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Thermo Lab Manual

The document contains summaries of several practical experiments related to engines and thermodynamics. It discusses concepts like Pascal's law, density differences between kerosene and water, lubrication needs in 2-stroke vs 4-stroke engines, Otto cycles, reciprocating steam engines, flywheels, engine valves, Brayton cycles, and differences between gas and Rankine cycles.

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Arif Ahmed
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29 views4 pages

Thermo Lab Manual

The document contains summaries of several practical experiments related to engines and thermodynamics. It discusses concepts like Pascal's law, density differences between kerosene and water, lubrication needs in 2-stroke vs 4-stroke engines, Otto cycles, reciprocating steam engines, flywheels, engine valves, Brayton cycles, and differences between gas and Rankine cycles.

Uploaded by

Arif Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical 1

Answer 2:
Pascal's law is used in the making of hydraulic pumps used by automobile industries. It is
also widely applied in pressing oils such as olive oil, calibration of pressure gauges and also in
devices like jackhammer's, paint sprayers and on brakes of trucks. Steven’s law states
that the magnitude of a particular sense will increase proportionally to the
strength and intensity of a physical stimulus.

Answer 3:
Kerosene forms a layer above water when both the liquids are mixed and left to settle for some
time. This is because the density of kerosene is less than that of water and they do not mix.

Practical 4
Answer 1:
A 4 stroke engine needs to circulate oil throughout to lubricate these moving parts, whereas a 2
stroke engine only needs to lubricate the components internal of the combustion chamber,
which is achieved by mixing the correct oil to fuel ratio.
Answer 2:

Answer 3:
The hot-bulb engine is a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignites by coming in
contact with a red-hot metal surface inside a bulb, followed by the introduction of air (oxygen)
compressed into the hot-bulb chamber by the rising piston.
Practical 5
Answer 1:
Otto cycle: The Otto Cycle is named after Nikolaus Otto (1832–1891, German) who is credited
as the first creator of a petroleum fuel based internal combustion engine operating under a
four stroke cycle.
Answer 2:
In the Otto cycle, fuel is burned to heat compressed air and the hot gas expands forcing the piston to
travel up in the cylinder. It is in this phase that the cycle contributes its useful work, rotating the
automobile's crankshaft. We make the ideal assumption that this stage in an ideal Otto cycle is
isentropic.

Answer 3:
The crankshaft completes only one revolution during the completion of power cycle. In four
stoke engine the piston has to complete four strokes to complete one power cycle.
Answer 4:

Practical 6
Answer 1:

Prime mover (engine), motor, a machine that converts various other forms of energy (chemical,
electrical, fluid pressure/flow, etc) into energy of movement.

Answer 2:

Reciprocating steam engine means equipment that is driven by steam acting on piston causing
the piston to move, and includes an expanding (steam) reciprocating engine.

Answer 3:

 In automobile engines the flywheel serves to smooth out the pulses of energy provided
by the combustion in the cylinders and to provide energy for the compression stroke of
the pistons.
 The engine valve's primary function is to allow air into and out of the cylinder.
Answer 4:
Steam engines were used as the prime mover in pumps, locomotives, steam ships, traction
engines, steam Lorries and other road vehicles.

Practical 7
Answer 1:

Answer 2:
According to the principle of the Brayton cycle, air is compressed in the turbine compressor.
The air is then mixed with fuel, and burned under constant pressure conditions in the
combustor. The resulting hot gas is allowed to expand through a turbine engine to perform
work.
Answer 3:
The ideal gas Brayton cycle (1876, and also proposed by Joule in 1851) is an idealized
representation of the properties of a fixed mass of gas (working fluid) as it passes through a gas
turbine in operation.
Answer 4:
The difference between Brayton and Rankine cycles is that the Brayton cycle operates entirely
on gases that are fed into it, while the Rankine cycle uses a liquid as one of its working fluids.
The Brayton cycle is a gas turbine cycle, while the Rankine cycle is a steam turbine cycle.
Answer 5:
GAS TURBINES AND JET ENGINES. The modified Brayton cycle is used for both gas turbines and
jet engines.

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