
2.1 Future Perfect Simple:
➢ We use the future perfect simple (will/won't have + past participle) to talk about something
that will be completed before a specific time in the future.
Examples: The guests are coming at 8 p.m. I'll have finished cooking by then.
On 9 October we'll have been married for 50 years.
Will you have gone to bed when I get back?

➢ We can use phrases like by or by the time (meaning 'at some point before') and in or in a
day's time / in two months' time / in five years' time etc. (meaning 'at the end of this period')
to give the time period in which the action will be completed.
Examples: I won't have written all the reports by next week.
By the time we arrive, the kids will have gone to bed.
I'll have finished in an hour and then we can watch a film.
In three years’, time, I'll have graduated from university.
2.1.2 Structure:
S + WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + (…)
S + WILL + NOT + HAVE NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE + (…)
WILL + S + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + (…) ?

4
 2.2 Future perfect continuous:
When we use Future perfect continuous?
➢ To say 'how long' for an action that continues up to another point in the future.
Examples: In April, she will have been teaching for twelve years.
By the time you arrive, I'll have been cooking for hours!
➢ To talk about something that finishes just before another time or action (in this case, in the
future). It's often used because there will be a result at the second point in the future. (Again,
if we use 'when' we usually need the present simple.)
Example: When I see you, I'll have been studying, so I'll be tired.
2.2.1 Structure:
S + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V - ing + (…)
S + WILL + NOT + HAVE + BEEN + V – ing + (…)
WILL + S + HAVE + BEEN + V - ing + (…) ?

3. WRITING OPINION ESSAY: